Siege of Abadan

The Siege of Abadan refers to the encirclement of the city by Iraqi forces beginning in November 1980. The city had already been under almost daily bombardment since the early days of the war, which began last September.[1][2]

Siege of Abadan
Part of the Iran–Iraq War
The remains of an exploded tank in Abadan, left there as a symbol of the battle.
Date 6 November 1980 – 27 September 1981 (10 months and 3 weeks) Location Abadan, Khuzestan province, southwest Iran Result Iranian victory Iraqi siege of the city fails
Belligerents
Iraq	Iran
Commanders and leaders
Saddam Hussein	Mostafa Chamran
Units involved
	92nd Armored Division
Strength
24,500 men initially, 60,000 men at peak 360–800 tanks	15,000 men 50–60 tanks initially
Casualties and losses
3,500–4,000 casualties Hundreds of armored vehicles destroyed	Unknown number of casualties 170+ tanks destroyed

Abadan Island was the site of the Abadan Refinery, one of the world's largest oil refineries.[3]

The plan

In September 1980, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein launched a surprise attack against Iran and invaded Iranian territory on a broad front.[4] Iraq's initial plan to attack Abadan Island called for a reinforced armored division to cross the Shatt al-Arab near Kharkiya on the road heading from Baghdad to Basra and then head south to capture the cities of Khorramshahr and Abadan, and subsequently engage any remaining local Iranian units. This reinforced division to be used included 500-600 tanks, as well as some special forces units, for a total troop strength of 20,000 men.

Iraqi commandos, driven by initial success in the attack on Khorramshahr, had crossed the Karun River and reached the Abadan city limits on 22 September, but had been forced back by stiff resistance from Iranian paramilitary units, causing the Iraqis to withdraw to the western side of the Karun River, at the cost of several tanks and APCs.[5] By 4 October Iraqi commanders reported that they had secured the main road from Abadan to Ahwaz,[6] however it was not until late November that Iraq fully controlled the bridge to Abadan.[7]

As the Iraqi army became preoccupied with the ongoing Battle of Khorramshahr, the original plan was heavily modified, with instead of calling for a quick engagement and occupation of Abadan, the plan now was to isolate local Iranian units within Abadan, and then lay siege to the island.

The battle

On November 3, Iraqi forces reached Abadan in Iran's Khuzestan province. Iranian resistance proved too strong, however, so Iraqi commanders called for reinforcements. A second, weakened armored division with a strength of approximately 4,500 men and 200 tanks was sent to cut off Abadan and surround the city from the northeast, bypassing Khorramshahr, which was still under siege, by crossing the Karun River to the north of the city. These two Iraqi divisions faced an unknown number of Iranian troops. Most likely sources estimate that a single brigade defended Khorramshahr supported by two operational reserves located further north.[8]

The siege

Although the Iraqis were repulsed by the Iranian Pasdaran unit, they managed to surround Abadan on three sides and occupy a portion of the city. However the Iraqis could not overcome the stiff resistance; sections of the city still under Iranian control were re-supplied, and received reinforcements to replace losses, at night by boat and by helicopter. The Iraqis kept up a siege for several months, but never succeeded in capturing Abadan. Much of the city, including the oil refinery, was badly damaged or destroyed by the siege and by bombing.

Iraqi June Offensive

Facing declining morale and with the Shatt-al-Arab waterway still blocked by the besieged Iranians, Saddam ordered the Iraqi troops to attack in June 1981. The Iranians had reinforced the garrison with 15,000 troops, including the Pasdaran, regular army, and local Khuzestani Arab fighters. Iraq unleashed an offensive against the city, using 60,000 troops and hundreds of tanks, outnumbering the Iranians 4–1. Despite that, the Iranians defeated the Iraqi assaults. The Iranians used their Chieftain tanks to help defeat the Iraqis.

Breaking of the Siege

From 22–27 September 1981, Iran carried out Operation Samen-ol-A'emeh. During this battle, Iran carried out the first major use of human wave attacks. The siege of Abadan was broken, Iran took 3,000 casualties while the Iraqis took half of that number. Iran captured 2,500 prisoners and destroyed hundreds of armored vehicles, while losing of their own 170 M-47, M-48, M-60 Patton tanks and Chieftain tanks.

15 October ambush

On 15 October, the Iraqis forced their way to within 1.6 kilometres (1 mi) of Abadan and captured the city's radio-television station. In a separate engagement farther north, near the Iraqi blocking position near Dar Khuyeh, an Iraqi armor force ambushed a large Iranian convoy, escorted by tanks coming from Ahwaz. Apparently this Iranian force was attempting to carry supplies to the besieged defenders of Abadan by way of the Abadan-Ahwaz highway. The short, but intense battle matched Iraqi T-55 and T-62 tanks against Iran's Chieftains. This skirmish, which appears to have involved about a battalion's worth of combat vehicles from each side, was an Iraqi victory as "the Iranians abandoned at least 20 Chieftains and other armored vehicles, and decamped on foot."[8]

Aftermath

Abadan was largely in ruins in the aftermath of the siege. The Iraqi threat to Abadan had been broken, and the Iranians had managed to launch their first successful counteroffensive against Iraq. Eventually, it would result in the driving out of Iraqi troops from Iran and the Liberation of Khorramshahr in 1982.

References

1. "IRAN-IRAQ FIGHTING FLARES UP". nytimes. Retrieved 28 September 1981. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
2. Aboul-Enein, Youssef; Bertrand, Andrew; Corley, Dorothy (12 April 2012). "Egyptian Field Marshal Abdul-Halim Abu Ghazalah on the Combat Tactics and Strategy of the Iran–Iraq War". Small Wars Journal. Ghazalah's Phased Analysis of Combat Operations. Small Wars Foundation.
3. Kamin., Mohammadi; 1963-, Elliott, Mark (2004-01-01). Iran. Lonely Planet. ISBN 1740594258. OCLC 56651387.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
4. "IRAQ vii. IRAN–IRAQ WAR". Encyclopædia Iranica. 15 December 2006.
5. Hoffpauir, Michael E. (June 1991). "Tactical Evolution in the Iraqi Army: The Abadan Island and Fish Lake campaigns of the Iran-Iraq War" (PDF). Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas: U.S. Army Command and General Staff College: 59. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
6. Hoffpauir, Michael E. (June 1991). "Tactical Evolution in the Iraqi Army: The Abadan Island and Fish Lake campaigns of the Iran-Iraq War" (PDF). Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas: U.S. Army Command and General Staff College: 61. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
7. Hoffpauir, Michael E. (June 1991). "Tactical Evolution in the Iraqi Army: The Abadan Island and Fish Lake campaigns of the Iran-Iraq War" (PDF). Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas: U.S. Army Command and General Staff College: 63. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
8. Hoffpauir, Michael E. (June 1991). "Tactical Evolution in the Iraqi Army: The Abadan Island and Fish Lake campaigns of the Iran-Iraq War" (PDF). Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas: U.S. Army Command and General Staff College: 158. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)