Protectorate General to Pacify the North

The Protectorate General to Pacify the North or Grand Protectorate General to Pacify the North (647–784) was a Chinese military government established by Tang Dynasty in 647 to pacify the former territory of Xueyantuo, which extended from Lake Baikal to the north, the Gobi Desert to the south, the Khingan Mountains to the east, and the Altay Mountains to the west. It controlled the Mongolian Plateau from 647 to 682.

Protectorate General to Pacify the North
Common name (669–757)
Traditional Chinese	安北都護府
Simplified Chinese	安北都护府
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Anbei Duhu Fu Wade–Giles Anpei Tuhu Fu
Alternate Name (647–663)
Traditional Chinese	燕然都护府
Simplified Chinese	燕然都护府
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Yanran Duhu Fu Wade–Giles Yenjan Tuhu Fu
Alternate Name (663–669)
Traditional Chinese	瀚海都護府
Simplified Chinese	瀚海都护府
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Hanhai Duhu Fu Wade–Giles Hanhai Tuhu Fu
Alternate Name (757–784)
Traditional Chinese	鎮北都護府
Simplified Chinese	镇北都护府
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Zhenbei Duhu Fu Wade–Giles Chenpei Tuhu Fu

It was first established as Yanran at Shanyu Tai, southwest of present-day Urat Middle Banner, the northern slope of Lang Shan. This was later shifted to Hanhai and controlled by Uighurs instead of Han Chinese, around the banks of the Orkhon River, and named from its namesakes for a short period before it was changed to Anbei. The seat of governance remained there until the year 687.

History

In 646 the Tang dynasty conquered the Xuyantuo and on 9 January 647, thirteen Tiele and Uyghur tribes surrendered to the Tang. Tang Taizong organized them into six commanderies and seven tributary prefectures under the Jimi system. The six commanderies were Hanhai (翰海府), Jinwei (金微府), Yanran (燕然府), Youling (幽陵府), Guilin (龜林府), and Lushan (盧山府). The seven prefectures were Gaolan (皐蘭州), Gaoque (高闕州), Jilu (雞鹿州), Jitian (雞田州), Yuxi (榆溪州), Dailin (蹛林州), and Douyan (竇顏州). Collectively these were known as the "Cantian Khan Circuit." On 10 April the Yanran Protectorate was created at the foothills of the Shanyu Plateau, southwest of present-day Urad Middle Banner, and governorship of the 13 tribes was handed over to the protector general, Li Suli (李素立), who served from 647 to 649.

On 5 February 663 the Yanran Protectorate was renamed Hanhai Protectorate.[1]

In August 669 the Hanhai Protectorate was renamed the Protectorate General to Pacify the North, otherwise known as the Anbei Duhufu.[2] Its seat was relocated to the city of Datong in present-day Ejin Banner.

In 687 the seat of Anbei was moved to the city of Xi'an near modern Minle County due to incursions by the Second Turkic Khaganate.[2]

In 698 the seat was moved to Yunzhong near modern Horinger.[2]

In 708 the seat of Anbei was moved to the western Shouxiang city near modern Wuyuan County, Inner Mongolia.[2]

In 714 the Anbei and Chanyu protectorates were separated. Chanyu was re-located to Yunzhong while Anbei was re-located to the middle Shouxiang city, near modern Baotou.[2]

In 749 the seat was moved to the military settlement of Hengsai, near modern-day Urad Middle Banner.[2]

Due to unfavorable farming conditions near the Hengsai settlement, Guo Ziyi resettled the army near modern Urad Front Banner in 755.[2]

Following the An Lushan Rebellion, the Chanyu and Anbei protectorates lost any real authority and survived in name only. Due to the taboo of An Lushan's name, the Anbei Protectorate was renamed the Zhenbei Protectorate in 757, which meant "Protectorate General to Suppress the North."[2]

In 758 the Hengsai Army changed its name to Tiande Army and came under control of the Zhenwu Jiedushi.[2][3]

In 840 a group of Uyghurs attacked the Tiande Army.[4]

In 843 the Chanyu Protectorate was renamed back to Anbei Protectorate[5]

Map of the six major protectorates during Tang dynasty. The Protectorate General to Pacify the North is marked as Anbei (安北都护府).

List of protector generals

• Li Suli (李素立) 647-649
• Jiang Jian (姜簡)
• Ren Yaxiang (任雅相)
• Liu Shenli (劉審禮) 661
• Jiang Xie (姜協)
• Zang Shan'an (臧善安)
• Pang Tongfu (龐同福)
• Li Dazhi (李大志) after 672
• Sun Jun (孫俊) 694
• Li Dan (李旦), otherwise known as Emperor Ruizong of Tang, 699-702
• Zang Huailiang (臧懷亮)
• Wang Jun (王晙) before 714
• Li Sizhi (李嗣直)
• Zhang Zhiyun (張知運) around 716
• Zang Huaike (臧懷恪)
• Zang Xizhuang (臧希莊) 729
• Tian Wan (田琬)
• Li Guangbi (李光弼) 745-746
• Li Wan (李琬) 749
• Guo Ziyi (郭子儀) 749-754
• Li Linfu (李林甫)
• Zang Fangzhi (臧方直)
• Pugu Huai'en (僕固懷恩) 762

Jiedushi

• Li Zhongshun (李忠順) 843-845
• Qi Bitong (契苾通) 852-854
• Gao Chenggong (高承恭) 861-863
• Shi Shanyou (石善友) 893-903
• Li Cunjin (李存進) 923

See also

• Protectorate General to Pacify the East
• Protectorate General to Pacify the West
• Protectorate General to Pacify the South
• History of Mongolia
• Chinese military history
• Horses in East Asian warfare
• Tang dynasty in Inner Asia
• Epitaph of Pugu Yitu
• Administrative divisions of the Tang dynasty

References

Citations

1. Xiong 2008, p. 203. sfn error: no target: CITEREFXiong2008 (help)
2. Xiong 2008, p. 41. sfn error: no target: CITEREFXiong2008 (help)
3. Xiong 2008, p. 679. sfn error: no target: CITEREFXiong2008 (help)
4. Drompp 2005, p. 39.
5. Xiong 2008, p. 82. sfn error: no target: CITEREFXiong2008 (help)

Sources

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• Drompp, Michael Robert (2005), Tang China And The Collapse Of The Uighur Empire: A Documentary History, Brill
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Further reading

• Ai, Chong. Tangdai Anbei Duhufu Qianxi Kaolun (A Study on the Change of Seats of the Anbei Protectorate During the Tang Dynasty). Journal of Shaanxi Normal University. 2001.4. ISSN 1000-5293.
• Li, Dalong. Youguan Tang Anbei Duhufu De Jige Wenti (On the Several Questions of the Tang Dynasty's Anbei Protectorate). Northern Cultural Relics. 2004.2. ISSN 1001-0483
• Wang, Jilin, "Anbei Duhufu" ("Protectorate General to Pacify the North"). Chinese Encyclopedia (Historiography Edition), 1st ed.
• Zhou, Weiyan, "Duhufu" ("Protectorate"). Encyclopedia of China (Chinese History Edition), 1st ed
• Xue, Zongzheng (1992). A History of Turks. Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Press. ISBN 7-5004-0432-8. p. 404-429.
• Pulleyblank, Edwin G (2002). Central Asia and Non-Chinese Peoples of Ancient China. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0-86078-859-8. II, p. 35-42.