Papunya Tula

Papunya Tula, registered as Papunya Tula Artists Pty Ltd, is an artist cooperative formed in 1972 that is owned and operated by Aboriginal people from the Western Desert of Australia. The group is known for its innovative work with the Western Desert Art Movement, popularly referred to as "dot painting". Credited with bringing Aboriginal art to world attention, its artists inspired many other Australian Aboriginal artists and styles. The company operates today out of Alice Springs and is widely regarded as the premier purveyor of Aboriginal art in Central Australia.

"dot painting" redirects here. For a more general overview of contemporary Aboriginal art, see Contemporary Indigenous Australian art.

Background

In the late 1960s, the Australian Government moved several different groups living in the Western Desert region to Papunya, 240 km (150 mi) north-west of Alice Springs in the Northern Territory, to remove them from cattle lands and assimilate them into western culture. These displaced groups were primarily Pintupi, Luritja, Walpiri, Arrernte, and Anmatyerre peoples.

In 1971, Geoffrey Bardon, the school teacher at the community, encouraged the children to paint a mural using the traditional style of body and sand ceremonial art.[1] This painting style was used for spiritual purposes, and so had strict protocols for its use. Many symbols depicted personal totems and Dreamings, and others more general Dreamtime creation stories. When some of the elder men saw what the children were doing, they felt the subject matter was more suited to adults. They began creating a mural depicting the Honey Ant Dreaming. Traditionally, Papunya is the epicentre of the Honey Ant Dreaming, where songlines converge. The European-Australian administrators of Papunya later painted over the murals, which the curator Judith Ryan called "an act of cultural vandalism", noting that "[t]he school was de-Aboriginalized and the art no longer allowed to stand tall and defiant as the symbol of a resilient and indomitable people".[2] While visible, the mural proved highly influential, leading other men to create smaller paintings of their Jukurrpa (Ancestral stories), on any available surface, including bits of old masonite, car bonnets, tin cans, and matchboxes. This explosion of artistic activity is generally regarded as the origin of contemporary Indigenous Australian art.[3][4]

The collective, originally entirely Aboriginal Australian men, formed in 1972. They derived the name tula from a small hill near Papunya, a Honey Ant Dreaming site. A few women, notably Pansy Napangardi, began to paint for the company in the late 1980s. It was not until 1994 that women generally began to participate.

While the collective artists used a style of painting traditional in the sand and for body adornment in ceremonies, most of them had never painted before in Western style – that is, using acrylic paint and a hard surface. As their work gained in popularity, the artists omitted or changed many of the spiritual symbols for public viewing, as the Aboriginal community criticised the artists for revealing "too much of their sacred heritage".[5] According to Ryan:[5]

Secret designs restricted to a ritual context were now in the market place, made visible to kardiya outsiders and Aboriginal women. In response to these objections, all detailed depictions of human figures, fully decorated tjurungas (bullroarers) and ceremonial paraphernalia were removed or modified. Such designs and their "inside" meanings were not to be written down and "traded". Any contravention broke the immutable plan of descent, the link of the initiated men with his totemic ancestor through his father and his father's father. From 1973 to 1975, Papunya Tula artists sought to camouflage overt references to ceremony and became reticent. They revealed less of the sacred heart of their culture. The openness of the Bardon era was at an end. Dotting and over-dotting, as an ideal means of concealing or painting over dangerous, secret designs, became a fashion at this stage. The art was made public, watered down for general exhibition, pointing to the uniqueness of the Geoffrey Bardon years - which like innocence, cannot be rediscovered.

For Hetti Perkins and Hannah Fink,[6] the artists through their paintings "trace the genealogies of their ancestral inheritance". And comment that "Through the paintings of the Papunya Tula Artists we experience the anguish of exile and the liberation of exodus. ... In refiguring the Australian landscape, the artists express what has always been known to them. And in revealing this vision to an outside audience, Papunya Tula artists have reclaimed the interior of the Australian continent as Aboriginal land. If exile is the dream of home, the physical longing for homelands expressed in the early paintings has now been answered".

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, after the establishment of the Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976, many of the people left Papunya for their traditional lands, but the art cooperative persisted and continued to grow. For many years the market and museums virtually ignored their work. A major exception was the Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory (MAGNT), that has the largest collection of just over 220 early works acquired between 1972 and 1976, thanks to the visionary efforts of the MAGNT Director Dr Colin Jack Hinton and Alice Springs gallery owner Pat Hogan. This is still (as of 2008) the nation's largest collection of early boards. The National Gallery of Victoria did not acquire any works produced by the collective until 1987, when Judith Ryan convinced the current director to purchase 10 of the works.[7] At the time, the asking price was A$100,000 , which Ryan described in 2008 as "a steal", given the escalation in value.[7] In 2007, a single painting by Papunya Tula artist Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri set a record at auction for price commanded for Aboriginal art, bringing £1.03 million (or $2.4 million), more than twice as much as the previous record-holder.[8]

Exhibitions

In 2000, the Art Gallery of NSW held an exhibition, curated by Hetti Perkins, for the Sydney Olympic Games Arts Festival. The exhibition, entitled Papunya Tula, Genesis and Genius, was the first major retrospective exhibition of the cooperative.[9]

National Museum of Australia 2007–2008 Exhibition

For a period of several months (27 November 2007 to 3 February 2008), the National Museum of Australia exhibited a collection of Papunya paintings from the first few years of the movement. Most of the works displayed in the collection had not been seen before by the general public as most of these paintings were bought by the Aboriginal Arts Board (now defunct) of the 1970s-1980s. The exhibition contains some of the most priceless and earliest works by the first generation, senior Papunya painters. These paintings were previously displayed in government offices and embassies. Curated by Professor Vivien Johnson, the exhibition was significant in introducing the movement's importance to the general audience.

Musée du Quai Branly

Two Papunya artists, Tommy Watson and Ningura Napurrula, are also represented in Paris at the Musée du Quai Branly, dedicated to indigenous art of the world. Napurrula's signature black-and-white motifs appear superimposed on the ceiling of the administration part of the museum's building.

Papunya Tula artists

First generation men (the Bardon years 1971–73)

Second generation men (present)
  • Adam Gibbs Tjapaltjarri
  • Andrew Tolson Tjakamarra
  • Bobby West Tjupurrula
  • Charlie Tjapangati
  • Charlie Wallabi Tjungurrayi
  • Donald Matthews Tjapanangka
  • George Tjampu Tjapaltjarri
  • George Tjungurayi
  • George Ward Tjungurayi
  • James Gibson Tjapaltjarri
  • Jeremiah West Tjakamarra
  • John Corby Tjapaltjarri
  • Johnny Yungut Tjupurrula
  • Joseph Jurra Tjapaltjarri
  • Kanya Tjapangati
  • Kenny Williams Tjampitjinpa
  • Lindsay Corby Tjapaltjarri
  • Long Jack Phillippus Tjakamarra
  • Matthew West Tjupurrula
  • Morris Gibson Tjapaltjarri
  • Patrick Tjungurrayi
  • Ray James Tjangala
  • Raymond Maxwell Tjampitjinpa
  • Raymond Tjapaltjarri
  • Richard Yukenbarri Tjakamarra
  • Ronnie Tjampitjinpa
  • Tony Tjakamarra
  • Warlimpirrnga Tjapaltjarri

Women

See also

Notes
  1. Papunya Tula art movement of the Western Desert Archived 27 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  2. Ryan in Bardon 1991: x
  3. McLean, Ian (2011). "The Gift that Time Gave: Myth and History in the Western Desert Painting Movement". In Jaynie Anderson (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Australian Art. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 180–192. ISBN 978-1-107-60158-1.
  4. McCulloch, Alan; Susan McCulloch and Emily McCulloch Childs (2006). The new McCulloch's Encyclopedia of Australian Art. Fitzroy, VIC: Aus Art Editions in association with The Miegunyah Press. ISBN 0-522-85317-X.
  5. Judith Ryan in Bardon 1991: ix-x
  6. Perkins, H. & Fink, H (2000). "Genesis and Genius The art of Papunya Tula Artists". In Perkins, H; Fink, H.;Papunya Tula Artists' Company & Art Gallery of New South Wales (ed.). Papunya Tula Genesis and Genius. Art Gallery of New South Wales. p. 185. ISBN 978-0-7347-6306-8.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. Staff. (5 January 2008) "Bold vision of artistic rebirth", The Age. Retrieved 2008-08-11.
  8. Marks, Kathy. (26 July 2007) "Painting by aboriginal artist sells for record £1m", The Independent. Retrieved 2008-08-11.
  9. Allan, Susan (24 August 2001) "Papunya Tula--the birthplace of contemporary Australian Aboriginal art", World Socialist Web Site. Retrieved 2008-08-11.
  10. "Uta Uta Tjangala". National Museum of Australia. 13 August 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  11. "Uta Uta Tjangala". Aboriginal Bark Paintings. 22 October 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2020.

References

Further reading
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