Philip Hunt (priest)

Philip Hunt (1772–1838) was an English Anglican priest and antiquarian. Chaplain to Lord Elgin, he is now remembered as a figure in the history of the Elgin Marbles.

Early life

He was the son of Thomas Hunt of Newcastle-on-Tyne where he was brought up, was born in Herefordshire, and was educated at Newcastle Grammar School under Hugh Moises. He matriculated at Trinity College, Cambridge in 1788 at age 16, becoming a scholar in 1791; he graduated B.A. in 1793, and M.A.in 1799.[1][2]

Hunt was ordained deacon in 1794, by George Pretyman-Tomline, and became curate of Houghton Conquest in Bedfordshire.[3] After graduating, Hunt had John FitzPatrick, 2nd Earl of Upper Ossory as ecclesiastical patron.[4] He was ordained priest in 1796, and was vicar of St Peter's Church, Bedford from 1799, a position he held to 1835.[1][3][5]

The South Porch, St Peter's Church in Bedford

Chaplain to Lord Elgin

Through a friend, John Brand who was rector of Maulden, Hunt became chaplain to Lord Elgin, who was Ambassador of Great Britain to the Ottoman Empire from 1799 to 1802.[4][6] He joined Elgin's party sailing to Constantinople on HMS Phaeton.[7] Elgin gave Hunt and William Richard Hamilton, his private secretary, the task of collecting antiquities.[8] Hunt visited the Troad with Elgin in 1799.[9] Joseph Dacre Carlyle, also on Elgin's staff, had been asked to search for manuscripts, particularly those related to the New Testament, and Hunt assisted him in a thorough investigation of monasteries in the Constantinople area and on the Prince Islands.[10]

In March 1801 Hunt set off on an Aegean voyage with Carlyle, looking further afield. A second visit to the Troad saw Hunt remove an inscription;[9][11] Carlyle and Hunt also fell in with Edward Daniel Clarke there, but a scholarly disagreement over the site of Troy turned into something of a vendetta on Clarke's part.[12] They also visited Mount Athos.[13] In May, Elgin obtained a firman to the Athens authorities, on Hunt's advice;[14] Giovanni Battista Lusieri who was employed by Elgin reached Athens in April, Carlyle and Hunt in May;[15] Hunt was put in charge of Lusieri, and Elgin's workmen.[16]

There was, however, a division of authority in Athens, with the vaivode having civilian control, while the Disdar, a military man, was in charge of the Acropolis, then a fort of the Turkish forces. To resolve the position, Hunt then applied for a second firman on 1 July.[17] The precise import of this second firman is crucial for the subsequent debate on the formal position of the Elgin marbles.[18] As described in the memoirs of William Gell, Hunt returned with it on 22 July,[19] a success connected by William St Clair with the participation of British forces under John Hely Hutchinson in the Ottoman campaign to remove the French from Egypt.[20] With its enlarged scope, Hunt applied bribery, to acquire antiquities for export to Elgin's collection through agents. He also excavated at the Parthenon.[21] One significant factor in favour of Hunt's renewed approach was the death of the Disdar, whose son was anxious to succeed to his position, and fabricated a story about previous damage to a metope.[22] The original permissions in Athens had been to create a visual record, and Edward Dodwell at least took advantage.[23]

Parthenon sculptures, British Museum

Hunt was simultaneously on an intelligence mission to the Morea,[24] and he visited Ali Pasha.[25] St Clair comments that the diplomatic situation, with the British wishing to discourage local powers in Greece from involvement with the French, was the actual reason Hunt returned to Athens in July; and that he would not have been the first choice from Elgin's staff. Hamilton and John Philip Morier were neither then available.[26] In his absence, work proceeded in Athens on the Marbles, led briefly by Thomas Lacy of the Royal Engineers, and then by Lusieri.[27] Elgin came in person to Athens in April 1802, very pleased, and provided more resources for the work begun by Hunt and Lusieri.[28] Both Hunt and Lusieri had been working on the assumption that the marbles were destined for restoration in Italy: but William Richard Hamilton argued against that, on security grounds.[29]

In November 1801 Hunt returned to Athens for diplomatic reasons on HMS La Victorieuse, to keep one step ahead of Sébastiani, French agent in Constantinople. He also intervened from there in early 1803 in salvage operations for the Mentor, which had sunk with some of the Marbles.[30] At the same period of the Peace of Amiens in early 1803, Elgin set off to return to the United Kingdom. He was detained in France, however. Hunt too was arrested, at Montmélian, making his own was back from Malta via Venice, and held with him at Barèges; and was able to leave only in September 1805.[1][31][32]

Later life

As Elgin dealt with the financial consequences of his mission and collecting, it became clear to Hunt that he was not to be rewarded for his work (on which he entered with the expectation of a salary to be paid in arrears); and he broke with Elgin, taking John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford as a new patron.[33] He went with the Duke to Ireland, as his secretary, not long after returning to the United Kingdom.[34] In politics he became a noted supporter of the Russell family, local Whig grandees in Bedfordshire.[35] He held the Bedfordshire livings of Ravensden (1810–1817), Willington (1810–1834), and Goldington (1817–1828) (all these being presentations by the Duke of Bedford).[3][36][37][38] Hunt was called a pluralist in the press in 1833, as an attack on the Whig administration.[39]

Hunt testified to the Parliamentary committee on the Elgin Marbles on 13 March 1816.[40] The committee's report contained a translation (via Italian) of the second firman.[41][42] The Italian original is extant.[17] Hunt's testimony was that the interpretation by the vaivode of the second firman was the basis for the removals of marbles.[43] Among other testimony was that of John Morritt, who in the 1790s had succeeded in bribing the Disdar to allow him to remove marbles, but had been dissuaded from acting, by Louis-François-Sébastien Fauvel.[44]

In 1817 Hunt was involved in the return of manuscripts to the Patriarch of Constantinople, from among those Carlyle had collected, some of which were loans. Carlyle had died in 1804, and his sister as executor had contacted Hunt (then held in France) about manuscripts in the estate. Hunt at the time suggested depositing them in the Lambeth Palace library, where they stayed until diplomatic and public pressure on Hunt and Elgin made a resolution of claims expedient.[45]

Hunt worked as librarian to the Duke of Bedford, with successor in 1821 Jeremiah Wiffen. While at Woburn he translated from Italian work of Ugo Foscolo, concerning Antonio Canova.[46][47]

St Michael's Church, Aylsham, Norfolk

In 1828 Hunt became rector of Bedford St John, with the mastership of St John's Hospital, Bedford, which he held to 1835.[3] He was also a trustee of the Bedford Charity.[48]

In 1833 Hunt was made canon of the tenth prebend at Canterbury Cathedral in 1833,[49] He was presented to Aylsham in 1834.[5] and died on 17 September 1838.[49]

Memorial to Philip Hunt at the west end of St Michael's Church, Aylsham: "A powerful preacher, an elegant scholar, an efficient and active magistrate".[50]

Concerned magistrate

A magistrate in Bedfordshire from 1811, for three decades Hunt took an interest in Bedford Prison.[1][51] He became known for his concerns on other social issues, also. Eric Stockdale mentions Hunt with Samuel Whitbread, also in Bedfordshire, as magistrates making a national impact.[52] Hunt reported on possible development of the prison in 1816, for a committee including the sessions chairman William Wilshere.[53] A printed report from the Bedford magistrates appeared in 1818, and Henry Grey Bennet cited Hunt on prison discipline from it; and in the debate leading to the Prisons Act 1823 Hunt suggested a clause on transfer of prisoners to Bennet.[54]

In 1819 Hunt supported George Bowers as Bedford prison chaplain.[55] In 1821 Charles Callis Western, visiting Bedford, gained the impression that Hunt was, as the only active local magistrate, the major figure in the town's public life.[56] Hunt took a broader interest, laying charges that year against William Bridle, governor of Ilchester jail in Somerset;[57] Bridle was the target of Henry Hunt the radical, who had been imprisoned at Ilchester, and was dismissed for brutality.[58] In 1823 Hunt reported positively to the Home Office on the Bedford Prison treadmill.[59]

In 1824 Hunt appeared as a witness for a parliamentary committee on labourers' wages. His view that "very few labourers married voluntarily"[60] was cited in the Political Register of William Cobbett, and Francis Place wrote to him with approval.[61][62] He also noted that relief under the Poor Laws was given without regard to character; and saw the spending on it as support for social order.[63] Robert Harry Inglis, a Tory for whom Hunt had no time at all, was sessions chairman from 1825 to 1832, and opposed expenditure on the prison.[64] In 1827, on the Game Laws, Hunt warned Robert Peel that magistrates reported only a fraction of offences from their sessions.[65] In 1828 Sir Richard Phillips visited Hunt, and excepted him from his general view that clerics were unsuitable magistrates.[66]

In later life Hunt's views as a prison reformer hardened.[67] At the time of the 1830 Bedfordshire riots, he with Samuel Charles Whitbread swore in 50 special constables at Bedford.[68] At this period Hunt introduced a stiffer regime in the prison, possibly affected by local disorder, arson and recidivism. A visitor gave in evidence to a House of Lords committee that Hunt did not have the backing of the governors for the changes.[69] In 1835 he testified on poaching to a Select Committee of Parliament, the topic on which he had written to Peel as Home Secretary eight years before, with his view that the offences were treated too severely, and the magistrates were biased in favour of game preservation, a point expressed by Henry Brougham in parliament in 1828.[70][71]

Honours, awards and learned societies

Hunt while in Ireland with the Duke of Bedford was awarded an honorary LL.D. degree by Trinity College, Dublin in 1807. It was incorporated at Cambridge in 1818 (also M.A., Dublin; LL.B. of Dublin, 1807).[72][73] He was an honorary member of the Dublin Society,[74] and of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne,[75] and served on the Council of the Society of Antiquaries of London.[76] He was also a member of the Numismatic Society.[77]

Works

Hunt wrote two reports for the government based on his intelligence work in the Morea in 1801, the first being more confident about the local forces and their potential to resist invasion than the second. He assessed the local pashas and beys, the voivode of Patras, and Theodosios the dragoman of the Morea.[78] A letter composed by Hunt in 1805, during his detention in France, was the basis of Elgin's Memorandum (1810, anonymous) on the marbles, at least as far as their description was concerned.[79]

As a figure in the scandal Hunt was drawn into the Tweddell remains affair, a controversy over the papers and other possessions of John Tweddell, who had died in 1799 in Athens: one of Hunt's first tasks in Constantinople had concerned these remains. He wrote A Narrative of What Is Known Respecting the Literary Remains of the Late John Tweddell (1816) to support Elgin's self-exculpation in the matter, in reply to The Remains of John Tweddell (1815) issued by Robert Tweddell. He conceded he had copied notes of Tweddell's.[2][80][81]

Hunt contributed to the Memoirs Relating to European and Asiatic Turkey of Robert Walpole.[82] He also wrote letterpress for a privately printed 1822 work on the Woburn Abbey marbles, illustrated by drawings of Henry Corbould engraved by Henry Moses.[83][84][85]

Notes
  1. "Hunt, Philip (HNT788P)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
  2. Stockdale, Eric (1977). A Study of Bedford Prison 1660–1887. Transactions of the Bedfordshire Historical Society. 56. Bedfordshire Historical Record Society. p. 103. ISBN 978-0850332940.
  3. Persons: Hunt, Philip (1794–1835) in "CCEd, the Clergy of the Church of England database" (Accessed online, 31 March 2015)
  4. St Clair, William (1967). Lord Elgin and The Marbles. Oxford University Press. p. 6.
  5. Sylvanus Urban (1838). The Gentleman's Magazine. p. 561.
  6. Susan Heuck Allen (1999). Finding the Walls of Troy: Frank Calvert and Heinrich Schliemann at Hisarlik. University of California Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-520-20868-1.
  7. St Clair, William (1967). Lord Elgin and The Marbles. Oxford University Press. p. 12.
  8. Dudley Moore; Edward Rowlands; Nektarios Karadimas (17 March 2014). In Search of Agamemnon: Early Travellers to Mycenae. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-4438-5776-5.
  9. Susan Heuck Allen (1999). Finding the Walls of Troy: Frank Calvert and Heinrich Schliemann at Hisarlik. University of California Press. p. 277 note 70. ISBN 978-0-520-20868-1.
  10. St Clair, William (1967). Lord Elgin and The Marbles. Oxford University Press. p. 72.
  11. David Gange; Michael Ledger-Lomas (17 October 2013). Cities of God: The Bible and Archaeology in Nineteenth-Century Britain. Cambridge University Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-107-51191-0.
  12. St Clair, William (1967). Lord Elgin and The Marbles. Oxford University Press. p. 75.
  13. René Gothóni; Graham Speake (2008). The Monastic Magnet: Roads to and from Mount Athos. Peter Lang. p. 98. ISBN 978-3-03911-337-8.
  14. Ivan Lindsay (2 June 2014). The History of Loot and Stolen Art: from Antiquity until the Present Day. Andrews UK Limited. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-906509-57-6.
  15. Philip Hunt and A. H. Smith, Lord Elgin and His Collection, The Journal of Hellenic Studies Vol. 36, (1916) , pp. 163–372, at pp. 185–6. Published by: The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/625773
  16. Kate Fitz Gibbon (2005). Who Owns the Past?: Cultural Policy, Cultural Property, and the Law. Rutgers University Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-8135-3687-3.
  17. John Henry Merryman; Albert Edward Elsen (1 January 2002). Law, Ethics, and the Visual Arts. Kluwer Law International. p. 17. ISBN 978-90-411-9882-2.
  18. St Clair, William (1967). Lord Elgin and The Marbles. Oxford University Press. p. 88.
  19. M. R. Bruce, A Tourist in Athens, 1801, The Journal of Hellenic Studies Vol. 92, (1972) , pp. 173–175. Published by: The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/629983
  20. St Clair, William (1983). Lord Elgin and The Marbles. Oxford University Press. p. 88.
  21. St Clair, William. "Bruce, Thomas, seventh earl of Elgin and eleventh earl of Kincardine". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/3759. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  22. St Clair, William (1967). Lord Elgin and The Marbles. Oxford University Press. pp. 94 and 97.
  23. St Clair, William (1967). Lord Elgin and The Marbles. Oxford University Press. p. 102.
  24. John Christos Alexander (1985). Brigandage and Public Order in the Morea, 1685–1806. Imago. p. 63.
  25. Christopher Montague Woodhouse (1971). The Philhellenes. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-8386-7912-8.
  26. St Clair, William (1983). Lord Elgin and The Marbles. Oxford University Press. pp. 92–3.
  27. St Clair, William (1983). Lord Elgin and The Marbles. Oxford University Press. pp. 101–3.
  28. St Clair, William (1983). Lord Elgin and The Marbles. Oxford University Press. p. 109.
  29. St Clair, William (1967). Lord Elgin and The Marbles. Oxford University Press. p. 151.
  30. St Clair, William (1983). Lord Elgin and The Marbles. Oxford University Press. p. 121 and 137.
  31. St Clair, William (1983). Lord Elgin and The Marbles. Oxford University Press. p. 125.
  32. "British Museum – Reverend Philip Hunt (1772–1838)". Retrieved 26 March 2015.
  33. St Clair, William (1983). Lord Elgin and The Marbles. Oxford University Press. pp. 11 and 149.
  34. St Clair, William (1983). Lord Elgin and The Marbles. Oxford University Press. p. 246.
  35. "Bedford 1820–1832, History of Parliament Online". Retrieved 26 March 2015.
  36. "Presentation Deed: Ravensden (Bedfordshire), Vicarage, Lincs to the Past". Retrieved 31 March 2015.
  37. "Presentation Deed: Willington (Bedfordshire), Vicarage, Lincs to the Past". Retrieved 31 March 2015.
  38. "Presentation Deed: Goldington (Bedfordshire), Vicarage, Lincs to the Past". Retrieved 31 March 2015.
  39. "Whig Consistency—Church Reform". Essex Standard. 14 December 1833. p. 4. Retrieved 31 March 2015 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  40. Select Committee On The Earl Of Elgin's Collection Of Sculptured Marbles, Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons (1816). Report from the Select Committee on the Earl of Elgin's Collection of Sculptured Marbles. pp. 55–8.
  41. Select Committee On The Earl Of Elgin's Collection Of Sculptured Marbles, Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons (1816). Report from the Select Committee on the Earl of Elgin's Collection of Sculptured Marbles. p. 69.
  42. Select Committee On The Earl Of Elgin's Collection Of Sculptured Marbles, Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons (1816). Report from the Select Committee on the Earl of Elgin's Collection of Sculptured Marbles. pp. 4–5.
  43. St Clair, William (1967). Lord Elgin and The Marbles. Oxford University Press. p. 95.
  44. St Clair, William (1967). Lord Elgin and The Marbles. Oxford University Press. p. 257.
  45. St Clair, William (1983). Lord Elgin and The Marbles. Oxford University Press. pp. 245–7.
  46. (in Italian) Paolo Borsa, Per l'edizione del Foscolo “inglese” (PDF), at p. 302 and p. 311
  47. Lee, Sidney, ed. (1900). "Wiffen, Jeremiah Holmes" . Dictionary of National Biography. 61. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
  48. Ralph B. Hankin (1828). An account of the public charities of the town of Bedford. Merry. p. xi.
  49. 'Canons: Tenth prebend', in Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1541–1857: Volume 3, Canterbury, Rochester and Winchester Dioceses, ed. Joyce M Horn .(London, 1974), pp. 34–36 http://www.british-history.ac.uk/fasti-ecclesiae/1541-1847/vol3/pp34-36 [accessed 26 March 2015].
  50. Stockdale, Eric (1977). A Study of Bedford Prison 1660–1887. Transactions of the Bedfordshire Historical Society. 56. Bedfordshire Historical Record Society. p. 137. ISBN 978-0850332940.
  51. The New Law Journal. Butterworth. 1983. p. 1190.
  52. John Howard (1978). John C. Freeman (ed.). Prisons Past and Future. Heinemann Educational. p. 24.
  53. Stockdale, Eric (1977). A Study of Bedford Prison 1660–1887. Transactions of the Bedfordshire Historical Society. 56. Bedfordshire Historical Record Society. p. 113. ISBN 978-0850332940.
  54. Stockdale, Eric (1977). A Study of Bedford Prison 1660–1887. Transactions of the Bedfordshire Historical Society. 56. Bedfordshire Historical Record Society. pp. 124–5. ISBN 978-0850332940.
  55. Stockdale, Eric (1977). A Study of Bedford Prison 1660–1887. Transactions of the Bedfordshire Historical Society. 56. Bedfordshire Historical Record Society. p. 191. ISBN 978-0850332940.
  56. Stockdale, Eric (1977). A Study of Bedford Prison 1660–1887. Transactions of the Bedfordshire Historical Society. 56. Bedfordshire Historical Record Society. p. 91. ISBN 978-0850332940.
  57. Stockdale, Eric (1977). A Study of Bedford Prison 1660–1887. Transactions of the Bedfordshire Historical Society. 56. Bedfordshire Historical Record Society. pp. 116–7. ISBN 978-0850332940.
  58. A. P. Baggs, R. J. E. Bush and Margaret Tomlinson, Parishes: Ilchester, in A History of the County of Somerset: Volume 3, ed. R. W. Dunning (London, 1974), pp. 179–203 http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/som/vol3/pp179-203 [accessed 31 March 2015].
  59. Stockdale, Eric (1977). A Study of Bedford Prison 1660–1887. Transactions of the Bedfordshire Historical Society. 56. Bedfordshire Historical Record Society. p. 119. ISBN 978-0850332940.
  60. rev. Charles David Brereton (1825). A practical inquiry into the number, means of employment, and wages, of agricultural labourers. p. 104.
  61. William Cobbett (1824). Cobbett's Political Register. William Cobbett. p. 82.
  62. James A. Field, The Early Propagandist Movement in English Population Theory, The American Economic Review. Vol. 1, No. 2, Papers and Discussions of the Twenty-third Annual Meeting (Apr. 1911) , pp. 207–236, at p. 223. Published by: American Economic Association. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1814928
  63. Peter Dunkley (December 1982). The Crisis of the old Poor Law in England, 1795-1834: an interpretive essay. Garland Pub. pp. 67–8 and 76. ISBN 978-0-8240-5153-2.
  64. Stockdale, Eric (1977). A Study of Bedford Prison 1660–1887. Transactions of the Bedfordshire Historical Society. 56. Bedfordshire Historical Record Society. pp. 163 and 179 note 9. ISBN 978-0850332940.
  65. Clive Emsley (2005). Crime and Society in England, 1750–1900. Longman/Pearson. pp. 22 and 49 note 1. ISBN 978-0-582-78485-7.
  66. Stockdale, Eric (1977). A Study of Bedford Prison 1660–1887. Transactions of the Bedfordshire Historical Society. 56. Bedfordshire Historical Record Society. p. 133. ISBN 978-0850332940.
  67. Stockdale, Eric (1977). A Study of Bedford Prison 1660–1887. Transactions of the Bedfordshire Historical Society. 56. Bedfordshire Historical Record Society. p. 217. ISBN 978-0850332940.
  68. Worthington George Smith and other Studies. Transactions of the Bedfordshire Historical Society. 57. Bedfordshire Historical Record Society. 1978. p. 105. ISBN 978-0851550381.
  69. Stockdale, Eric (1977). A Study of Bedford Prison 1660–1887. Transactions of the Bedfordshire Historical Society. 56. Bedfordshire Historical Record Society. pp. 133 and 135. ISBN 978-0850332940.
  70. A. W. Ager (20 May 2014). Crime and Poverty in 19th-Century England: The Economy of Makeshifts. A&C Black. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-4411-1218-7.
  71. Stockdale, Eric (1977). A Study of Bedford Prison 1660–1887. Transactions of the Bedfordshire Historical Society. 56. Bedfordshire Historical Record Society. pp. 130–1. ISBN 978-0850332940.
  72. Stockdale, Eric (1977). A Study of Bedford Prison 1660–1887. Transactions of the Bedfordshire Historical Society. 56. Bedfordshire Historical Record Society. pp. 104–5. ISBN 978-0850332940.
  73. "Hunt, Philip (HNT818P)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
  74. John Watson (1815). The Gentleman and Citizen's Almanack. S. Powell. p. 199.
  75. Literary and Philosophical Society (Newcastle-upon-Tyne) (1794). Laws ... with a list of the members. p. 65.
  76. The Royal Kalendar, and Court and City Register for England, Scotland, Ireland, and the Colonies. 1838. p. 283.
  77. John Yonge Akerman (1837). The Numismatic Journal. E. Wilson. p. 252.
  78. John C. Alexander (1985). Brigandage and Public Order in the Morea 1685–1806. p. 63.
  79. St Clair, William (1967). Lord Elgin and The Marbles. Oxford University Press. p. 183.
  80. The Quarterly Review. Murray. 1821. p. 257.
  81. St Clair, William (1983). Lord Elgin and The Marbles. Oxford University Press. pp. 230 and 240.
  82. Bodleian Library; Alfred Hackman; Henry Cary; Arthur Browne (1843). Catalogus Librorum Impressorum Bibliothecae Bodleianae in Academia Oxoniensi. e Typographeo academico. p. 365.
  83. Bodleian Library; Alfred Hackman; Henry Cary; Arthur Browne (1843). Catalogus Librorum Impressorum Bibliothecae Bodleianae in Academia Oxoniensi. e Typographeo academico. p. 856.
  84. Philip Hunt (1822). Outline Engravings and Descriptions by P. Hunt of the Woburn abbey marbles. Followed by Appendix. i. Dissertation on the Lanti vase, by Mr. Christie. ii. Dissertation on an ancient hymn to the Graces, by U. Foscolo.
  85. Adolf Michaelis (1884). Ancient Marbles in Great Britain. CUP Archive. p. 721. GGKEY:SA117YDDEJN.
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