Party of the Democratic Revolution

The Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD, Spanish: Partido de la Revolución Democrática) is a social democratic[11] political party in Mexico.[12]

Party of the Democratic Revolution Partido de la Revolución Democrática
President	Ángel Ávila Romero
Secretary	Beatriz Mojica Morga
Founded	5 May 1989
Split from	Institutional Revolutionary Party
Headquarters	Benjamín Franklin No. 84, Colonia Escandón, C.P. 11800. Mexico City
Ideology	Social democracy[1]
Political position	Center-left[2][3][4] to left-wing[5][6][7]
National affiliation	Por México al Frente (until 2019) Va por México (current)
Continental affiliation	Foro de São Paulo[8] COPPPAL
International affiliation	Progressive Alliance[9] Socialist International
Colours	Yellow and   black[10]
Seats in the Chamber of Deputies	8 / 500
Seats in the Senate	6 / 128
Governorships	2 / 32
Seats in State legislatures	69 / 1,124
Website
www.prd.org.mx
Politics of Mexico Political parties Elections

The PRD originated from the Democratic Current, a political faction formed in 1986 from the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI).[13] The PRD was formed after the contested general election in 1988, which the PRD's immediate predecessor, the National Democratic Front, believed was rigged by the PRI. This sparked a movement away from the PRI's authoritarian rule.[14]

As of 2018, the PRD is a member of the Por México al Frente coalition and one of Mexico's full members of the Socialist International, the other one being the PRI.[15] The members of the party are known colloquially in Mexico as Perredistas.

History

Break from PRI (1986-1988)

The PRD has its origins with the leftist members of the PRI, Institutional Revolutionary Party.[13] The PRI had dominated Mexican politics since its founding in 1929.[16] In 1986, three PRI members – Rodolfo González Guevara, Porfirio Muñoz Ledo, and Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas – formed the Democratic Current, a political faction within the PRI.[13] The Democratic Current aimed to pressure the PRI to become a more democratic party and to address the issue of national debt including the social effects of the economic crisis that came from attempting to pay that debt.[13] The Democratic Current was also against technocratization, in which the people in power had not held public office and were scholars that were often educated abroad.[13] Under the Miguel de la Madrid presidency which lasted from 1982-1988, the PRI and Mexico were moving towards a technocracy especially since de la Madrid was a technocrat himself.[13][17] The Democratic Current did not have many technocrats and was thus left out of the decision-making process.[13] This political marginalization led the Democratic Current members to be more vocal about their concerns because they did not have a position of power to protect within the PRI.[13]

Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Solórzano, Founder of the PRD

After public criticisms and debate between the Democratic Current and the PRI, ten Democratic Current members signed Working Document Number One which was the official beginning of the Democratic Current.[13] However, the PRI refused to acknowledge the Democratic Current as an organization unless they joined a union, which was allowed in the PRI.[13] The forming of a group that was not united because of work but because of difference in ideology within the PRI caused fear of division within the party.[13]

Once de la Madrid's six-year term as president was coming to a close, the PRI chose six possible candidates for president and notably did not choose Cárdenas.[13] The PRI had no process to apply as candidate so Cárdenas could not run as a candidate for president.[13] On October 4, 1987 Carlos Salinas de Gortari was ultimately chosen as the PRI candidate.[13] Gortari did not embody anything that the Democratic Current wanted and many of the Democratic Current members left the PRI including Cárdenas during November 1987.[8][13] Some Democratic Current members went on to support Cárdenas in his 1988 quest for presidency and help in the founding of the PRD.[13]

1988 Presidential Election

On October 12, 1988 Cárdenas became the Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution's presidential candidate.[13] Cárdenas still remained an independent candidate due to electoral laws which meant that many parties could choose Cárdenas as their candidate.[13] The groups of the independent left that supported Cárdenas were the Socialist Mexican Party which included the Unified Socialist Party of Mexico, the Mexican Workers' Party, the Patriotic Revolutionary Party, the Communist Left Unity, and the People's Revolutionary Movement.[8][13] The parastatal groups, state-owned enterprises that are separate from government, that supported Cárdenas were the Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution, Popular Socialist Party, and the Party of the Cardenist Front of National Reconstruction, which made up the National Democratic Front.[8] Other groups that supported Cárdenas were the Social Democratic Party, Ecologist Green Party of Mexico, Democratic Unity, Movement for Socialism, Critical Point Revolutionary Organization, and Neighborhood Assembly[8]

In the 1988 presidential election Cárdenas had come closer than any other political candidate to winning against the PRI, which had been in power since 1929.[14] The victory of the PRI's candidate, Carlos Salinas de Gortari, in 1988 was largely considered electoral fraud after the computers tabulating votes had reportedly crashed.[13] Years later, it was determined that there was indeed electoral fraud in the election.[13][14]

Founding

The 1988 election sparked a movement against the authoritarian rule of the PRI.[14] As an integral part of the movement towards democracy, the Party of the Democratic Revolution was formed as Mexico's only leftwing party.[14] On May 5, 1989, Cárdenas declared the establishment of the PRD.[14] Former PRI members who also helped found the PRD include: Cárdenas, Porfirio Muñoz Ledo, and Ifigenia Martínez y Hernández.[14]

The party was founded by smaller left-wing parties such as the Mexican Communist Party (PCM, Mexican Communist Party), Unified Socialist Party of Mexico (PSUM, Unified Socialist Party of Mexico), Socialist Mexican Party (PMS, Socialist Mexican Party) and Mexican Workers' Party (PMT, Mexican Workers' Party).[14] The PMS donated its registration with the Federal Electoral Commission (CFE) to enable the new party to be established.[14]

First Decade (1989-1999)

Small leftist group leaders joined the PRD which left small leftist organizations vulnerable.[18] Additionally, some leftist organizations were wary that their individual concerns would be lost by joining a political group.[18]

In the early years, the PRD was not successful in elections because of electoral fraud.[8] The PRD often claimed that the PRI was participating in electoral fraud.[14] This was in contrast to PAN, the conservative party, who chose to cooperate with the PRI.[14] However, the PRD also cooperated with the PRI to make policy changes that moved towards democracy.[14]

Salinas, PRI member and president of Mexico from 1988 to 1994, had made some improvements to the Mexican economy but Mexico still did not have a democratic system.[8] During this time the PRD had become involved with many social justice movements against the neoliberal and antidemocratic policies of the PRI.[8] However, because the PRD began as a combination of many groups, there were many viewpoints and it was difficult to form a unified front.[8] Additionally, the PRD had a difficult time transitioning from a movement with a non-negotiable goal to a party that pushed gradual reforms.[14]

1994 Presidential Election: Cárdenas

Cárdenas ran for national presidency under the PRD in 1994.[13] Cárdenas ran against Diego Fernández, PAN candidate, and PRI party winner of the election, Ernesto Zedillo Ponce.[14] Cárdenas made the Alianza Democrática Nacional campaign, where he mobilized 57 organizations.[14] Cárdenas did not cooperate well with the PRD and was sometimes contradictory to the PRD.[14]

The PRI used its media influence to promote the idea that changing the governing party would disrupt the nation[8] as well as to portray Cárdenas and the PRD as confrontational and violent.[14]

After his loss Cárdenas claimed fraud; however, the party did not support him and instead focused on winning seats in congress.[14]

After Presidential Elections

In 1997, the PRD won its first governorship with Cárdenas as governor of Mexico City.[13] The PRD also gained the second largest majority in the Chamber of Deputies.[8] These victories were due in part to changes in electoral rules.[8]

This division between currents was seen during the internal election of March 14, 1999 when there were voting discrepancies.[8]

By the end of 1999, 650 PRD members of the PRD had been assassinated, mostly by the PRI, as a way to intimidate those working towards democracy, civic engagement, and social movements.[8]

2000 Presidential Election: Cárdenas

After the election of Vicente Fox, PAN candidate, the PRD announced that it would not file any complaints about the elections.[19] This was a shift in strategy from the usual protests of fraud.[19] However, some local PRD activists groups filed complaints but these were turned down by the PRD and the electoral court.[19]

2006 Presidential Election: AMLO

The former mayor of Mexico City, Andrés Manuel López Obrador better known as AMLO, was the presidential candidate for the "Coalición por el Bien de Todos" (Coalition for the Good of All) in the 2006 presidential elections.[18] AMLO ran against Felipe Calderon, PAN candidate, and Roberto Madrazo, PRI candidate.[18]

AMLO's campaign relied on citizen's networks (redes ciudadanas) that focused on mobilizing the public to campaign.[18] This strategy focused on AMLO as an individual and not the PRD.[18] This was worrisome to PRD leaders because they thought that the PRD's concerns would not be addressed.[18] However, many party members thought that AMLO would win so these concerns were not addressed.[18]

After the general election of July 2, 2006, and a recount of the 9.09% of the ballot tally sheets which supposedly presented irregularities, the Federal Electoral Institute recorded the vote results in favor of Felipe Calderón by a margin of 0.58 percent, about 243,000 votes.[18][20] These results were later validated by the Federal Electoral Tribunal. However, the PRD claimed that there was election fraud.[14] The claims of election fraud have been rejected by the Federal Electoral Tribunal (TEPJF), which considered these "notoriously out of order" ("notoriamente improcedente") and certified PAN's candidate Felipe Calderón as the winner.

PRD activists at rally

AMLO then rallied his supporters to hold demonstrations in the capital, Mexico City.[21] These demonstrations were organized by the PRD, whose stronghold is in Mexico City.[21] The PRD had called for demonstrations and set up camps in the capital's main square, blocking one of its main avenues (Paseo de la Reforma) for six weeks to demand a recount of all votes, which was not granted. The camps were later dismantled after confrontation with the Mexican Army became likely.

On September 5, the Federal Electoral Tribunal announced that there was not enough evidence of electoral fraud which legitimized Calderon as President.[18] This caused AMLO to maintain his campaign of civil disobedience and declared himself as "Legitimate President"[18] in a "public open vote" (people in the main square raising their hands). AMLO did not recognize the legitimacy of Calderón as president.[18] The PRD was criticized for not complying with the democratic system that it had lauded and helped create.[14] However, the PRD could not agree on whether they should move forward and cooperate with the current system and contribute to policy or take on an uncompromising stance in an attempt to overturn the current system.[14] This split later trickled on to other things such as electoral and petroleum reforms where one part of the party wanted to cooperate while the other refused to out of allegiance to AMLO.[14]

In 2008 after bitter infighting within the party Jesús Ortega, an opponent of Andrés Manuel López Obrador, was elected party president. In the 2009 legislative elections, López Obrador supported two smaller parties while maintaining his ties to the PRD.

Videoscandals

The party had enjoyed a reputation of honesty unmatched by its competitors, until the "Video Scandals" a series of videos where notable party members were taped receiving cash funds or betting large sums of money in a Las Vegas casino.

Later, another video was recorded by Cuba's government where Carlos Ahumada, the man providing the money, states that members of the PRI and PAN, PRD's rivals, were planning the situation presented in the first video as part of a plot against Andrés Manuel López Obrador to discredit him as a possible presidential candidate.

Party members who were seen on the video tapes were expelled from the party, but those who were supposedly associated, but never legally charged, are still active members.

2012 Presidential Election: AMLO

AMLO ran for president again in 2012,[14] but lost to Enrique Peña Nieto.

After the loss, López Obrador told a rally in Mexico City's main plaza Zocalo on 9 September 2012 that he would withdraw from the Democratic Revolution Party "on the best of terms," as well as the Labor Party and Citizens' Movement (MC). He added that he was working on founding a new party from the Movement for National Regeneration, which he would later name MORENA.[22]

2018 Presidential Election: Ricardo Anaya

Ricardo Anaya in 2015.

The defeat of the PAN and the PRD in the Mexico general elections in 2012, as well as the departure of Andrés Manuel López Obrador from the PRD, caused these two parties to approach each other despite the friction obtained in the 2006 general elections.[23][24]

During 2017, Ricardo Anaya, then President of PAN, announced his party's proposal to create an alliance of politicians called "Opposition Wide Front" in order to "form a coalition government that will result in a stable majority that can be governed the country and make the change of regime a reality."[25]

On 5 September the PAN formalized an alliance with PRD and MC under the name of "Citizen Front for Mexico," registering the coalition before the National Electoral Institute, an alliance to last for 6 years.[26]

On 17 December, the three parties ratified the alliance with the creation of an electoral coalition to participate in the federal elections of 2018 and multiple state elections with the name of "Por México al Frente."[27]

Following the election

In August 2018 PRD abandoned Por México al Frente. In early 2019, the PRD split, with 9 deputies leaving the PRD and join Morena and join the government coalition of López Obrador and giving the government a two-thirds majority, allowing for the passage of constitutional reform.[28]

On 22 december 2020, the PRD formed the new alliance Va por México, together with the National Action Party and the Institutional Revolutionary Party.

Electoral history

Presidential elections

Election year	Candidate	# votes	% vote	Result	Note
1994	Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas	5,852,134	16.5	N Defeated
2000	Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas	6,256,780	16.6	N Defeated	Coalition: Alliance for Mexico
2006	Andrés Manuel López Obrador	14,756,350	35.3	N Defeated	Coalition: Coalition for the Good of All
2012	Andrés Manuel López Obrador	15,848,827	32.4	N Defeated	Coalition: Broad Progressive Front
2018	Ricardo Anaya			N Defeated	Coalition: Por México al Frente

Chamber of Deputies

Election year	Constituency		PR		# of seats	Position	Presidency		Note
	votes	%	votes	%
1994	5,590,391	16.7	5,728,733	16.7	71 / 500	Minority	Ernesto Zedillo
1997	7,435,456	25.7	7,518,903	25.7	125 / 500	Minority	Ernesto Zedillo
2000	6,948,204	18.7	6,990,143	18.7	67 / 500	Minority	Vicente Fox		Coalition: Alliance for Mexico
2003	4,694,365	18.2	4,707,009	18.2	97 / 500	Minority	Vicente Fox
2006	11,941,842	29.0	12,013,364	29.0	158 / 500	Minority	Felipe Calderón		Coalition: Coalition for the Good of All
2009	4,217,985	12.2	4,228,627	12.2	71 / 500	Minority	Felipe Calderón
2012	13,426,702	27.0	13,502,179	27.0	101 / 500	Minority	Enrique Peña Nieto		Coalition: Broad Progressive Front
2015	1,941,105	5.13	4,335,731	10.87	56 / 500	Minority	Enrique Peña Nieto		Coalition: Broad Progressive Front
2018					23 / 500	Minority	Andrés Manuel López Obrador		Coalition: For Mexico to the Front

Senate elections

Election year	Constituency		PR		# of seats	Position	Presidency		Note
	votes	%	votes	%
1994			5,579,949	16.8	8 / 128	Minority	Ernesto Zedillo
1997			7,564,656	25.8	16 / 128	Minority	Ernesto Zedillo
2000	7,027,944	18.9	7,027,994	18.8	16 / 128	Minority	Vicente Fox		Coalition: Alliance for Mexico
2006	12,292,512	29.7	12,397,008	29.7	36 / 128	Minority	Felipe Calderón		Coalition: Coalition for the Good of All
2012	13,609,393	27.2	13,718,847	27.3	28 / 128	Minority	Enrique Peña Nieto		Coalition: Broad Progressive Front
2018					9 / 128	Minority	Andrés Manuel López Obrador		Coalition: For Mexico to the Front

Governorships

[29]

Mexico D.F.

Years in Office	Chief of government	Note
1997-1999	Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas
1999-2000	Rosario Robles
2000-2005	Andrés Manuel López Obrador
2005-2006	Alejandro Encinas
2006-2012	Marcelo Ebrard
2012-2018	Miguel Ángel Mancera
2018-2018	José Ramón Amieva

Zacatecas

Years in Office	Candidate	Note
1998-2004	Ricardo Monreal Ávila
2004-2010	Amalia García

Tlaxcala

Years in Office	Candidate	Note
1999-2005	Alfonso Sánchez Anaya

Baja California Sur

Years in Office	Candidate	Note
1999-2005	Leonel Corta Montaño
2005-2011	Narciso Agúndez Montaño

Michoacán

Years in Office	Candidate	Note
2002-2008	Lázaro Cárdenas Batel
2008-2012	Leonel Godoy

Guerrero

Years in Office	Candidate	Note
2005-2011	Zeferino Torreblanca Galindo
2011-2015	Ángel Aguirre Rivero

Chiapas

Years in Office	Candidate	Note
2000-2006	Pablo Salazar Mendiguchía
2011-2015	Juan Sabines

Tabasco

Years in Office	Candidate	Note
2012-2018	Arturo Núñez Jiménez

Morelos

Years in Office	Candidate	Note
2012-2018	Graco Ramírez Garrido

Oaxaca

Years in Office	Candidate	Note
2010-2016	Gabino Cué Monteagudo	In coalition with PAN, PRD, Convergence, and PT

Puebla

Years in Office	Candidate	Note
2010-2016	Rafael Moreno Valle Rosas	In coalition with PAN and PRD

Sinaloa

Years in Office	Candidate	Note
2010-2016	Mario López Valdez	In coalition with PAN and PRD

Principles

The PRD believes that Mexico currently has major problems of economic and social inequality that halt social development and affect liberty and democratic coexistence.[12] Which is why the PRD has developed the following principles for their political party.

1. Democracy

• The PRD considers democracy to be the most fundamental principle that it hopes to establish in Mexico.[12]
• The PRD believes that democracy is the political regime that should be established in society because the ruling power goes to the people through voting.[12]
• Which is why democracy rules the internal organization of the party.[12]
• The PRD believes that democracy in Mexico is strengthened by an open, democratic, and transparent system of parties.[12]
• The PRD acknowledges the diversity of Mexico and is committed to preserve and develop it.[12]
• The PRD is also committed to a secular state in which there can be liberty, tolerance, and coexistence between all people.[12]

2. Human Rights

• The PRD is against any form of segregation or discrimination.[12]
• The PRD fights to promote, expand, respect, protect, and guarantee the exercise of human rights understood in its most broad meaning which includes:[12]
  • civil rights
  • political rights
  • economic rights
  • social rights
  • cultural rights
  • environmental rights
  • right to access to information
  • right to solidarity for the collective benefit for all citizens
  • and rights of ethnic groups
• The PRD also emphasizes these rights in regard to the following groups
  • young people
  • children
  • women
  • senior citizens
  • the lesbian, gay, transsexual, transgender, bisexual and intersexual community
  • migrant workers in the nation and abroad.
• The PRD recognizes indigenous communities as equal in regard to the human rights that they are entitled to, with differences that must be respected.[12]
• These differences include their:
  • traditions
  • culture
  • forms of social expression
  • and language.
• The human rights that they are entitled to include:
  • right to self autonomy
  • right to their land
  • right to the use of their land
  • right to conservation
  • right to collectively use their natural resources
  • right to access to economic development.[12]
• The PRD believes it is an obligation of the state to support with public policy and methods necessary to guarantee the development of all indigenous communities and towns.[12]
• The PRD sustains the fundamental principle of the San Andrés Accords.[12]
• The PRD is also against the death penalty, militarization of police, and military jurisdiction to crimes and misdemeanors of civic order.[12]

3. Substantive Equality and Diversity in Regard to Sexual Orientation

• The PRD believes in the equality between women and men as well as gender mainstreaming.[12]
• The PRD champions the access to the same treatment and opportunities between men and women.[12]
• The PRD strives for women to have access to exercise their human, sexual, and reproductive rights and to make choices about their body in a free and informed manner.[12]
• The PRD promotes gender equality in all social spheres which are manifested in patriarchal and machismo-based power relations that threaten the dignity of women.[12]

4. Education, Science, and Culture

The PRD defends the educational principles that inspired the third article of the constitution and alights itself with an education -from beginning education to university- that is secular, public, free, scientific, and of quality, as well as an education that strengthens national identity.[12]

5. Economy

The PRD, since its founding, believes that the state should have jurisdiction and should intervene in the fundamental and prioritized areas of the productive sector, as are nutrition, production of clean energy, telecommunications, the process of technology, infrastructure, communication mediums, financial systems, and technology trade for the national and regional development, restraining ownership and dominion of hydrocarbons and radio-electric spectrum for the nation and the recovery of basic goods that guarantee sovereignty.[12]

6. Social Justice

The PRD defends the rights of every Mexican worker, the preservation and expansion of social security and the permanent improvements of contractual conditions.[12]

7. Environment

The PRD adopts the principle of sustainable development as well as preserving the cultural environment. The PRD does this to satisfy the necessities of current and future generations, based on the responsible use of natural resources, including new tools for development, that would allow for the protection and recovery of the environment with comprehensive public policy.[12]

8. International Scope

The PRD supports the self-determination of communities, non-intervention, legal equality of states, the cooperation for national development and sovereignty and the respect and incorporation of international treaties to legislation.[12]

Internal organization

The PRD consists of: congresses, councils, and executive committees, an assembly, and a committee.[30] The nation, states, and municipalities have the same organization.[8] They each have a congress, a council, and an executive committee.[8] Congress has the most authority, the council coordinates communication between congresses, and the executive committee applies the guidelines set in place by the council.[8] The maximum rule for any elected position is three years.[30] The national, state, and municipal president cannot be reelected for the same position.[30] The PRD has an anti-discriminatory policy for its internal elections.[8] The PRD has policies put in place that guarantee the inclusion of women, young people, and indigenous people.[8]

The National Congress is the maximum authority of the PRD.[31] The National Congress approves the statue, the declaration of principles, the program, and the political organization of the party.[31] 90% of the National Congress is made up from delegates elected in municipal assemblies.[30] The rest of the National Congress is made up by two delegates for each State Council, the presidents of the State Councils, the members of the National Executive Committee, and by the elected delegates of the National Council that shall not exceed 4% of the total delegates in the Party's Congress.[30] The National Council chooses the majority of its 21-member executive committee except for the president of the party, the secretary of the party, and the parliamentary group coordinators.[30]

In 2014, the PRD became the first political party to have internal elections organized by the Federal Electoral Institute where those affiliated with the party could vote for the members of the National Congress and Council as well as State and Municipal Councils.[32][33] 2 million people participated in the internal elections which is about 45% of those affiliated with the party.[33]

Currents

Inside the PRD, there are "currents" that are dedicated to specific approaches and stances or about specific themes or movements.[8]

These include:

• National Democratic Alternative (Alternativa Democrática Nacional)
• New Left (Nueva Izquierda)
• New Sun Forum (Foro Nuevo Sol)
• National Democratic Left (Izquierda Democrática Nacional)
• Political Action Group (Grupo Acción Política)

Presidents of the Party

Years in Office	President	Note
1989-1993[29]	Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas
1993[29]	Roberto Robles Garnica	Interim
1993-1996[29]	Porfirio Muñoz Ledo
1996-1999[29]	Andrés Manuel López Obrador
1999[29]	Pablo Gómez Álvarez[29]	Interim
1999-2002[29]	Amalia García
2002-2003[29]	Rosario Robles
2003-2005[29]	Leonel Godoy Rangel	Interim
2005-2008[29]	Leonel Cota Montaño
2008[29]	Graco Ramírez and Raymundo Cárdenas	Legal representatives
2008[29]	Guadalupe Acosta Naranjo	Interim
2008-2011[29]	Jesús Ortega
2011-2014[29]	Jesús Zambrano Grijalva
2014-[29]	Carlos Navarrete Ruiz

See also

• Politics of Mexico
• List of political parties in Mexico
• History of democracy in Mexico

References

1. La Botz, Dan (1995), Democracy in Mexico: Peasant Rebellion and Political Reform, South End Press, p. 121, ISBN 9780896085077
2. Langston, Joy (2008), "Legislative Recruitment in Mexico", Pathways to Power: Political Recruitment and Candidate Selection in Latin America, Penn State Press, p. 158, ISBN 9780271048000
3. Reyes-Heroles, Federico (2005), "Mexico's Changing Social and Political Landscape", Mexico's Democracy at Work, Lynne Rienner Publishers, p. 43, ISBN 9781588263254
4. Meade, Teresa A. (2010), A History of Modern Latin America: 1800 to present, Wiley-Blackwell, p. 306, ISBN 9781444358117
5. Recondo, David (2009), "Mexico, an Emerging Economy in the Shadow of the Superpower", The Emerging States, Columbia University Press, p. 105, ISBN 9780231154284
6. Wainwright, Tom (17 November 2011), "The empire strikes back: The party that ruled Mexico for 71 years is hoping to win power again", The Economist
7. Rubio, Luis; Davidow, Jeffrey (September–October 2006), "Mexico's Disputed Election", Foreign Affairs, 85 (5): 75, doi:10.2307/20032071, JSTOR 20032071
8. López Castellanos, Nayar (October 2001). Izquierda y neoliberalismo de México a Brasil. Mexico, D.F.: Plaza y Valdés, S. A. of C. V. pp. 105–124. ISBN 968856-825-2.
9. "Participants of Progressive Alliance". Progressive Alliance. Archived from the original on 2015-03-02. Retrieved 2014-12-06.
10. "Estatuto" (PDF). PRD official site (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-07-09.
11. Rhodes Cook (2004). The Presidential Nominating Process: A Place for Us?. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 118–. ISBN 978-0-7425-2594-8. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
12. "Declaración de Principios del Partido de la Revolución Democrática" (PDF). PRD official site (in Spanish). PRD. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-07-09.
13. Bruhn, Kathleen (1997). Taking on Goliath: the Emergence of a New Left Party and the Struggle for Democracy in Mexico. The Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 0271015861.
14. Mossige, Dag (2013). Mexico's Left: The Paradox of the PRD. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 9781935049623.
15. "Member Parties of Socialist International". Socialist International.
16. "Encyclopædia Britannica". Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI).
17. Lacey, Marc (April 1, 2012). "Miguel de la Madrid, President of Mexico in 1980s, Dies at 77". New York Times. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
18. Wuhs, Steven (2008). Savage Democracy: Institutional change and Party Development in Mexico. Pennsylvania, USA: Pennsylvania State University. ISBN 9780271034218.
19. Eisenstadt, Todd (24 November 2003). Courting Democracy in Mexico: party strategies and electoral institutions. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521820014.
20. "Presidential election results, 2006" (in Spanish). Instituto Federal Electoral. Archived from the original on 2010-01-09.
21. Hansen, Tom (2013). "Democracy in Mexico?". DePaul Journal for Social Justice. 6 (2): 210–213.
22. "Ex-candidate quits Mexico leftist party". Al Jazeera English. September 10, 2012. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 10, 2016.
23. Sergio Leyva (23 January 2017). "Las alianzas que viví del PRD y el PAN" (in Spanish). Animal Político. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
24. Rubén Moreno (15 January 2016). "El asunto de las alianzas partidarias". Intolerancia Diario. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
25. Suzzete Alcántara (6 August 2017). "PAN, listo para trabajar por un Frente Amplio Opositor: Anaya". El Universal. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
26. "PAN, PRD y MC registran frente amplio ante el INE". Milenio.com. 5 September 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
27. "Registran ante el INE "Por México al Frente", la coalición PAN-PRD-MC rumbo a 2018". Aristegui Noticias. 8 December 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
28. Huerta, David (20 February 2019). "Ruptura del PRD da a Morena mayoría calificada en San Lázaro". Expansion Politica. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
29. "PRD History Page". PRD official site (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2017-08-06.
30. Favela, Alejandro; Martínez, Pablo (2003). México: ciudadanos y partidos políticos al inicio del siglo XXI (in Spanish). México, D.F.: Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana. p. 75. ISBN 970-31-0210-7.
31. Prud'homme, Jean-François (Jan–Mar 2003). "El Partido de la Revolución Democrática: las ambivalencias de su proceso de institucionalización". Foro Internacional. 43 (1): 103–140.
32. "Elección Interna PRD" (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional Electoral. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
33. Quiroz, Carlos (September 19, 2014). "INE entregó resultado de elecciones internas a dirigencia del PRD" (in Spanish). Excelsior. Retrieved 23 March 2015.

Further reading

• Bruhn, Kathleen. "PRD local governments in Michoacan: implications for Mexico’s democratization process." Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico (1999): 19-48.

External links

• Official website (in Spanish)