Samre language of Pursat

Samre
Native to	Thailand, Cambodia
Region	Trat Province; formerly Pursat Province
Ethnicity	200 (2000)[1]
Native speakers	20–30 (1998)[2]
Language family	Austroasiatic Pearic Chong Central Chong Samre; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	None (mis)
Glottolog	None
ELP	Samre[3]

Samre (Samre pronunciation: [samɣeː]), is a nearly extinct Pearic language of Thailand and, formerly, Cambodia. The language is evidently extinct in Cambodia,[1] but a 1998 survey found 20–30 speakers in Nonsi Subdistrict, Bo Rai District, Trat Province, Thailand and estimated the total number of people able to speak the language to be 200.[2]

Phonology

The phonemic inventory is typical of modern Mon-Khmer languages and, along with the other Pearic languages, shows some phonological influences from the late Middle Khmer of the 17th century.[4] Samre also shows influence from Thai in that it has a developing tonal system. Like many other Austroasiatic languages in general, and the Pearic languages in particular, Samre vowels may differ in voice quality, a system known as "register", or "phonation". However, the breathy voice versus clear voice distinction is no longer contrastive and is secondary to a word's tone.[2]

Consonants

Samre has 21 consonant phonemes with [ɹ] and [ɰ] occurring as allophones of /ɣ/. They are listed in table form below.

		Labial	Alveolar		Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	Aspirated	pʰ	tʰ		cʰ	kʰ
	Voiceless	p	t		c	k	ʔ
	Voiced	b	d
Nasal	Voiced	m	n		ɲ	ŋ
Fricative	Voiceless		s				h
Fricative	Voiced					ɣ
Approximant	Voiced	w	l	[ɹ]	j	[ɰ]

The Samre recognize [ɣ] as a sound unique to their language in comparison to Thai and other surrounding indigenous languages. This voiced velar fricative occurs in free variation with the voiced alveolar approximant, [ɹ], except when following /a/ or /aː/ word-finally, in which case it is pronounced as [ɰ], the voiced velar approximant. The pronunciation [ɣ] is mostly heard among the older generation who consider it to be the "correct" pronunciation.[2] It can be considered a "harsh" sound and [ɹ] is sometimes used when the speaker wishes to sound "softer" or "soothing". The [ɣ] sound is not often heard among younger or less fluent speakers who use [ɹ] or replace the sound with a tapped or trilled /r/ due to influence from Thai.[2]

Vowels

Samre contrasts nine vowel qualities which can be either short or long, yielding a total of 18 vowel phonemes. There are three diphthongs: /iə/, /ɨə/, and /uə/. The vowels of Samre are:

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	/i/	/iː/	/ɨ/	/ɨː/	/u/	/uː/
Close-mid	/e/	/eː/	/ə/	/əː/	/o/	/oː/
Open-mid	/ɛ/	/ɛː/			/ɔ/	/ɔː/
Open			/a/	/aː/

References

Somre of Siem Reap at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Pornsawan Ploykaew. 2001, "The phonology of Samre", in The Mon-Khmer Studies Journal, vol. 31, pp. 15-27
Endangered Languages Project data for Samre.
Ferlus, Michel (2011). "Toward Proto Pearic: problems and historical implications". Mon-Khmer Studies Journal. Mon-Khmer Studies Special Issue No. 2: Austroasiatic Studies - papers from ICAAL4. Retrieved 30 November 2015.

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[e18-1] Somre of Siem Reap at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)

[Ploykaew-2] Pornsawan Ploykaew. 2001, "The phonology of Samre", in The Mon-Khmer Studies Journal, vol. 31, pp. 15-27

[ELP1-3] Endangered Languages Project data for Samre.

[4] Ferlus, Michel (2011). "Toward Proto Pearic: problems and historical implications". Mon-Khmer Studies Journal. Mon-Khmer Studies Special Issue No. 2: Austroasiatic Studies - papers from ICAAL4. Retrieved 30 November 2015.