Saudi Arabia and weapons of mass destruction

Saudi Arabia has not officially maintained and possessed weapons of mass destruction (WMD). In 1972 Saudi Arabia signed and approved the convention on the prohibition of the development, production and stockpiling of biological (bacteriological) and toxin weapons.[1][2][3] Nevertheless, Saudi Arabia has made steps towards a nuclear program[4][5] and according to some observations, they can be used to develop nuclear weapons.[6] According to some reports, Riyadh has an alleged deal with Pakistan regarding nuclear weapons projects.[7] There are claims that Saudi Arabia has used chemical and biological weapons in Yemen.[8][9]

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In 2018 Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman confirmed on 60 Minutes that Saudi Arabia would develop nuclear weapons if Iran successfully detonated one, causing widespread distrust of the Saudi Arabian nuclear program.[10][11]

Background

Saudi Arabia officially is a non-nuclear-weapon state party to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[12] and it has also an agreement with the International Atomic Energy Agency.[13] Riyadh has been accused of following nuclear,[7][6] despite being a follower of IAEA,[14] NPT[15] and OPCW.[16]

Nuclear foundations

Riyadh officials had travels to France and Russia and signed several transactions, among establishment of atomic foundations in Saudi Arabia. Riyadh is pursuing its open negotiations about establishment of atomic foundations in front of media.[17] Despite that, it has been secretly looking for the establishment of a scientific atomic center by the co-operation of Pakistan,[6][17] which can be associated with purchasing nuclear weapons from Pakistan.[18]

Riyadh declared that it was following a nuclear power program without co-operation of other countries, and according to a royal command in April 2010: "The development of atomic energy is essential to meet the Kingdom's growing requirements for energy to generate electricity, produce desalinated water and reduce reliance on depleting hydrocarbon resources." KA-CARE has been set up in the capital of Saudi Arabia in order to progress this agenda which is considered as an alternative to oil, and also to be the proper agency for the purpose of treaties on nuclear energy signed by Saudi kingdom. Besides, it appointed the Finland- and Swiss-based Poyry consultancy company in order to assist define "high-level strategy in the area of nuclear and renewable energy applications" with desalination.[19]

As well as this, the (South) Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute has signed an agreement with KA-CARE in March 2015 which is led to evaluate its potential to build two or more than two South Korean SMART reactors. Furthermore, in March/August 2017, the Saudi Arabia Geological Survey signed an agreement to a Chinese nuclear company (CNNC), and it was associated with co-operation on uranium exploration. CNNC mentioned that this will explore 9 potential areas for the resources of uranium in Saudi Arabia.[19]

Nuclear weapons

The BBC reported using multiple sources that Saudi Arabia has funded nuclear weapons development in Pakistan,[12][20] and the Saudi government believes that it is able to gain nuclear weapons at will.[21] A senior NATO decision maker did mention that he personally viewed intelligence reports indicating that nuclear weapons which have been manufactured in Pakistan by the request of Riyadh, are ready for delivery.[12] Saudi Arabia's foreign minister neither rejected nor confirmed the possibility of purchasing nuclear weapons.[18] Furthermore, Saudi royalty and other high-ranking officials have explicitly mentioned warnings in regards to their intention to obtain nuclear weapons if Iran were to come in possession of such weaponry.[12][22][23][24] On March 15, 2018 Saudi defense minister and heir to the throne Prince Mohammad bin Salman made such a statement on the CBS 60 Minutes programme.[25]

In 2019 the House Committee on Oversight and Reform in the United States reported that President Donald Trump planned to provide nuclear technology to Saudi Arabia in violation of the Atomic Energy Act.[26] The reactors would be built by the company IP3 International, while negotiations were conducted by Jared Kushner and Energy Secretary Rick Perry.[27] The report caused widespread condemnation from both Republican and Democratic lawmakers in both houses of Congress due in part to the recent assassination of Jamal Khashoggi and the conduct of the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen.[28] In the Senate Ed Markey and Marco Rubio introduced a bill, the Saudi Nuclear Proliferation Act, to block the deal.[10] Concerns were also directed about whether the deal would entail access to uranium enrichment technology.[27] In response U.S. Deputy Energy Secretary Dan Brouillette claimed that Saudi Arabia would sign a Section 123 agreement restricting how Saudi Arabia could use nuclear technology.[29]

Saudi Arabia has also shortlisted firms in Russia, China, France, and South Korea as sources of nuclear power.[27]

On 17 September 2020, according to a confidential report compiled by the China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) and the Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology (BRIUG), as seen by The Guardian, Saudi Arabia was identified to have enough uranium ore reserves to begin domestic production of nuclear fuel. The Kingdom was found heading as another country in the Arab region, after the UAE, to begin its own nuclear energy programme. Chinese data revealed that Saudi was capable of producing nearly 90,000 tonnes of uranium. Saudi Arabia was working with Chinese geologists in identifying the uranium deposits that were located in Saudi’s northwestern region, where the Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman was planning to build the Neom city. There were concerns, where Saudi was under suspicions of producing nuclear weapons, as it lacked transparency. The Kingdom was following old regulations of IAEA that didn’t allow inspections into Saudi’s nuclear activities.[30] [31]

Nuclear weapons delivery

According to the BBC, Saudi Arabian attempts to acquire ballistic missiles capable of fielding a nuclear warhead go back several decades.[32] The Royal Saudi Strategic Missile Force possesses DF-3A (NATO: CSS-2) as a Chinese missile which is used in nuclear weapons delivery.[33] In fact, it is regarded as a Chinese liquid-fueled, single-stage, nuclear medium-range ballistic missile. Saudi Arabia bought several dozen (between 36 and 60) of this kind of missile from China in 1987.[34] Riyadh displayed them in a parade in 2014, the first public viewing of the weapons.[35]

Biological Weapons Convention
Participation in the Biological Weapons Convention
SignedApril 10, 1972
LocationLondon, Moscow, and Washington, D.C.
EffectiveMarch 26, 1975
ConditionRatification by 22 states
Signatories109
Parties180 as of January 2018
(complete list)

Chemical and biological weapons
Main articles: Chemical weapon and Biological weapon

Officially, Saudi Arabia is regarded as a party to both the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC), and also the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC).[13]

Sunjeev Bery, Amnesty International's advocacy director for the Middle East and North Africa stated that “The United States must not provide or sell white phosphorus munitions to Saudi Arabia or any other military that would use them in the Yemen conflict,” On other hands some images and videos posted to social media shows that Saudi Arabia appears to be using U.S.-supplied white phosphorus munitions in its war in Yemen. It made concern human rights groups.[8]

See also

References
  1. Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction state.gov Retrieved January 22, 2018
  2. Disease as a Weapon: Assessing the international methods of ensuring biological weapons nonproliferation portfolio.du.edu Retrieved January 13, 2018
  3. "Status of the Convention". OPBW. Archived from the original on September 15, 2019. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
  4. KSA takes first step towards nuclear plant tender: sources reuters.com Retrieved January 16, 2018
  5. Nuclear Power in Saudi Arabia world-nuclear.org Retrieved January 16, 2018
  6. "Pakistan, Saudi Arabia in secret nuke pact Islamabad trades weapons technology for oil". globalsecurity.org. January 24, 2018. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
  7. Russell, op. cit, p.72.
  8. Gibbons-Neff, Thomas. "Saudi Arabia appears to be using U.S.-supplied white phosphorus in its war in Yemen". washingtonpost. Retrieved September 19, 2016.
  9. Gibsson-Neff, Thomas (September 20, 2016). "Saudi Arabia appears to be using American-supplied white phosphorus in its war in Yemen". The Independent.
  10. "U.S. lawmakers press for oversight of any Saudi nuclear deal". Reuters. February 28, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  11. March 15, CBS News; 2018; Am, 4:32. "Saudi crown prince: If Iran develops nuclear bomb, so will we". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved March 22, 2019.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  12. "Saudi nuclear weapons 'on order' from Pakistan". bbc.com. January 17, 2018.
  13. "SAUDI ARABIA". nti.org. January 17, 2018.
  14. List of Member States News iaea.org Retrieved January 27, 2018
  15. Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons disarmament.un.org Retrieved January 27, 2018
  16. 3. Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction treaties.un.org Retrieved January 27, 2018
  17. "Disclosure of Saudi's secret nuclear program with Pakistan". tasnimnews.com. January 17, 2018.
  18. "The Mystery of Buying Nuclear Weapons from Pakistan by KSA". yjc.ir. January 18, 2018.
  19. "Nuclear Power in Saudi Arabia". world-nuclear.org. February 7, 2018.
  20. Saudi Arabia banks on Pakistan for nukes: BBC report livemint.com January 17, 2018
  21. "Saudi Arabia orders nuclear weapons to Pakistan". bbc.com. January 17, 2018.
  22. Pakistan rejects report about Saudi support for N-plan dawn.com Retrieved January 18, 2018
  23. Iran’s Next President and the Third Nuclear Strategy al-monitor.com Retrieved January 18, 2018
  24. "Saudi Arabia orders nuclear weapons to Pakistan". irna.ir. January 18, 2018.
  25. "Saudi Arabia pledges to create a nuclear bomb if Iran does". BBC News. March 15, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
  26. Committee on Oversight and Reform. Whistleblowers raise grave concerns with Trump administration's efforts to transfer sensitive nuclear technology to Saudi Arabia : interim staff report. OCLC 1088438840.
  27. Johnson, Keith. "Who's Afraid of Saudi Nukes?". Foreign Policy. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  28. "U.S. Senate proposal would block Saudi path to atomic weapon in..." Reuters. February 13, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  29. Reid, David (February 16, 2019). "Brouillette: US won't give Saudi Arabia key to nuclear weapon building". www.cnbc.com. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  30. "Revealed: Saudi Arabia may have enough uranium ore to produce nuclear fuel". The Guardian. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  31. "Saudi Arabia's Atomic Ambition Is Being Fueled by a UN Watchdog". Bloomberg. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  32. Urban, Mark (November 6, 2013). "Saudi nuclear weapons 'on order' from Pakistan". BBC News. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
  33. Cordesman, op. cit, p.10
  34. DF-3A / CSS-2 fas.org Retrieved February 8, 2018
  35. "Saudi Arabia unveils part of strategic missile force — a deterrent move against Iran?". Defense Update. May 2, 2014. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
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