Persona (psychology)

The persona, for Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung, was the social face the individual presented to the world—"a kind of mask, designed on the one hand to make a definite impression upon others, and on the other to conceal the true nature of the individual".[1]

Jung's persona

Identification

The development of a viable social persona is a vital part of adapting to, and preparing for, adult life in the external social world.[2] "A strong ego relates to the outside world through a flexible persona; identifications with a specific persona (doctor, scholar, artist, etc.) inhibits psychological development.[3][4] Thus for Jung "the danger is that [people] become identical with their personas—the professor with his textbook, the tenor with his voice."[5] The result could be "the shallow, brittle, conformist kind of personality which is 'all persona', with its excessive concern for 'what people think'"[6]—an unreflecting state of mind 'in which people are utterly unconscious of any distinction between themselves and the world in which they live. They have little or no concept of themselves as beings distinct from what society expects of them'.[7] The stage was set thereby for what Jung termed enantiodromia—the emergence of the repressed individuality from beneath the persona later in life: 'the individual will either be completely smothered under an empty persona or an enantiodromia into the buried opposites will occur'.[8]

Disintegration

"The breakdown of the persona constitutes the typically Jungian moment both in therapy and in development"—the "moment" when "that excessive commitment to collective ideals masking deeper individuality—the persona—breaks down... disintegrates."[9] Given Jung's view that "the persona is a semblance... the dissolution of the persona is therefore absolutely necessary for individuation."[10] Nevertheless, its disintegration may well lead initially to a state of chaos in the individual: "one result of the dissolution of the persona is the release of fantasy... disorientation."[11] As the individuation process gets under way, "the situation has thrown off the conventional husk and developed into a stark encounter with reality, with no false veils or adornments of any kind."[12]

Negative restoration

One possible reaction to the resulting experience of archetypal chaos was what Jung called "the regressive restoration of the persona", whereby the protagonist "laboriously tries to patch up his social reputation within the confines of a much more limited personality... pretending that he is as he was before the crucial experience."[13] Similarly in treatment there can be "the persona-restoring phase, which is an effort to maintain superficiality";[14] or even a longer phase designed not to promote individuation but to bring about what Jung caricatured as "the negative restoration of the persona"—that is to say, a reversion to the status quo.[15]

Absence

The alternative is to endure living with the absence of the persona—and for Jung "the man with no persona... is blind to the reality of the world, which for him has merely the value of an amusing or fantastic playground."[16] Inevitably, the result of "the streaming in of the unconscious into the conscious realm, simultaneously with the dissolution of the 'persona' and the reduction of the directive force of consciousness, is a state of disturbed psychic equilibrium."[17] Those trapped at such a stage remain "blind to the world, hopeless dreamers... spectral Cassandras dreaded for their tactlessness, eternally misunderstood."[18]

Restoration

Recovery, the aim of individuation, "is not only achieved by work on the inside figures but also, as conditio sine qua non, by a readaptation in outer life"[19]—including the recreation of a new and more viable persona. To "develop a stronger persona... might feel inauthentic, like learning to "play a role"... but if one cannot perform a social role then one will suffer".[20] Thus one goal for individuation is for people to "develop a more realistic, flexible persona that helps them navigate in society but does not collide with nor hide their true self".[21] Eventually, "in the best case, the persona is appropriate and tasteful, a true reflection of our inner individuality and our outward sense of self."[22]

Later developments

The persona has become one of the most widely adopted aspects of Jungian terminology, passing into almost common parlance: "a mask or shield which the person places between himself and the people around him, called by some psychiatrists the persona."[23] For Eric Berne, "the persona is formed during the years from six to twelve, when most children first go out on their own... to avoid unwanted entanglements or promote wanted ones."[24] He was interested in "the relationship between ego states and the Jungian persona", and considered that "as an ad hoc attitude, persona is differentiated also from the more autonomous identity of Erikson."[25] Perhaps more contentiously, in terms of life scripts, he distinguished "the Archetypes (corresponding to the magic figures in a script) and the Persona (which is the style the script is played in)".[26]

Post-Jungians would loosely call the persona "the social archetype of the conformity archetype",[27] though Jung himself was always concerned to distinguish the persona as an external function from those images of the unconscious he called archetypes. Thus whereas Jung recommended conversing with archetypes as a therapeutic technique he himself had employed—"For decades I always turned to the anima when I felt my emotional behavior was disturbed, and I would speak with the anima about the images she communicated to me"[28]—he stressed that "It would indeed be the height of absurdity if a man tried to have a conversation with his persona, which he recognized merely as a psychological means of relationship."[29]

Jordan Peterson

University of Toronto psychology professor Jordan Peterson, well-known as an admirer of Jung’s work, uses Jungian terminology but reconfigures it into a model that divides the psychological world into the domains of nature and culture. The Great Father of culture is an archetypal force that shapes the potential of chaos into the actuality of order. In this framework, the persona would be the aspect of the personality that has been adapted to culture, more specifically to the social dominance hierarchy. People who refuse to submit to this social discipline or carry the responsibility inherent in having a role in the world remain as undifferentiated potential, known in more Jungian terms as peter pan syndrome, or the negative aspect of the puer aeternus. [30]

Though Jung doesn’t reference dominance hierarchies specifically, the above is broadly in accordance with his conception of the persona as defined in his Two Essays on Analytical Psychology:

“We can see how a neglected persona works, and what one must do to remedy the evil. Such people can avoid disappointments and an infinity of sufferings, scenes, and social catastrophes only by learning to see how men behave in the world. They must learn to understand what society expects of them; they must realize that there are factors and persons in the world far above them; they must know that what they do has a meaning for others.” [31]

See also

References
  1. C. G. Jung, Two Essays on Analytical Psychology (London 1953) p. 190
  2. Jung, Two Essays, p. 197
  3. Mario Jacoby, The Analytic Encounter (Canad 1984) p. 118
  4. This is very similar to Sartre's waiter who becomes a sort of machine by denying his freedom and therefore limiting his potential growth
  5. C. G. Jung, Memories, Dreams, Reflections (London 1983) p. 416
  6. Anthony Stevens, On Jung (London 1990) p. 43
  7. Terence Dawson, in P. Young-Eisendrath and T. Dawson ed., The Cambridge Companion to Jung (Cambridge 1977), page 267
  8. Barbara Hannah, Striving towards Wholeness (Boston 1988) p. 263
  9. Peter Homans, Jung in Context (London 1979), p. 100–2.
  10. C. G. Jung, Two Essays on Analytical Psychology (London 1953), p. 156 and page 284.
  11. Jung, Two Essays; page 277.
  12. C. G. Jung, "Psychology of the Transference", Collected Works, volume 16. London 1954, page 238.
  13. Jung, Two Essays; pages 161–2 and p. 164.
  14. David Sedgwick, Introduction to Jungian Psychotherapy (London 2006) p. 153
  15. Stevens, Jung, page 179.
  16. Jung, Two Essays, p. 197
  17. Jacobi, Psychology, page 117
  18. Jung, Two Essays, page 197
  19. Hannah, p. 288
  20. Demaris S. Wehr, Jung and Feminism (London 1988), page 57.
  21. Susan Reynolds, Everything Enneagram Book (2007), p. 61.
  22. Roberte H. Hopcke, A Guided Tour of the collected Works of C. G. Jung (Boston 1989), pages 87–8.
  23. Eric Berne, Sex in Human Loving (Penguin 1973); page 98
  24. Berne, Sex; page 99
  25. Eric Berne, Transactional Analysis in Psychotherapy (Guernsey 1966), p. 79.
  26. Eric Berne, What Do You Say After You Say Hello (Corgi 1975), page 56
  27. Anthony Stevens, Jung (Oxford 1994); page 47
  28. Jung, Memories p. 212
  29. Jung, Two Essays, p. 199.
  30. J.B. Peterson, 12 Rules for Life, p. 192.
  31. Jung, Two Essays, p. 197
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