Recognition of same-sex unions in Slovenia

Slovenia has recognized partnerships (Slovene: partnerska zveza) since 24 February 2017. These provide same-sex partners with all the legal rights of marriages, with the exception of joint adoption and in vitro fertilisation. Previously, Slovenia had recognized the more limited registrirana partnerska skupnost for same-sex couples between 2006 and 2017, which gave same-sex partners access to one another's pensions and property.

A bill to legalize same-sex marriage was approved by the country's Parliament on 3 March 2015. However, it was rejected in a referendum on 20 December 2015.

Partnerships

Laws regarding same-sex partnerships in Europe¹

  Marriage

  Civil union

  Limited domestic recognition (cohabitation)

  Limited foreign recognition (residency rights)

  Unrecognized

  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples

¹ May include recent laws or court decisions that have not yet entered into effect.

---

Registration of Same-Sex Partnerships Act 2005

A law establishing partnerships was adopted on 22 June 2005,[1] titled Zakon o registraciji istospolne partnerske skupnosti (ZRIPS).[2] The law covered only property relations, the right/obligation to support a socially weaker partner, and inheritance rights to a degree. It did not grant any rights in the area of social security (social and health insurance, pension rights) and it did not confer the status of a next-of-kin to the partners. The adoption of this law sparked a political debate in the National Assembly, with Slovenian National Party deputies opposing recognition of same-sex partners. The opposition Social Democrats and Liberals, arguing that the law proposed was too weak, refused to take part in the voting, leaving the chamber. The vote succeeded with 44 votes for and 3 against.

A more comprehensive registered partnership bill passed the first reading in Parliament in July 2004, but was rejected by Parliament during the second reading in March 2005.[3][4] The bill would have provided for all rights inherent to marriage apart from joint adoption rights.

On 31 March 2005, the Janša Government proposed a new partnership bill, described above, providing access to pensions and property. It was passed on 22 June 2005, published in the official gazette on 8 July 2005, and became effective on 23 July 2006.[5][1]

On 2 July 2009, the Constitutional Court found that it was unconstitutional to prevent registered partners from inheriting each other's property. It held that treating registered partners differently from married partners constituted discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, breaching Article 14 of the Slovenian Constitution. It gave Parliament six months to remedy the situation.[6][7] In response, the Minister of the Interior, Katarina Kresal (LDS), announced the Pahor Government would prepare a new law, which would legalise same-sex marriage.[8] This sparked considerable controversy in the public.[9]

The Registration of Same-Sex Partnerships Act 2005 was repealed upon passage of the Partnership Act 2016 (see below), and ceased to be operational on 24 August 2017.[1]

Family Code 2011 reforms and referendum

On 2 July 2009, the Minister of the Interior, Katarina Kresal (LDS), announced that Slovenia is likely to legalize same-sex marriage in the near future, citing the Pahor Government's commitment to provide equal rights for both opposite-sex and same-sex couples. The announcement stirred some level of public controversy, mainly because it provided grounds for same-sex adoption.[8]

On 21 September 2009, the Government presented a draft of the new Family Code, which would allow same-sex couples to marry and adopt children.[9][10][11][12][13] The bill went through a period of public debate until 1 November 2009.[14][15][16][17][18][19][20] In December 2009, the Government considered amendments to the bill, which were expected to be voted on in 2010.[21] On 17 December 2009, the Government approved the Family Code.[22][23][24] It was submitted to the National Assembly on 21 December 2009.[25][26] On 2 March 2010, the bill was approved by the Assembly in its first reading.[27][28]

On 24 January 2011, the Government announced its intention to change the bill before final passage in the National Assembly. The amendments were made due to the difficulty of passing the bill. Marriage would be defined as a union between a man and a woman, but same-sex registered partnerships would have all rights of marriage except joint adoption (stepchild adoption would be allowed).[29][30]

On 7 April, the National Assembly approved the amended bill in its second reading and sent it for a third reading.[31] It passed its final reading on 16 June 2011.[31][32][33]

The new law was challenged on 1 September 2011 by conservative popular movement "The Civil Initiative for the Family and Rights of Children", which called for a national referendum on the issue, and started gathering the requisite popular support.[34] In response, the Government asked the Constitutional Court to judge whether such a referendum would be constitutional. On 26 December 2011, the Constitutional Court ruled that holding a referendum on this issue is constitutional.[35] A referendum on 25 March 2012 led to the rejection of the bill.[36][37]

Partnership Bill 2014

On 14 April 2014, the Ministry of Labour, Family, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities presented a bill to grant partnerships all the rights of marriage, except adoption and assisted reproduction. It underwent a public consultation process until 5 May 2014.[38][39] However, the bill's fate was uncertain due early parliamentary elections on 13 July 2014, which were held following the resignation of Prime Minister Alenka Bratušek. On 15 October 2014, the Ministry announced another public consultation on the draft, which lasted until 15 November.[40] In January 2015, Minister of Labour, Family, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities Anja Kopač Mrak said that the bill was put on hold while a proposal to legalise same-sex marriage was considered by Parliament.[41]

Partnership Act 2016

On 22 December 2015, following the 20 December 2015 referendum, which prevented same-sex marriage from becoming legal in Slovenia (see below), Independent Deputy Jani Möderndorfer introduced a bill to grant same-sex couples all the rights of marriage, except adoption and in vitro fertilisation.[42][43][44] The bill would also repeal the Registration of Same-Sex Partnerships Act 2005, and all partnerships would have to be converted to a new institution, called partnerska zveza in Slovene, within the first six months after the bill's date of application.[1] Partnerska zveza has the same formal registration procedure as marriages. On 10 March 2016, the Cerar Government expressed its support for the bill.[45][46] On 5 April, the bill was approved by the Committee on Labour, Family, Social Policy and Disability of the National Assembly.[47][48] On 21 April, it was approved by the Assembly, in a 54–15 vote.[49][50] The National Council did not require the Assembly to vote on the bill again.

21 April 2016 vote in the National Assembly of Slovenia[51]

Party	Votes for	Votes against	Absent (Did not vote)
G  Modern Centre Party (SMC)	33 Urška Ban Tilen Božič Milan Brglez Tanja Cink Erika Dekleva Marko Ferluga Mitja Horvat Aleksander Kavčič Anita Koleša Irena Kotnik Lilijana Kozlovič Bojan Krajnc Ksenija Korenjak Kramar Simona Kustec Lipicer Dragan Matić Jani Möderndorfer Jasna Murgel Andreja Potočnik Ivan Prelog Dušan Radič Branislav Rajić Danilo Anton Ranc Vojka Šergan Kamal Izidor Shaker Ivan Škodnik Maruša Škopac Janja Sluga Saša Tabaković Dušan Verbič Vesna Vervega Simon Zajc Igor Zorčič Branko Zorman	–	2 Marjan Dolinšek Irena Grošelj Košnik
Slovenian Democratic Party (SDS)	1 Jože Tanko	13 Anja Bah Žibert Franc Breznik Andrej Čuš Jelka Godec Vinko Gorenak Branko Grims Eva Irgl Janez Janša Danijel Krivec Tomaž Lisec Bojan Podkrajšek Marko Pogačnik Ljubo Žnidar	7 Nada Brinovšek Zvonko Lah Anže Logar Žan Mahnič Marijan Pojbič Suzana Lep Šimenko Andrej Šircelj
G  Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia (DeSUS)	10 Tomaž Gantar Primož Hainz Ivan Hršak Jana Jenko Franc Jurša Benedikt Kopmajer Marija Antonija Kovačič Marinka Levičar Uroš Prikl Peter Vilfan	–	1 Marjana Kotnik Poropat
G  Social Democrats (SD)	4 Marija Bačič Matjaž Han Bojana Muršič Janko Veber	–	2 Matjaž Nemec Jan Škoberne
United Left (ZL)	3 Luka Mesec Violeta Tomić Matej Tašner Vatovec	–	3 Matjaž Hanžek Miha Kordiš Franc Trček
New Slovenia – Christian Democrats (NSi)	–	2 Jožef Horvat Ljudmila Novak	3 Iva Dimic Matej Tonin Jernej Vrtovec
Group of Unaffiliated MPs (NP)	1 Bojan Dobovšek	–	3 Mirjam Bon Klanjšček Alenka Bratušek Franc Laj
Unaffiliated MPs (Hungarian and Italian minorities)	2 Roberto Battelli László Göncz	–	–
Total	54	15	21

On 28 April, the Union of Migrant Workers (SDMS) filed a motion, with 2,500 signatures, in order to be allowed to proceed with a petition for a referendum.[52][53][54] However, on 5 May, the Speaker of the National Assembly, Milan Brglez, refused to set a thirty-five-day deadline during which the proposers could collect 40,000 valid signatures to force a referendum, arguing that this and several other SDMS referendum initiatives constitutes an abuse of the referendum laws.[55][56] He sent the bill for promulgation the next day.[57][58] It was promulgated by President Borut Pahor and published in the official journal on 9 May 2016.[59][60] The law took effect on the 15th day after its publication (i.e. 24 May 2016) and became operational nine months later (i.e. 24 February 2017).[61][62][63][64][65]

On 10 May, SDMS challenged Brglez's decision to the Constitutional Court.[66] On 21 July 2016, the Court rejected the challenge.[67][68][69]

Statistics

According to Slovenia's official statistics agency, SiStat, the number of same-sex partnerships performed in Slovenia under both the 2005 and 2016 laws is as follows:[70]

Year	Female	Male	Total
2006	4	4	8
2007	2	6	8
2008	1	1	2
2009	4	7	11
2010	5	4	9
2011	8	7	15
2012	3	8	11
2013	7	15	22
2014	13	14	27
2015	13	9	22
2016	9	20	29
2017	26	24	50
2018	23	27	50
Total	118	146	264

Same-sex marriage

Bill to Amend the Marriage and Family Relations Act

On 15 December 2014, the opposition party United Left (ZL) introduced a bill to Parliament to legalise same-sex marriage.[71][72] The sponsors of the bill said the goal was to provide equal rights to all members of society, and claimed that the bill would extend constitutional rights to all groups.

On 29 January 2015, the Cerar Government expressed no opposition to the bill.[73][74][75] Two of the three parties of the governing coalition, SMC and SD, backed the bill, as did the opposition parties ZL and ZaAB. The third party of the coalition DeSUS decided to allow a conscience vote in its ranks. Only SDS and NSi opposed it.[76]

On 10 February 2015, the Committee on Labour, Family, Social Policy and Disability of the National Assembly passed the bill 11 votes to 2 in its second reading.[77][78]

On 3 March, the Assembly passed the bill in its third reading, in a 51–28 vote.[79][80][81] On 10 March 2015, the National Council rejected a motion to require the Assembly to vote on the bill again, in a 14–23 vote.[82][83] The bill was up to President Borut Pahor to sign.

3 March 2015 vote in the National Assembly of Slovenia[84]

Party	Votes for	Votes against	Abstained	Absent (Did not vote)
G  Party of Miro Cerar (SMC)	33 Tilen Božič Anita Koleša Maruša Škopac Urška Ban Milan Brglez Erika Dekleva Bojan Dobovšek Marjan Dolinšek Marko Ferluga Mitja Horvat Aleksander Kavčič Irena Grošelj Košnik Irena Kotnik Lilijana Kozlovič Bojan Krajnc Ksenija Korenjak Kramar Franc Laj Simona Kustec Lipicer Dragan Matić Jasna Murgel Andreja Potočnik Ivan Prelog Branislav Rajic Danilo Anton Ranc Vojka Šergan Kamal Izidor Shaker Janja Sluga Dušan Verbič Vesna Vervega Simon Zajc Margareta Guček Zakošek Igor Zorcic Branko Zorman	–	1 Ivan Škodnik	2 Tanja Cink Klavdija Markež
Slovenian Democratic Party (SDS)	–	19 Anja Bah Žibert Franc Breznik Nada Brinovšek Andrej Čuš Jelka Godec Vinko Gorenak Eva Irgl Janez Janša Danijel Krivec Zvonko Lah Tomaž Lisec Anže Logar Zan Mahnič Bojan Podkrajšek Marijan Pojbič Suzana Lep Šimenko Andrej Šircelj Jože Tanko Ljubo Žnidar	–	2 Branko Grims Marko Pogačnik
G  Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia (DeSUS)	3 Tomaž Gantar Primož Hainz Jana Jenko	4 Ivan Hršak Marija Antonija Kovačič Franc Jurša Marinka Levičar	2 Benedikt Kopmajer Uroš Prikl	1 Marjana Kotnik Poropat
G  Social Democrats (SD)	6 Marija Bačič Matjaž Han Andreja Katič Franc Križanič Bojana Muršič Matjaž Nemec	–	–	–
United Left (ZL)	6 Matjaž Hanžek Miha Kordiš Luka Mesec Violeta Tomić Franc Trček Matej Tašner Vatovec	–	–	–
New Slovenia – Christian Democrats (NSi)	–	5 Iva Dimic Jožef Horvat Ljudmila Novak Matej Tonin Jernej Vrtovec	–	–
Alliance of Alenka Bratušek (ZaAB)	3 Mirjam Bon Klanjšček Jani Möderndorfer Peter Vilfan	–	–	1 Alenka Bratušek
Unaffiliated MPs (Hungarian and Italian minorities)	–	–	2 Roberto Battelli László Göncz	–
Total	51	28	5	6

On 10 March 2015, opponents of the bill announced that they had collected more than 80,000 signatures to call for a referendum. They filed 2,500 of them, as required, in order to be allowed to proceed with the petition for a popular vote.[85][86]

On 17 March 2015, the leader of the SMC parliamentary group said that, although the party supports same-sex marriage legislation, it would not try to prevent a possible referendum on the issue. United Left, the main proponent of the bill, criticized the statement.[87] However, on 19 March, SMC politicians clarified that they were against blocking proponents from collecting signatures, but that the party would support the motion to block the referendum, when the signatures are submitted.[88][89]

On 23 March 2015, a thirty-five-day term began in which the proposers of an eventual referendum against the law had to collect 40,000 valid signatures.[90] On the same day, a group of 23 deputies from SD, DeSUS, ZL and ZaAB filed a request to call an extraordinary session of the Assembly in order to vote on a motion to block the referendum.[91][92] On 26 March, the National Assembly voted 53–21 to block the referendum on the ground that it would violate the constitutional provision which prohibits popular votes on laws eliminating human rights and fundamental freedoms.[93][94]

26 March 2015 vote in the National Assembly of Slovenia[95]

Party	Votes for	Votes against	Abstained	Absent (Did not vote)
G  Modern Centre Party (SMC)	34 Urška Ban Tilen Božič Milan Brglez Erika Dekleva Bojan Dobovšek Marjan Dolinšek Marko Ferluga Mitja Horvat Aleksander Kavčič Anita Koleša Irena Grošelj Košnik Irena Kotnik Lilijana Kozlovič Bojan Krajnc Ksenija Korenjak Kramar Franc Laj Simona Kustec Lipicer Klavdija Markež Dragan Matić Jasna Murgel Andreja Potočnik Ivan Prelog Branislav Rajic Danilo Anton Ranc Vojka Šergan Kamal Izidor Shaker Ivan Škodnik Maruša Škopac Dušan Verbič Vesna Vervega Simon Zajc Margareta Guček Zakošek Igor Zorcic Branko Zorman	–	–	2 Tanja Cink Janja Sluga
Slovenian Democratic Party (SDS)	–	17 Anja Bah Žibert Nada Brinovšek Andrej Čuš Jelka Godec Vinko Gorenak Branko Grims Danijel Krivec Zvonko Lah Tomaž Lisec Anže Logar Bojan Podkrajšek Marko Pogačnik Marijan Pojbič Suzana Lep Šimenko Andrej Šircelj Jože Tanko Ljubo Žnidar	–	4 Franc Breznik Eva Irgl Janez Janša Zan Mahnič
G  Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia (DeSUS)	5 Tomaž Gantar Primož Hainz Jana Jenko Marjana Kotnik Poropat Uroš Prikl	–	2 Franc Jurša Benedikt Kopmajer	3 Ivan Hršak Marija Antonija Kovačič Marinka Levičar
G  Social Democrats (SD)	6 Marija Bačič Matjaž Han Andreja Katič Franc Križanič Bojana Muršič Matjaž Nemec	–	–	–
United Left (ZL)	6 Matjaž Hanžek Miha Kordiš Luka Mesec Violeta Tomić Franc Trček Matej Tašner Vatovec	–	–	–
New Slovenia – Christian Democrats (NSi)	–	4 Iva Dimic Jožef Horvat Matej Tonin Jernej Vrtovec	–	1 Ljudmila Novak
Alliance of Alenka Bratušek (ZaAB)	2 Mirjam Bon Klanjšček Peter Vilfan	–	–	2 Alenka Bratušek Jani Möderndorfer
Unaffiliated MPs (Hungarian and Italian minorities)	–	–	1 László Göncz	1 Roberto Battelli
Total	53	21	3	13

The proponents of the referendum, who had announced that they had collected 48,146 signatures before the Assembly's vote, said they would appeal the decision to the Constitutional Court, which they did on 2 April.[96][97][98]

Petition to the Constitutional Court

The Court had the option of declaring the referendum unconstitutional, as Article 90 of the Constitution prohibits referenda on the subject of constitutionally protected human rights. Any referendum in Slovenia is only successful if a majority of participants and at least 20% of all eligible voters vote against the law.

The Constitutional Court deliberated about the appeal in four sessions on 10 June, 9 July, 10 September and 24 September.[99][100][101][102][103] In October 2015, the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Ljubljana, Stanislav Zore, intervened politically to signal his support for the referendum.[104]

On 22 October 2015, the Court officially published its decision, which permitted the referendum to proceed. However, the ruling did not address Article 90 making a new challenge to the referendum possible. The ruling solely regarded the ability of the National Assembly to declare a referendum unconstitutional.[105][106][107]

Referendum

On 4 November 2015, the National Assembly decided that the referendum would take place on 20 December 2015.[108][109][110] The bill was rejected, as a majority of voters voted against and the votes against were more than 20% of registered voters, as required by the Constitution.[111][112][113]

Adoption cases

On 3 March 2010, the Supreme Court in Slovenia ruled that a male couple with dual Slovenian-American citizenship, who adopted a baby girl in the United States, were to be recognised as the child's legal parents in Slovenia as well.[114] On 17 July 2011, the Ministry for Work, Family and Social Affairs allowed for a woman to adopt her same-sex partner's biological offspring, on the basis of a 1976 law. This raised the possibility that such adoption could be possible even if the 2011 Family Code were to be repealed in a referendum.[115][116]

Public opinion

A Eurobarometer survey published in December 2006 showed that 31% of Slovenians surveyed supported same-sex marriage and 17% recognised same-sex couples' right to adopt (EU-wide average: 44% and 33%).[117]

A survey conducted in October 2009 showed that 23% of respondents supported adoption rights for same-sex couples, while 74% opposed.[118]

A poll conducted by Delo Stik in February 2015 showed that 59% of Slovenians surveyed supported same-sex marriage, 37% were against. A separate question in the same survey found that 51% of Slovenians supported the bill, which was debated in the National Assembly at the time, to allow such marriages and adoptions by same-sex couples, while 42% were against. The poll also showed that 38% of respondents supported adoptions by same-sex couples and 55% were against.[119]

Another poll conducted by Ninamedia in March 2015 showed that 42% of respondents supported the new law, while 54% opposed. Support was highest among those younger than 30, and in the Slovene Littoral.[120]

A poll conducted by Delo in March 2015 showed that a majority of respondents thought that the Constitutional Court should not allow a referendum on the subject. Of those who said they would participate in a possible referendum, 36% said they would support the law, and 50% said they would vote against it.[121]

The 2015 Eurobarometer found that 54% of Slovenians thought that same-sex marriage should be allowed throughout Europe, 40% were against.[122]

The 2019 Eurobarometer found that 62% of Slovenes thought same-sex marriage should be allowed throughout Europe, 35% were against.[123]

See also

• LGBT rights in Slovenia
• Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe

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100. (in Slovene) 21. seja – predlog dnevnega reda
101. (in Slovene) Odločitev US o referendumu o zakonu o zakonski zvezi verjetno šele jeseni
102. (in Slovene) 23. seja – potrjen dnevni red
103. (in Slovene) 25. seja – predlog dnevnega reda
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105. Court judgement
106. "Slovenia court allows referendum on halting gay marriage". Yahoo!7. 23 October 2015. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015.
107. Constitutional Court allows gay marriage referendum
108. (in Slovene) Referendum o izenačitvi partnerskih skupnosti bo 20. decembra
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110. Slovenia to hold Dec. 20 referendum on same-sex marriage
111. Slovenians reject equal marriage in referendum
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114. Supreme Court Upholds Gay Adoption
115. "Zelena luč lezbični posvojitvi otroka" (in Slovenian). Delo.si. 19 July 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
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117. "Eurobarometer 2006" (PDF). Retrieved 16 February 2015.
118. (in Slovene) Vox populi – Aktualna vprašanja
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121. (in Slovene) Anketa: Referendum o družinskih razmerjih ni dopusten, a če bi bil, bi zakon lahko padel
122. Special Eurobarometer 437
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External links

• (in Slovene) UKAZ o razglasitvi Zakona o registraciji istospolne partnerske skupnosti (ZRIPS)