Socialist perspectives on abortion

Socialist perspectives on abortion vary. In the first world, some socialist individuals believe in the legalisation and right to abortion on demand[1] as a public service, whereas others do not believe abortion should be legal in any circumstances for a number of reasons. In Third World, there are discussions regarding traditionalists, Natalists, Malthusianists and economics factors within society.

Socialism impacted a number of countries in the 20th century and had long standing influence on the law of the countries in which it took hold.[2]

Socialist parties can have diverging perspectives regarding the importance of the issue and where the issue derives from. In particular, feminist socialists believe the oppression of women in society has resulted in restrictions surrounding abortion and a Marxist group may deem abortion as a secondary issue,[1] instead focusing more on what they deem primary issues. Some regions criminalised abortion due to issues concerning the rates of replacement of the population.

Socialists at a pro-abortion rights protest in Chicago, Illinois

Socialist abortion rights in Europe

Regardless of the diverging views and policies on abortion throughout history in Europe, socialist countries and nonsocialist countries approached abortion access[3] in a different manner. During the 1970s there was a stronger socialist presence in Eastern Europe, and therefore more progressive fertility policy. Historically, in Western Europe, many ideologies have coexisted, and this has created strife for suggested fertility policies due to the lack of universal approval.[3] The Eastern Bloc under the Soviet Union had widespread fertility and reproduction policies at the time, and restricted debate on the matter. The debate involved many individuals from the health industry, such as physicians and psychologists,[4] as well as legal workers and economists. The socialist government and their policies on the matter were built with a strong influence from a strong body of knowledge on these areas.

Perspectives on the legalisation of abortion in the USSR

Some people believe the socialist body used abortion regulations to create a more idealistic population, with the intention of strengthening and empowering the state. Abortion on demand was legalised in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1955,[5] with other Eastern European countries also legalising abortion in the years following, such as Bulgaria, Poland and Hungary. Abortion was legalised in 1920 until this action was reversed in 1936 and was once again prohibited until 1955. Prior to 1955, whilst it was illegal, abortions had still occurred and therefore posed a large threat to a woman's health after being treated by unskilled individuals in unfavourable conditions. The major push for legal abortion in the USSR was majorly driven by medical experts who explained the issue to the public. When observing the documentation during this period of abortion legislation comparative to the documents provided by gynaecologists and psychologists, the same language is present within both, with heavy emphasis on focusing on the collective. It is uncertain whether professionals felt pressured to make recommendations that complied with the USSR ideology, or if legal abortion on demand stemmed from the scientific recommendation. After legalisation, women had to request an abortion and pay a fee to an abortion committee. There was an increasing rate of abortions and a decreasing birth rate, so the government released propaganda and punished any doctor or physician who performed illegal abortions in order to ensure proper procedures were followed. In 1979, women who requested abortion on demand were not given pay during their time off work, and the procedure wasn't paid for by the government. However, if the abortion was for health reasons, the fee was covered by the government and they still received paid leave. Additionally, all abortions required women to have one counselling session by a midwife.[6] At this time, 273 abortions occurred per 100 births.

Abortion between 1920 and 1936

Regulations allowed women to leave work for three weeks following an abortion and receive pay during this absence from work. A woman was allowed an abortion if it was within the first 2 and a half months of pregnancy. Additionally, it couldn't be her first born child. A doctor could not refuse an abortion in any other circumstance, however, they could dissuade the patient from undergoing the operation. Although the socialist perspective on abortion allowed access to abortion during this period, there were still doctors opposed to terminating pregnancies. In some instances women were reportedly told that vacant hospital beds were full and could come back in 2 to 3 months, forcing them to seek illegal abortion.[6] Doctors were more likely to give abortions to women who met criteria. A woman who was poor and had upwards of 3 children was generally granted an abortion request, and dispatched to the state hospital for the operation. However, a healthy woman with a higher socioeconomic status and 1-2 children was often persuaded to keep the unborn child. In some cases doctors would request that a woman observed an abortion operated on another female before undergoing one, in order to ensure this was the right decision for her.

Potential ulterior motive for abortion access in 1957

A potential ulterior motive for abortion under the socialist state in 1957 was due to their pro-population stance following the war.[3] They had the perspective that a woman's body was a resource that needed to be maintained at a high quality for reproduction. In order to ensure quality population growth and reproduction, they wanted to reduce the number of illegal abortions. Illegal abortions had the high possibility of harming a woman's reproductive organs and therefore posed a threat for future pregnancy and repopulation. They also advised minority women to have abortions, as they wanted women to have a minimum of 2 children in a heterosexual white family.[3]

Regulation changes in 1986

In this bill, the commissions were eliminated from the abortion process and women had free access to abortions. This was after the discovery that abortions earlier in the pregnancy posed a lesser threat to a woman's health comparative to later months.[3]

Statistics on abortion in USSR

Per 100 childbirths, 400 abortion procedures occurred.[6] This would assume that the average woman under Soviet control in 1967 would have, on average, 9 abortions in her lifetime. The USSR was estimated to have spent $525M on abortion procedures this year. This was 17% of the world spend on fertility control during this period.[7]

Abortion in post-Soviet states

In Armenia, abortion remains legalised upon request up to 12 weeks, after a 3-day reflection period. Additionally, it is illegal to perform sex-selective abortions.[8]

Czechoslovakia's abortion policy

Abortion in state-socialist Czechoslovakia was legalised early comparative to Western Europe.[3] Abortion was legalised in 1957 under the Czechoslovak Act on Artificial Termination of Pregnancy. This policy allowed particular commissions, established by the government, the jurisdiction to give a woman access to abortion on demand. These commissions regulated the number of abortions, and were able to analyse the women requesting an abortions.[3] Some people believe commissions used this restricted access to information with the purpose of acquiring more power, and approved access to abortion to strengthen the state, rather than ensuring women's health. The commission had the power to grant or deny a woman permission to receive an abortion.

Post state socialism collapse

The state socialist government collapsed in 1989. The increased access to the pill resulted in a reduction in the number of abortions, following a peak in abortion on demand from 1987 to 1992. This period in time had increased access to information on sex and contraception methods. Perspectives towards family orientation diverged from the norm during the state socialist reign.[7]

Abortion in Hungary

Following world war two, abortion was determined by medical judgement and professionalism. This changed in 1949 when communism was in the process of consolidating their power, which criminalised abortion. It was illegal even in circumstances where women provided medical reasons.[9] Some people believe this decision was driven by the post war shortage of labour for the workforce. Instead of increasing the birthrate in the long term, the illegal birth rate increased. When abortion became legal in 1956 in Hungary the population struggled to replace itself, which meant that a lot of incentives were created to encourage procreation. After legalisation, there were still measure in place that could potentially limit a woman's ability to access abortion, such as the requirement to see a counsellor, the price of abortion doubled and doctors were allowed to decide whether they actually performed the procedure.[9]

Socialist involvement in the National Abortion Campaign in the UK
Five National Abortion Campaign badges, United Kingdom, 1970

The National Abortion Campaign was developed in the UK following the failure of James White's Amendment Bill in 1975[10] to amend the 1967 Abortion Act During this time the 1967 Abortion Act was under scrutiny as it required two doctors to examine a woman's medical, psychological and social situation.[11] The Act required a woman to admit she was unfit to become a mother in order to receive approval for an abortion. During this time, doctors were still able to refuse abortions due to their personal preference against the surgery, which was considered by some to not fulfill woman's needs.[11]

The National Abortion Campaign, led by feminists, increased the ability for women to come together, lobbying for legal abortion and a woman's right to choose.[11] Many socialist individuals partook in this woman's movement, and campaigned due to its alliance with socialist beliefs, regarding the emancipation of women. During this time, the women's liberation movement was growing, who fought not only for legal abortion, but the economic, psychological and social freedom of women.

Women's liberation movement

A socialist feminist in the 1970s typically had the choice to follow a Marxism perspective of society, or separate themselves and join the women's movement.[1] The issue for a woman aligning herself with a Marxist group during this period, was the presence of male-domination within the group. They deemed woman's issues inferior to other political concerns and tended to divide labour by gender. Often abortion was justified by population control, however socialist feminists believe the access to abortion is a necessity. Feminist socialists focused on overall equality of the sexes, focusing on abortion becoming free to all women free of charge or reason. There were different groups of feminists including separatist feminist, liberal feminist and socialist feminist.

During the Women's Liberation Movement, the woman believed all voices shall be heard and were anti-hierarchical, therefore not having a need for one specific leader. There was a large focus on ensuring women gained confidence about their sexuality and psychology, with abortion standing in the way of ownership of their body. Two reasons they believed that women in 1970 were oppressed was due to the economic dependence on men, as well as the sexual objectification of women.[12]

Labour Zionism

In Israel, The left-wing party Meretz argues in favor of legalized abortion for reasons of personal liberty. In 2006, MK Zehava Gal-On of Meretz proposed a bill that would eliminate the termination committees, effectively decriminalizing unrestricted abortion. Gal-On argued that women with financial means can have abortions in private clinics, bypassing the committee and therefore gaining rights based on their wealth. The bill was rejected by a wide margin.

Perspectives and laws on abortion in the People's Republic of China

The (non-Marxist) Empire of China prohibited abortion in 1910, and the law remained in place until 1953 when it was revised by the government of the People's Republic of China.[6] The specific motivation for this change is not clear, with many potential factors influencing the change in law, including the protection of women's health. Some people believe the largest concern within China was population control, rather than focusing on the sole issue of the emancipation of women. It is known that China first publicly promoted contraception was in 1954.[6] One difference from various fertility laws at the time was China's requirement to receive a joint application for an abortion from the parents of the child along with the doctors approval. Additionally, an organisation that couple belonged to would have to partake in this application. The laws had a heightened emphasis on ensuring the health of mothers, which meant that abortions weren't approved simply by the will of a mother. There were regional disparities, for example, one particular region required both parents to agree upon the abortion. By the 1970s, women were able to procure abortions if they were deemed "unfit to give birth" or if contraception had been used and was ineffective. Policies in Shanghai specifically were largely focused on fertility planning as a type of fertility control.[6]

Current law

Currently, abortion in China is legal as a public service.[13]

Within Third-World socialist movements

Bolivia

During the government of Evo Morales, despite opposition by the church, the abortion by social and economic reasons was allowed.[14]

Brazil

The abortion in Brazilian politics had never been subject of debate before the 2000s. The opinions about the issue by top names of socialism, like Miguel Arraes or Leonel Brizola are subject of doubt. While chief of executive of Rio de Janeiro state, Brizola approved a law supporting aid for women who wish to perform limited abortions, but accepted a asking by a bishop, and ask for the Assembly to revoke the law a few weeks later.[15] Luís Inácio Lula da Silva, before the 2010s decade, was against abortion.[16] Heloísa Helena and Eduardo Campos, were also against abortion.[17][18] Nowadays, abortion on request is supported by the vast majority of socialists, like Guilherme Boulos, Ciro Gomes, Manuela d'Ávila, Dilma Rousseff, Fernando Haddad and Lula.

India

Despite Mahatma Gandhi position against abortion, the law in India is often discussed not as an individual right of a female citizen, but as a collective Malthusianist action regarding birth control.[19]

Indonesia

Socialist leader Sukarno, never supported the abortion on request, preferring to think about a strong population for his country. Only after his deposition, his successor, Suharto, established a birth control and family planning.[20]

Sandinism

In Nicaragua, the Sandinist government often declares the children as subject of mothers' responsibility, and supports aiding from state to help these mothers. The Sandinist government, with support of Catholic Church, passed laws banning all forms of abortion, but uses the state to helping and praising women that bears the duty to becoming mothers. These laws and state positions sound controversial among media, because even underage mothers are seem as an example of parental praise.[21][22]

Tanzania

Despite the opposition to abortion by socialist leader, Julius Nyerere, the country always had a notable doctrine of family planning.[23] The government supported the Family Planning Association of Tanzania, although considers abortion do not considers a alternative, but a termination of pregnancy.

Tunisia

During the socialist Habib Bourguiba's government, the country become the first Arab Muslim majority country to legalize abortion on request.[24]

Uruguay

During the government of socialist president José Mujica, the country become the second Latino-American country to allows abortion on request.[25]

Within religious movements

Christian socialists and followers of liberation theology often describes themselves as pro-life Catholics. Paulo Freire and Óscar Romero were examples of socialist pro-life Catholics [26][27]

References
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  2. "The right to abortion". Freedom Socialist Party. Retrieved 2019-05-20.
  3. "Regulation of Abortion as State-Socialist Governmentality: The Case of Czechoslovakia". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2019-05-20.
  4. Rivkin-Fish, Michele (2017-09-21). "Legacies of 1917 in Contemporary Russian Public Health: Addiction, HIV, and Abortion". American Journal of Public Health. 107 (11): 1731–1735. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2017.304064. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 5637678. PMID 28933931.
  5. Cooper, Ann; Times, Special to The New York (1989-02-28). "Women Fault Soviet System For Abortion". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-05-20.
  6. Savage, Mark (April 1988). "The Law of Abortion in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the People's Republic of China: Women's Rights in Two Socialist Countries". The Stanford Law Review. 40 (4): 1027–1117. doi:10.2307/1228777. JSTOR 1228777.
  7. Sobotka, Tomáš; Šťastná, Anna; Zeman, Kryštof; Hamplová, Dana; Kantorová, Vladimíra (2011). "Czech Republic:A rapid transformation of fertility and family behaviour after the collapse of state socialism". Demographic Research. 19: 403–448. doi:10.4054/DemRes.2008.19.14.
  8. "Armenia: Changes in the law on abortion". Sexuality Policy Watch. 2016-11-03. Retrieved 2019-05-20.
  9. Gal, Susan (1994). "Gender in the Post-Socialist Transition: The Abortion Debate in Hungary". East European Politics and Societies. 8 (2): 256–286. doi:10.1177/0888325494008002003. PMID 12287764. S2CID 21534737.
  10. "James White: MP who sponsored the 1975 Abortion Amendment Bill". The Independent. 2009-02-24. Retrieved 2019-05-17.
  11. "Socialist Woman (1970-1978)". www.marxists.org. Retrieved 2019-06-07.
  12. Roberts, Cathy; Millar, Elaine (1978-01-01). "Feminism, socialism and abortion". Women's Studies International Quarterly. 1 (1): 3–14. doi:10.1016/S0148-0685(78)90277-4. ISSN 0148-0685.
  13. "Abortion confusion". ActNow. 2008-11-04. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 2019-11-20.
  14. Carmo, Marcia (20 March 2017). "Lei de 'aborto por pobreza' opõe Igreja e governo na Bolívia". Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  15. Pimentel, Sílvia. "Aborto: um direito da mulher". Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  16. "Lula diz ser contra aborto e casamento homossexual". 26 June 1998. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  17. "Ex-senadora Heloisa Helena se manifesta contra o aborto". 3 July 2008. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  18. "Eduardo Campos se diz contrário ao aborto". 20 April 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  19. "MISCARRIAGE TO MEDICAL TERMINATION: THE EXPERIENCES OF LEGISLATING ABORTIONS IN INDIA". Missing or empty |url= (help)
  20. Hundley, Tom (6 November 2014). "Indonésia: o debate sobre o aborto no Islã". Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  21. Salinas, Carlos (30 July 2017). "O pesadelo de ser menina na Nicarágua". El País. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  22. "Nicarágua: Nova proibição de aborto coloca vidas de mulheres em risco". hrw.org. 1 October 2007. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  23. E. J. Kinemo, Ross. "ABORTION AND FAMILY PLANNING IN TANZANIA" (PDF). Retrieved 24 August 2020. Nyerere stated: “Women in Tanzania are the greatest worker…. One cannot expect these people to give birth every year…… unless Tanzanians are careful, our daughters will be giving birth every year like rabbits” and "“Giving birth is something in which mankind and animals are equal, but rearing the off spring and especially educating them for many years is a unique gift and responsibility of man to look after them properly rather than thinking about the number of children and the ability to give birth for it happens that man’s ability to give birth is greater than his ability to bring up the children in a proper manner”
  24. Nazer, Isam (September 1980). "The Tunisian Experience in Legal Abortion". International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 17 (5): 488–492. doi:10.1002/j.1879-3479.1980.tb00196.x. PMID 6103849. S2CID 46258709. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  25. Maranhão, Fabiana (15 November 2017). "Brasileira conta como é aborto no Uruguai". Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  26. Hundley, Tom (17 April 2019). "Quem foi Paulo Freire e por que ele é tão amado e odiado". Retrieved 24 August 2020.
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