Selective reduction

Selective reduction is the practice of reducing the number of fetuses in a multiple pregnancy, say quadruplets, to a twin or singleton pregnancy. The procedure is also called multifetal pregnancy reduction.[3] The procedure is most commonly done to reduce the number of fetuses in a multiple pregnancy to a safe number, when the multiple pregnancy is the result of use of assisted reproductive technology; outcomes for both the mother and the babies are generally worse the higher the number of fetuses.[4] The procedure is also used in multiple pregnancies when one of the fetuses has a serious and incurable disease, or in the case where one of the fetuses is outside the uterus, in which case it is called selective termination.[4]

The procedure generally takes two days; the first day for testing in order to select which fetuses to reduce, and the second day for the procedure itself, in which potassium chloride is injected into the heart of each selected fetus under the guidance of ultrasound imaging.[5] Risks of the procedure include bleeding requiring transfusion, rupture of the uterus, retained placenta, infection, a miscarriage, and prelabor rupture of membranes. Each of these appears to be rare.[4]

Selective reduction was developed in the mid-1980s, as people in the field of assisted reproductive technology became aware of the risks that multiple pregnancies carried for the mother and for the fetuses.[6][7]

Medical use

Selective reduction is used when a mother is carrying an unsafe or undesirable number of fetuses in a multiple pregnancy, which are common in medically-assisted pregnancies, in order to reduce the number of fetuses to a number that is relatively safe for the mother and the remaining fetuses.[3][8][5] It is also used in cases of multiple pregnancy where at least one of the fetuses is implanted outside the uterus to preserve the life of the mother and the fetus in the uterus,[9] and when one or more of the fetuses has a serious and incurable disease.[4]

While the data is weak, due to the small sizes of studies and the lack of randomized controlled trials, as of 2017 it appeared that when short term perinatal outcomes in multiple pregnancies reduced to twins are compared to those of non-reduced triplets, there were fewer deaths among the reduced babies, the twins were born later and were less likely to be premature, and had higher birthweight.[8] As of 2017 longterm outcomes were not well understood.[8] A 2015 Cochrane review found no randomized clinical trials to evaluate.[10]

Generally selective reduction reduces the risk of preterm birth, leading to better outcomes for both mothers and the newborns.[11]

Outcomes

Generally selective reduction reduces the risk of preterm birth, leading to better outcomes for both mothers and the newborns.[11]

It appears that reduction of triplets, where each triplet is in its own placenta, to twins results in a lower risk of preterm birth and does not increase the risk of miscarriage. In triplets where two of the fetuses share a placenta and each has its own amniotic sac, it appears, with less certainty, that there is also a lower risk of preterm birth and no increase in the risk of miscarriage.[2]

Adverse effects

Risks of the procedure include bleeding requiring transfusion, rupture of the uterus, retained placenta, infection, a miscarriage, and prelabor rupture of membranes. Each of these appears to be rare.[4]

Procedure

The reduction procedure is generally carried out during the first trimester of pregnancy. The procedure often takes two days; the first day is for testing, and the procedure happens on the second day. The fetuses are evaluated, first by ultrasound, then often by testing the amniotic fluid and chorionic villus sampling; these tests help determine which fetuses are accessible for the procedure, and whether any fetuses are unhealthy. Once the specific fetuses to be reduced are identified, potassium chloride is injected into the heart of each selected fetus under the guidance of ultrasound imaging; the heart stops and the fetus dies as a result. Generally, the fetal material is reabsorbed into the woman's body.[5]

History

Selective reduction was developed in the mid-1980s, as people in the field of assisted reproductive technology (ART) became aware of the risks that multiple pregnancies carried for the mother and for the fetuses.[6][7] The procedure was somewhat controversial from the beginning, and drew some attention from anti-abortion activists.[7]

A set of ethical guidelines was developed in collaboration with a bioethicist from NIH and was published in 1988; it justified reducing pregnancies with more than three fetuses to two or three.[7][12]

Over time, more and more women sought to become pregnant when they were older, having the first child when they were over forty years old. At the same time, the field of ART matured, and massively multiple pregnancies became more rare. Both trends led to more women asking for reduction to one fetus, which was very controversial at first, but has gradually become more accepted. Sex-selective reduction is widely considered to be unethical in making decisions about which fetus to keep.[3][5][7]

See also

References
  1. "UOTW #19 - Ultrasound of the Week". Ultrasound of the Week. 23 September 2014. Archived from the original on 9 May 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2017. Triplets
  2. Anthoulakis, C; Dagklis, T; Mamopoulos, A; Athanasiadis, A (1 June 2017). "Risks of miscarriage or preterm delivery in trichorionic and dichorionic triplet pregnancies with embryo reduction versus expectant management: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 32 (6): 1351–1359. doi:10.1093/humrep/dex084. PMID 28444191. S2CID 3778609.
  3. "Opinion Number 719: Multifetal Pregnancy Reduction". American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Committee on Ethics. September 2017.
  4. Legendre, Claire-Marie; Moutel, Grégoire; Drouin, Régen; Favre, Romain; Bouffard, Chantal (2013). "Differences between selective termination of pregnancy and fetal reduction in multiple pregnancy: A narrative review". Reproductive BioMedicine Online. 26 (6): 542–54. doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2013.02.004. PMID 23518032.
  5. Evans, MI; Andriole, S; Britt, DW (2014). "Fetal reduction: 25 years' experience". Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 35 (2): 69–82. doi:10.1159/000357974. PMID 24525884. S2CID 5136936.
  6. Mundy, Liza (May 20, 2007). "Too Much to Carry?". Washington Post Magazine. Archived from the original on April 5, 2015.
  7. Padawer, Ruth (August 10, 2011). "The Two-Minus-One Pregnancy". New York Times Magazine.
  8. Zipori, Y; Haas, J; Berger, H; Barzilay, E (September 2017). "Multifetal pregnancy reduction of triplets to twins compared with non-reduced triplets: a meta-analysis". Reproductive Biomedicine Online. 35 (3): 296–304. doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2017.05.012. PMID 28625760.
  9. Yeh, J; Aziz, N; Chueh, J (February 2013). "Nonsurgical management of heterotopic abdominal pregnancy". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 121 (2 Pt 2 Suppl 1): 489–95. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182736b09 (inactive 2021-01-02). PMID 23344419.CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2021 (link)
  10. Dodd, JM; Dowswell, T; Crowther, CA (4 November 2015). "Reduction of the number of fetuses for women with a multiple pregnancy". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 11 (11): CD003932. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003932.pub3. PMC 7104508. PMID 26544079. S2CID 38648757.
  11. Običan, S; Brock, C; Berkowitz, R; Wapner, RJ (September 2015). "Multifetal Pregnancy Reduction". Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 58 (3): 574–84. doi:10.1097/GRF.0000000000000119. PMID 26083128. S2CID 10307261.
  12. Evans, MI; Fletcher, JC; Zador, IE; Newton, BW; Quigg, MH; Struyk, CD (March 1988). "Selective first-trimester termination in octuplet and quadruplet pregnancies: clinical and ethical issues". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 71 (3 Pt 1): 289–96. PMID 3347412.

Further reading
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