Petroleum product

Petroleum products are materials derived from crude oil (petroleum) as it is processed in oil refineries. Unlike petrochemicals, which are a collection of well-defined usually pure chemical compounds, petroleum products are complex mixtures. The majority of petroleum is converted to petroleum products, which includes several classes of fuels.[1]

A petrochemical refinery in Grangemouth, Scotland.

According to the composition of the crude oil and depending on the demands of the market, refineries can produce different shares of petroleum products. The largest share of oil products is used as "energy carriers", i.e. various grades of fuel oil and gasoline. These fuels include or can be blended to give gasoline, jet fuel, diesel fuel, heating oil, and heavier fuel oils. Heavier (less volatile) fractions can also be used to produce asphalt, tar, paraffin wax, lubricating and other heavy oils. Refineries also produce other chemicals, some of which are used in chemical processes to produce plastics and other useful materials. Since petroleum often contains a few percent sulfur-containing molecules, elemental sulfur is also often produced as a petroleum product. Carbon, in the form of petroleum coke, and hydrogen may also be produced as petroleum products. The hydrogen produced is often used as an intermediate product for other oil refinery processes such as hydrocracking and hydrodesulfurization.

A breakdown of the products made from a typical barrel of US oil.[2]

Specialty and By products

Oil refineries will blend various feedstocks, mix appropriate additives, provide short-term storage, and prepare for bulk loading to trucks, barges, product ships, and railcars.[3]

  • Gaseous like propane, methane are stored in the petroleum .
  • Liquid fuels blending (producing automotive and aviation grades of gasoline, kerosene, various aviation turbine fuels, and diesel fuels, adding dyes, detergents, antiknock additives, oxygenates, and anti-fungal compounds as required). Shipped by barge, rail, and tanker ship. May be shipped regionally in dedicated pipelines to point consumers, particularly aviation jet fuel to major airports, or piped to distributors in multi-product pipelines using product separators called pipeline inspection gauges ("pigs").
  • Lubricants (produces light machine oils, motor oils, and greases, adding viscosity stabilizers as required), usually shipped in bulk to an offsite packaging plant.
  • Paraffin wax, used in illumination (candle wax) and other uses. May be shipped in bulk to a site to prepare as packaged blocks.
  • Slack wax, a raw refinery output comprising a mixture of oil and wax used as a precursor for scale wax and paraffin wax and as-is in non-food products such as wax emulsions, construction board, matches, candles, rust protection, and vapour barriers.
  • Sulfur, byproduct of sulfur removal[4][5][6] from petroleum, which contain percent of organosulfur compounds.
  • Bulk tar shipping for offsite unit packaging for use in tar-and-gravel roofing or similar uses.
  • Asphalt - used as a binder for gravel to form asphalt concrete, which is used for paving roads, lots, etc. An asphalt unit prepares bulk asphalt for shipment.
  • Petroleum coke, used in specialty carbon products such as certain types of electrodes, or as solid fuel.
  • Petrochemicals or petrochemical feedstocks such as ethylene,[7] propylene, acrylic acid,[8][9][10] and benzene-toluene-xylenes [7][11][12]("BTX") and others. These organic compounds are turned into polymers, plastics, and pharmaceuticals, among others.

Petroleum by-products

Over 6,000 items are made from petroleum waste by-products, including: fertilizer, flooring (floor covering), perfume, insecticide, petroleum jelly, soap, vitamins and some essential amino acids.[13]

Oil can be used to make many products in a way that is more sustainable than use as a fuel, which creates pollution.

References
  1. Walther W. Irion, Otto S. Neuwirth, "Oil Refining" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a18_051
  2. U.S. Energy Information Administration > Petroleum > Navigator > Refinery Yield
  3. "Pan oil". panoil.in. Retrieved 2020-10-09.
  4. de Oliveira, Angélica Amaral; da Silva, Verônica Lima; de Aguiar Pontes, Danilo; Almeida, Daniel Freire; Silva, Domingos Sérgio Araújo; Ferreira, José Marcos Moreira; Santos, Ronaldo Costa; Urquieta-Gonzalez, Ernesto Antonio; Pontes, Luiz Antônio Magalhães (2021-01-02). "Mesoporous HBeta zeolites application in the desulfurization of 2-methylthiophene". Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis. doi:10.1007/s11144-020-01921-6. ISSN 1878-5204.
  5. Gallegos-Hernández, Anayeli Yazmín; Martínez-Rosales, Merced; Rico, José L.; Avalos-Borja, M. (2020-11-27). "Improvement in the hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene over supported NiMoW catalysts". Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis. doi:10.1007/s11144-020-01909-2. ISSN 1878-5204.
  6. Rodriguez, Mildred; Pinto-Castilla, Susana; Morgado-Vargas, Myloa; Betancourt, Paulino (2020-10-01). "Influence of arsenic on light cycle oil hydrodesulfurization over a CoMo catalyst". Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis. 131 (1): 199–211. doi:10.1007/s11144-020-01856-y. ISSN 1878-5204.
  7. Saito, Hikaru; Sekine, Yasushi (2020-06-02). "Catalytic conversion of ethane to valuable products through non-oxidative dehydrogenation and dehydroaromatization". RSC Advances. 10 (36): 21427–21453. doi:10.1039/D0RA03365K. ISSN 2046-2069.
  8. Kinetic studies of propane oxidation on Mo and V based mixed oxide catalysts. Berlin. 2011. doi:10.14279/depositonce-2972.
  9. "The reaction network in propane oxidation over phase-pure MoVTeNb M1 oxide catalysts". J. Catal. 311: 369–385. 2014.
  10. "Surface chemistry of phase-pure M1 MoVTeNb oxide during operation in selective oxidation of propane to acrylic acid". J. Catal. 285: 48–60.
  11. Li, Guixian; Wu, Chao; Ji, Dong; Dong, Peng; Zhang, Yongfu; Yang, Yong (2020-04-01). "Acidity and catalyst performance of two shape-selective HZSM-5 catalysts for alkylation of toluene with methanol". Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis. 129 (2): 963–974. doi:10.1007/s11144-020-01732-9. ISSN 1878-5204.
  12. Horňáček, Michal; Hudec, Pavol; Jorík, Vladimír; Čaplovičová, Mária; Čaplovič, Ľubomír; Kaliňák, Michal; Smiešková, Agáta (2020-12-01). "Dehydroaromatization of methane over Mo/ZSM-5 zeolites: influence of aluminum distribution in the crystals". Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis. 131 (2): 889–904. doi:10.1007/s11144-020-01887-5. ISSN 1878-5204.
  13. 144 of 6000 petroleum by-products
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