Same-sex marriage in Finland

Same-sex marriage in Finland has been legal since 1 March 2017. A bill for the legalisation of same-sex marriages was approved by the Finnish Parliament on 12 December 2014 and signed by President Sauli Niinistö on 20 February 2015. The law took effect on 1 March 2017.

Marriage
Civil unions and
registered partnerships
Common-law marriage
Minimal recognition
See also
Notes
  1. Performed statewide in 18 states and Mexico City, in certain municipalities in three other states, and recognized by all states in such cases.
  2. Performed in the Netherlands proper, including the Caribbean Netherlands. Registered in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten in such cases, but the rights of marriage are not guaranteed.
  3. Neither performed nor recognized in Niue, Tokelau or the Cook Islands.
  4. Not recognized in Caribbean overseas territories, though marriage-equivalent ordered for the Cayman Islands.
  5. Neither performed nor recognized in American Samoa or some tribal nations.
  6. Cohabitation. Registered foreign marriages confer limited rights. Marriage recognized in Tel Aviv.
  7. Degree of recognition unknown. No actual cases to date.
  8. Limited to residency rights for foreign spouses of EU citizens.
  9. Legal guardianships (nationwide, except Hong Kong and Macau), residency rights for foreign spouses of legal residents (Hong Kong).
  10. Recognition of foreign marriage for parental rights
  11. Maitri Karar–type contractual relationships, but it is not legally enforceable
  12. Offer "partnership certificates", which provide some tools (such as hospital visitation rights) but do not offer any legal recognition
  13. Limited to spouses of foreign diplomatic officials.
* Not yet in effect or automatic deadline set by judicial body for same-sex marriage to become legal
LGBT portal

Previously, from 2002 until 2017, registered partnerships had been available to same-sex couples, which provided the same rights and responsibilities as marriage for opposite-sex couples, except e.g. adoption rights and the right to a joint last name.

Registered partnerships

Legislation introducing registered partnerships (Finnish: rekisteröity parisuhde; Swedish: registrerat partnerskap)[lower-alpha 1] for same-sex couples was passed by the Parliament on 28 September 2001 with a vote of 99–84.[1] The law went into effect on 1 March 2002. Registered partnerships, which were available only to same-sex couples, provided the same rights and responsibilities as marriage for opposite-sex couples, except in e.g. adoption rights and family names, and they were registered and dissolved using a procedure similar to that for civil marriage. The legislation also granted immigration rights to a foreign partner.[2]

In May 2009, the Parliament revised the law, allowing couples to adopt the biological children of their partner.[3][4] On 1 March 2017, the law was repealed for the parts that dealt with entering into partnerships, therefore leaving the existing partnerships intact and leaving it up to the registered couples to convert their unions into marriages.[5][6]

Same-sex marriage
Laws regarding same-sex partnerships in Europe¹
  Marriage
  Civil union
  Limited domestic recognition (cohabitation)
  Limited foreign recognition (residency rights)
  Unrecognized
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
¹ May include recent laws or court decisions that have not yet entered into effect.

2007–2011 parliamentary term

A poll conducted by Christian newspaper Kotimaa reported in March 2010 that a narrow majority of Finnish MPs opposed same-sex marriage. Of the 126 MPs who were asked if they would support a gender-neutral marriage law, 46% were in favour and 54% were opposed. 63% of Social Democratic representatives supported same-sex marriage as well as all MPs from the Greens and the Left Alliance. Majorities of the Centre Party and the National Coalition Party (NCP) opposed same-sex marriage.[7][8]

However, a later survey in April 2010 by Helsingin Sanomat reported that there was cross-party support for same-sex marriage and joint adoption rights. Secretary of the National Coalition Party Taru Tujunen stated that an initiative on gender-neutral marriage would be put forward at the next party conference.[9][10] At the June 2010 party conference, the NCP delegates voted in favor of a gender-neutral marriage law, though the vice-chairman of the NCP parliamentary group, Ben Zyskowicz, said that a majority of NCP MPs were against it.[11][12] Two weeks earlier, the Social Democrats passed a measure in favor of same-sex marriage.[13] The Left Alliance and the Green League also support it.[14][15] Foreign Minister Alexander Stubb, who held a speech at the opening ceremony of Helsinki Pride week on 28 June 2010, said he supports a gender-neutral marriage law with full adoption rights for same-sex couples.[16]

On 2 July 2010, Justice Minister Tuija Brax announced that the Ministry of Justice would be preparing a reform to the Marriage Act (Finnish: Avioliittolaki; Swedish: Äktenskapslag)[lower-alpha 2] in the autumn of 2011.[18] It was considered possible that same-sex marriage would be legalized after the 2011 parliamentary elections, where it was speculated to turn into a major theme,[19] though in an August 2010 survey by Yle, only 20% of the respondents said the issue should be a major theme.[20]

2011–2015 parliamentary term

According to the voting advice application of Helsingin Sanomat, 90 MPs of the 200-seat Parliament elected in April 2011 supported joint adoption for same-sex couples, while 93 MPs opposed it.[21] Upon joining the Katainen Cabinet, the Christian Democrats required assurance that no government bill would legalise same-sex marriage.[22] However, according to the Left Alliance, it was agreed upon during talks on government formation that, if proposed as a member's initiative by individual MPs, such a bill could be endorsed by the remaining five parties in government: the National Coalition, the Social Democrats, the Left Alliance, the Green League and the Swedish People's Party.[23] The legislative proposal was presented as a member's initiative on 29 September 2011.[24][25][26]

On 21 March 2012, after five months of signature gathering among MPs, the bill to legalize same-sex marriage was submitted to Parliament. 76 out of the 199 voting MPs had signed their support for the draft bill, and several additional members were expected to vote for it, including Prime Minister Jyrki Katainen.[27][28][29] On 27 February 2013, the bill was voted down by the Legal Affairs Committee in a 9–8 vote.[30][31] After being turned down by the committee, a similar bill was put forward as a citizens' initiative, organised by the Tahdon2013 campaign ("I do 2013").[32] The campaign started to gather signatures on 19 March 2013,[30][33] and by the evening of the first day, the initiative had gathered over 90,000 online signatures, eventually reaching a total of 166,851. The required minimum for an initiative to be sent to Parliament is 50,000 signatures.[34][35]

Citizens' initiatives had only been possible in Finland since 2012.[36][37] Therefore, in March 2013, it was still unclear whether a citizens' initiative would be considered on equal footing with a government bill (hallituksen esitys, regeringens proposition), or a member's initiative (lakialoite, lagmotion).[38] Members' initiatives signed by at least 100 MPs are given precedence in the legislative process, while initiatives with less signatures mostly expire at the end of the legislative session.[39][40]

In April 2013, the Speaker's Council of Parliament issued recommendations on how citizens' initiatives are to proceed in Parliament. All initiatives shall be sent to a committee chosen by the plenary session of Parliament. The committee should inform signatories of the initiative within six months on how the committee plans to handle the matter (e.g. by holding hearings of specialists), whether to recommend the initiative for a vote in the plenary session, etc. The committee has full authority on the matter and works independently.

Signature collection for the same-sex marriage initiative ended after the standard six months period in September 2013 and the initiative was submitted to Parliament on 13 December 2013. In February 2014, the initiative was sent to the Legal Affairs Committee.[41][42][35][43][44] The committee unanimously voted to schedule a public hearing for 13 March 2014.[45] After the public hearing, Yle reported that the initiative would be sent to the plenary session and not die in the committee.[46][47] On 25 June 2014, after multiple committee hearings with experts, the Legal Affairs Committee voted 10–6 against same-sex marriage. The vote would have been closer but two members in favour of same-sex marriage missed the vote and were replaced by one substitute member against it.[48][49]

On 20 November 2014, the committee voted 9–8 for recommending that the Parliament reject the same-sex marriage legislation.[50][51] In the bill's first reading on 28 November 2014, the full session of Parliament, by a vote of 92–105, did not accept that recommendation.[52][53] Due to the Parliament not accepting the recommendation, the Grand Committee continued consideration of the initiative on 3 December 2014, eventually voting 17–8 in favour.[54][55] The legislation was approved 101–90 by the full session of Parliament in its second reading on 12 December and was signed by President Sauli Niinistö on 20 February 2015. Along with the final vote, Parliament also approved a statement requiring the next government to draft necessary amendments to other relevant acts so that they would be consistent with the Marriage Act.[56][57][58][59][60] The law took effect on 1 March 2017.[61][62][63]

In 2014, thousands of Finns resigned from the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland due to comments made by church officials supporting the new legislation.[64]

12 December 2014 vote in the Parliament of Finland[65]
PartyYesNoAbstentionNot presentTotal
  National Coalition Party26150344
  Social Democratic Party3630241
  Finns Party1350137
  Centre Party6291036
  Left Alliance1200012
  Swedish People's Partya910010
  Christian Democrats06006
  Green League900110
  Dissidents from the Left Alliance20002
  Change 201101001
Total1019017199b
a. The Swedish-speaking Finns' parliamentary group consists of nine Swedish People's Party members and one Independent representing the Autonomous Region of Åland.
b. The Speaker votes only in unusual circumstances, though he or she continues to serve as one of the 200 members of Parliament.

2015–2019 parliamentary term

Following the elections of 19 April 2015, a new more conservative government was formed, consisting of the Centre Party, the Finns Party and the National Coalition Party. Despite a majority of their MPs having voted against same-sex marriage, it was supposed to introduce amendments to other acts whose wordings still referred to a married couple as "man" and "woman". While the majority of the Finns Party was of the opinion that the amendments to the Marriage Act should be repealed, the other two parties generally disagreed. The opposition parties, with the exception of the Christian Democrats, were almost completely in favour of amending the other acts in order to harmonise them with the Marriage Act.[66]

On 22 October 2015, the Parliament started to debate legislation to amend other acts that still had specific references to opposite-sex couples. Minister of Justice Jari Lindström from the Finns Party, who introduced the bill, said he did so despite his personal opposition.[67][68] On 11 December 2015, the Legal Affairs Committee recommended the adoption of the bill with amendments.[69] The bill was approved by Parliament in a 106–42 vote on 17 February 2016.[70] It was signed by the President on 8 April 2016 and took effect on 1 March 2017, on the same day as the amendments to the Marriage Act. Among laws amended were the Act on Population Information System and the certificate services of the Population Register Centre (661/2009),[lower-alpha 3] the Act on Legal Recognition of the Gender of Transsexuals (563/2002),[lower-alpha 4] and the Religious Freedom Act (453/2003).[lower-alpha 5][71][72][73]

17 February 2016 vote in the Parliament of Finland[74]
PartyVoted forVoted againstAbsent (Did not vote)
  Centre Party
  Finns Party
  National Coalition Party –
  Social Democratic Party
  Green League –
  Left Alliance –
  Swedish People's Party –
  Christian Democrats – –
Total1064252
a. The Speaker votes only in unusual circumstances, though he or she continues to serve as one of the 200 members of Parliament.

A separate bill to make necessary changes related to social benefits and social and health care services was introduced on 3 November 2016, and approved by the Parliament in a 128–28 vote on 13 December 2016.[75][76][77][78] It was signed by the President on 13 January 2017 and took effect alongside the amendments to the Marriage Act on 1 March.[79][80][81]

13 December 2016 vote in the Parliament of Finland[82]
PartyVoted forVoted againstAbstainedAbsent (Did not vote)
  Centre Party - -
  Finns Party
  National Coalition Party - -
  Social Democratic Party - -
  Green League - -
  Left Alliance - -
  Swedish People's Party - -
  Christian Democrats - - -
Total12828440
a. The Speaker votes only in unusual circumstances, though he or she continues to serve as one of the 200 members of Parliament.
b. The nine deputies of the Swedish People's Party that were present accidentally voted against the bill, although the entire group supported it.[83]
c. Both SDP MP Henry Wallin and Finns Party MP Mika Niikko reported that they had intended to vote "No".[84]

A citizens' initiative aiming to repeal the gender-neutral marriage law was started on 29 March 2015.[85] The initiative collected almost 110,000 signatures by 29 September 2015 and was presented to the Parliament on 22 June 2016. On 8 September 2016, it was sent to the Legal Affairs Committee after a plenary debate.[86][87] On 15 February 2017, the committee recommended that the Parliament reject the initiative.[88][89][90] On 17 February, the Parliament voted to accept the committee's recommendation by a 120–48 margin with 2 abstentions.[91][92][93][94]

17 February 2017 vote in the Parliament of Finland[94]
PartyVoted forVoted againstAbstainedAbsent (Did not vote)
  Centre Party
  Finns Party -
  National Coalition Party -
  Social Democratic Party -
  Green League – –
  Left Alliance – –
  Swedish People's Party – –
  Christian Democrats – – –
Total12048230
a. The Speaker votes only in unusual circumstances, though he or she continues to serve as one of the 200 members of Parliament.
b. Swedish People's Party MP Eva Biaudet and Green MP Krista Mikkonen stated that they voted incorrectly, as they were both registered as absent.[95] They both intended to vote "Yes" on the committee report.[96][97]

Statistics

Registered partnerships

From 2002 to 2017, 4,215 registered partnerships were established in Finland. The year 2002 registered the most partnerships at 446. 2017 on the other hand recorded only 36.[98]

Marriages

In the first month following the entry into force of the gender-neutral marriage law, a total of 857 same-sex marriages took place in Finland, of which 87 were newly performed and 770 were registered partnerships converted to marriages.[99][100]

Between March and August 2017, a total of 1,578 same-sex marriages took place, of which 456 were new marriages and 1,122 were registered partnerships converted to marriages.[101][102]

The following table shows the number of marriages and divorces performed in Finland, as per data published by Statistics Finland. It does not include conversions from registered partnerships.[103][104]

Year Same-sex marriages Total marriages Same-sex divorces Total divorces
Female Male Total Female Male Total
201737318155426,54211213,483
201824214538723,7992362913,116
201926311337622,29642125413,311

Public opinion

Support for same-sex marriage in Finland has grown gradually since the 2000s. A December 2006 EU poll put Finnish support for same-sex marriage at 45%,[105] while an August 2010 survey conducted by Yle put support at 54% with 35% opposing it.[20] In January 2013, a poll conducted by YouGov found that support had climbed to 57%, with 32% opposed and 12% unsure. In the same survey, support for same-sex adoption was 51%, with 36% opposed and 13% unsure.[106][107] A March 2013 survey by Taloustutkimus found that 58% of Finns supported same-sex marriage.[108] In March 2014, a follow-up Taloustutkimus survey put support at 65% with 27% opposing and 8% unsure.[47]

A June 2014 survey showed that among clergy of the state Evangelical Lutheran Church, 44% supported a gender-neutral marriage law, while 41% were opposed and 15% were neutral. 60% supported church blessings for registered partners, and 28% said the Church should abandon the legislated duty to perform marriages if a gender-neutral marriage law is passed.[109]

The 2015 Eurobarometer found that 66% of Finns thought that same-sex marriage should be allowed throughout Europe, 28% were against.[110]

A Pew Research Center poll, conducted between April and August 2017 and published in May 2018, showed that 64% of Finns supported same-sex marriage, 26% were opposed and 10% didn't know or refused to answer.[111] When divided by religion, 84% of religiously unaffiliated people, 62% of non-practicing Christians and 30% of church-attending Christians supported same-sex marriage.[112] Opposition was 12% among 18–34-year-olds.[113]

The 2019 Eurobarometer found that 76% of Finns thought same-sex marriage should be allowed throughout Europe, 21% were against.[114]

A 2019 survey conducted by the University of Eastern Finland showed that 57% of priests in the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland would marry same-sex couples if permitted to do so.[115]

Regional significance

Finland was the last Nordic country to introduce same-sex marriage. Although the change has brought it into alignment with its Nordic neighbours, this represents a significant difference of approach to neighbouring Russia, which historically exercised influence in Finland's affairs through Finlandisation and is hostile to LGBT rights.[116]

See also

Notes
  1. Northern Sami: registrerejuvvon párragaskavuohta; Inari Sami: registeristum kyeimikoskâvuotâ; Skolt Sami: registõllum paarrkõskkvuõtt
  2. Northern Sami: Náittosláhka;[17] Inari Sami: Näimilittolaahâ; Skolt Sami: Veäʹncclääʹǩǩ
  3. Finnish: Laki väestötietojärjestelmästä ja Digi- ja väestötietoviraston varmennepalveluista; Swedish: Lag om befolkningsdatasystemet och de certifikattjänster som tillhandahålls av Myndigheten för digitalisering och befolkningsdata
  4. Finnish: Laki transseksuaalin sukupuolen vahvistamisesta; Swedish: Lag om fastställande av transsexuella personers könstillhörighet
  5. Finnish: Uskonnonvapauslaki; Swedish: Religionsfrihetslag

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