Opinion polling for the 1992 United Kingdom general election
In the run up to the 1992 United Kingdom general election, various organisations carried out opinion polling to gauge voting intention in the United Kingdom. Results of such polls are displayed in this article. The date range for these opinion polls are from the 1987 election to 8 April 1992.
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Opinion polls |
1992 election |
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Almost every poll leading up to polling day predicted either a hung parliament with Labour the largest party, or a small Labour majority of around 19 to 23. Polls on the last few days before the country voted predicted a very slim Labour majority.[1] After the polls closed, the BBC and ITV exit polls still predicted that there would be a hung parliament and "that the Conservatives would only just get more seats than Labour".[2]
With opinion polls at the end of the campaign showing Labour and the Conservatives neck and neck, the actual election result was a surprise to many in the media and in polling organisations. The apparent failure of the opinion polls to come close to predicting the actual result led to an inquiry by the Market Research Society. Following the election, most opinion polling companies changed their methodology in the belief that a 'Shy Tory Factor' affected the polling.
Graphical summary
Results
All data is from the UK Polling Report.[3]
1992
Survey end date | Pollster / Client | Con | Lab | Lib Dem | Lead |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
8 Apr 1992 | General Election Results[4] | 42.8% | 35.2% | 18.3% | 7.6% |
8 Apr 1992 | NOP/Independent | 39% | 42% | 17% | 3% |
8 Apr 1992 | Gallup/Telegraph | 38.5% | 38% | 20% | 0.5% |
8 Apr 1992 | MORI/Times | 38% | 39% | 20% | 1% |
7 Apr 1992 | ICM/Guardian | 38% | 38% | 20% | Tie |
7 Apr 1992 | Harris/ITN | 38% | 40% | 18% | 2% |
6 Apr 1992 | MORI/YTV | 37% | 40% | 20% | 3% |
4 Apr 1992 | Harris/Express | 37% | 38% | 21% | 1% |
4 Apr 1992 | Harris/Observer | 38% | 40% | 17% | 2% |
3 Apr 1992 | NOP/Mail on Sunday | 35% | 41% | 20% | 6% |
3 Apr 1992 | MORI/Sunday Times | 37% | 39% | 21% | 2% |
3 Apr 1992 | Gallup/Sunday Telegraph | 37.5% | 37.5% | 21% | Tie |
3 Apr 1992 | NOP/Independent on Sunday | 38% | 41% | 17% | 3% |
3 Apr 1992 | ICM/PA | 36.2% | 38.7% | 20.4% | 2.5% |
1 Apr 1992 | ICM/Sunday Express | 37% | 39% | 19% | 2% |
1 Apr 1992 | Gallup/Telegraph | 38% | 37.5% | 20.5% | 0.5% |
31 Mar 1992 | NOP/Independent | 37% | 39% | 19% | 2% |
31 Mar 1992 | Neilsen | 39.8% | 39.6% | 17.2% | 0.2% |
31 Mar 1992 | Harris/ITN | 35% | 41% | 19% | 6% |
30 Mar 1992 | ICM/Guardian | 37% | 41% | 18% | 4% |
30 Mar 1992 | Harris/Express | 40% | 39% | 17% | 1% |
29 Mar 1992 | MORI/Times | 35% | 42% | 19% | 7% |
28 Mar 1992 | Audience Selection | 37% | 39% | 19% | 2% |
28 Mar 1992 | NOP/Independent on Sunday | 39% | 40% | 16% | 1% |
27 Mar 1992 | NOP/Mail on Sunday | 37% | 41% | 18% | 4% |
27 Mar 1992 | MORI/Sunday Times | 38% | 40% | 20% | 2% |
27 Mar 1992 | Harris/Observer | 40% | 38% | 17% | 2% |
25 Mar 1992 | ICM/Sunday Express | 36% | 38% | 20% | 2% |
25 Mar 1992 | NOP/Independent | 39% | 42% | 14% | 3% |
24 Mar 1992 | Gallup/Telegraph | 40% | 40.5% | 16.5% | 0.5% |
24 Mar 1992 | MORI | 38% | 41% | 17% | 3% |
24 Mar 1992 | ICM/Guardian | 39% | 40% | 17% | 1% |
23 Mar 1992 | NMR/EUR | 38% | 39% | 19% | 1% |
23 Mar 1992 | Harris/Express | 43% | 38% | 15% | 5% |
23 Mar 1992 | Harris/ITN | 38% | 42% | 16% | 4% |
21 Mar 1992 | MORI/Times | 38% | 41% | 17% | 3% |
21 Mar 1992 | NOP/Independent on Sunday | 38% | 40% | 16% | 2% |
20 Mar 1992 | NOP/Mail on Sunday | 39% | 41% | 15% | 2% |
20 Mar 1992 | MORI/Sunday Times | 38% | 41% | 19% | 3% |
20 Mar 1992 | Harris/Observer | 40% | 39% | 17% | 1% |
18 Mar 1992 | ICM/Sunday Express | 37% | 42% | 16% | 5% |
18 Mar 1992 | Gallup/Telegraph | 40.5% | 38.5% | 18% | 2% |
17 Mar 1992 | NOP/Independent | 38% | 42% | 17% | 4% |
16 Mar 1992 | ICM/Guardian | 38% | 43% | 16% | 5% |
16 Mar 1992 | Harris/Express | 41% | 38% | 17% | 3% |
13 Mar 1992 | MORI/Times | 38% | 43% | 16% | 5% |
13 Mar 1992 | Harris/Express | 39% | 40% | 16% | 1% |
13 Mar 1992 | Harris/LWT | 37% | 41% | 17% | 4% |
13 Mar 1992 | MORI/Sunday Times | 40% | 39% | 16% | 1% |
13 Mar 1992 | NOP/Independent on Sunday | 40% | 41% | 14% | 1% |
12 Mar 1992 | ICM/Sunday Express | 39% | 40% | 16% | 1% |
12 Mar 1992 | MORI/Times | 38% | 41% | 16% | 3% |
12 Mar 1992 | Harris/Observer | 40% | 43% | 12% | 3% |
11 Mar 1992 | Gallup | 41% | 38.5% | 15% | 2.5% |
10 Mar 1992 | NOP/Mail on Sunday | 41% | 40% | 15% | 1% |
7 Mar 1992 | Gallup/Telegraph | 37% | 38% | 20% | 1% |
7 Mar 1992 | NOP/Mail on Sunday | 38% | 41% | 16% | 3% |
6 Mar 1992 | ICM/Guardian | 39% | 42% | 15% | 3% |
2 Mar 1992 | Harris/Observer | 39% | 40% | 14% | 1% |
25 Feb 1992 | Gallup/Telegraph | 38.5% | 38.5% | 18.5% | Tie |
25 Feb 1992 | Gallup/Telegraph | 37% | 37.5% | 20% | 0.5% |
23 Feb 1992 | MORI/Sunday Times | 39% | 40% | 18% | 1% |
22 Feb 1992 | Audience Selection | 36% | 38% | 18% | 2% |
18 Feb 1992 | ICM/Daily Mail | 38% | 41% | 17% | 3% |
17 Feb 1992 | Gallup/Telegraph | 39% | 37% | 19% | 2% |
14 Feb 1992 | NOP/Independent | 38% | 42% | 15% | 4% |
13 Feb 1992 | ICM/Sunday Express | 40% | 39% | 16% | 1% |
11 Feb 1992 | Harris/Observer | 39% | 40% | 15% | 1% |
8 Feb 1992 | Gallup/Telegraph | 40% | 37.5% | 17.5% | 2.5% |
7 Feb 1992 | ICM/Guardian | 40% | 40% | 16% | Tie |
6 Feb 1992 | NOP/Independent on Sunday | 38% | 42% | 15% | 4% |
3 Feb 1992 | Harris/Express | 39% | 40% | 17% | 1% |
28 Jan 1992 | Gallup/Telegraph | 42.5% | 37.5% | 14% | 5% |
26 Jan 1992 | Gallup/Telegraph | 38% | 39.5% | 17.5% | 1.5% |
25 Jan 1992 | Audience Selection | 40% | 40% | 15% | Tie |
23 Jan 1992 | ICM/Daily Mail | 41% | 40% | 13% | 1% |
21 Jan 1992 | Harris/Express | 41% | 40% | 14% | 1% |
21 Jan 1992 | Gallup/Telegraph | 40% | 38% | 16.5% | 2% |
17 Jan 1992 | MORI/Sunday Times | 42% | 39% | 16% | 3% |
16 Jan 1992 | ICM/Sunday Express | 41% | 42% | 14% | 1% |
13 Jan 1992 | Harris/Observer | 42% | 43% | 13% | 1% |
13 Jan 1992 | Gallup/Telegraph | 42% | 37.5% | 16% | 4.5% |
11 Jan 1992 | NOP/Independent | 40% | 43% | 13% | 3% |
8 Jan 1992 | ICM/Guardian | 42% | 41% | 12% | 1% |
8 Jan 1992 | NOP/Independent on Sunday | 40% | 45% | 12% | 5% |
1991
Survey end date | Pollster / Client | Con | Lab | Lib Dem | Lead |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
27 Dec 1991 | MORI/Sunday Times | 38% | 44% | 14% | 6% |
15 Dec 1991 | Gallup/Sunday Telegraph | 42% | 41.5% | 13% | 0.5% |
13 Dec 1991 | NOP/Independent on Sunday | 41% | 40% | 14% | 1% |
7 Dec 1991 | ICM/Guardian | 39% | 42% | 14% | 3% |
5 Dec 1991 | MORI/Times | 40% | 43% | 12% | 3% |
2 Dec 1991 | Gallup/Telegraph | 39.5% | 37% | 19% | 2.5% |
2 Dec 1991 | Audience Selection | 39% | 40% | 16% | 1% |
25 Nov 1991 | MORI/Sunday Times | 40% | 42% | 15% | 2% |
25 Nov 1991 | NOP/Independent | 40% | 41% | 15% | 1% |
23 Nov 1991 | MORI/Sunday Times | 41% | 43% | 13% | 2% |
23 Nov 1991 | ICM/Daily Mail | 39% | 41% | 16% | 2% |
14 Nov 1991 | Harris/Observer | 39% | 44% | 13% | 5% |
9 Nov 1991 | ICM/Guardian | 41% | 43% | 13% | 2% |
4 Nov 1991 | Gallup/Telegraph | 36% | 44% | 15.5% | 8% |
1 Nov 1991 | MORI/Sunday Times | 42% | 41% | 13% | 1% |
28 Oct 1991 | Audience Selection | 37% | 42% | 16% | 5% |
27 Oct 1991 | Harris/Observer | 39% | 45% | 12% | 6% |
26 Oct 1991 | ICM/Daily Mail | 40% | 42% | 13% | 2% |
21 Oct 1991 | MORI/Sunday Times | 39% | 45% | 12% | 6% |
21 Oct 1991 | NOP/Independent | 39% | 45% | 12% | 6% |
17 Oct 1991 | Harris/Observer | 39% | 46% | 12% | 7% |
12 Oct 1991 | ICM/Guardian | 41% | 43% | 12% | 2% |
5 Oct 1991 | NOP/Independent on Sunday | 39% | 46% | 13% | 7% |
4 Oct 1991 | Gallup/Telegraph | 39.5% | 41.5% | 15% | 2% |
3 Oct 1991 | ICM/PA | 40% | 42% | 13% | 2% |
30 Sep 1991 | Gallup/Telegraph | 42% | 38% | 15% | 4% |
30 Sep 1991 | Audience Selection | 41% | 37% | 14% | 4% |
28 Sep 1991 | ICM/Daily Mail | 40% | 42% | 14% | 2% |
26 Sep 1991 | Harris/Observer | 40% | 41% | 13% | 1% |
26 Sep 1991 | NOP/Mail on Sunday | 40% | 39% | 16% | 1% |
24 Sep 1991 | MORI/Sunday Times | 39% | 39% | 17% | Tie |
23 Sep 1991 | Gallup/Sunday Telegraph | 40% | 38.5% | 16% | 1.5% |
23 Sep 1991 | NOP/Independent | 39% | 42% | 14% | 3% |
20 Sep 1991 | MORI/Sunday Times | 39% | 43% | 14% | 4% |
14 Sep 1991 | ICM/Guardian | 39% | 39% | 17% | Tie |
13 Sep 1991 | ICM/Sunday Express | 41% | 37% | 17% | 4% |
12 Sep 1991 | Harris/Observer | 43% | 38% | 16% | 5% |
7 Sep 1991 | NOP/Independent on Sunday | 41% | 39% | 15% | 2% |
2 Sep 1991 | Gallup/Telegraph | 39.5% | 35% | 19.5% | 4.5% |
27 Aug 1991 | MORI/Sunday Times | 42% | 40% | 14% | 2% |
24 Aug 1991 | ICM/Daily Mail | 40% | 43% | 12% | 3% |
19 Aug 1991 | NOP/Independent | 38% | 44% | 12% | 6% |
15 Aug 1991 | Harris/Observer | 40% | 41% | 14% | 1% |
10 Aug 1991 | ICM/Guardian | 36% | 45% | 16% | 9% |
5 Aug 1991 | Gallup/Telegraph | 36% | 41% | 16.5% | 5% |
1 Aug 1991 | Audience Selection | 39% | 40% | 15% | 1% |
29 Jul 1991 | Audience Selection | 35% | 43% | 15% | 8% |
24 Jul 1991 | ICM/Express | 38% | 44% | 13% | 6% |
22 Jul 1991 | MORI/Sunday Times | 38% | 43% | 15% | 5% |
20 Jul 1991 | ICM/Daily Mail | 37% | 44% | 16% | 7% |
18 Jul 1991 | Harris/Observer | 39% | 42% | 14% | 3% |
15 Jul 1991 | NOP/Independent | 39% | 43% | 13% | 4% |
6 Jul 1991 | ICM/Guardian | 37% | 43% | 16% | 6% |
1 Jul 1991 | Gallup/Telegraph | 37% | 40.5% | 17% | 3.5% |
27 Jun 1991 | NOP/Mail on Sunday | 41% | 42% | 13% | 1% |
24 Jun 1991 | MORI/Sunday Times | 39% | 41% | 15% | 2% |
21 Jun 1991 | ICM/Daily Mail | 35% | 44% | 17% | 9% |
21 Jun 1991 | MORI/Sunday Express | 39% | 38% | 17% | 1% |
17 Jun 1991 | NOP/Independent | 37% | 45% | 14% | 8% |
13 Jun 1991 | Harris/Observer | 35% | 45% | 16% | 10% |
8 Jun 1991 | ICM/Guardian | 34% | 44% | 17% | 10% |
3 Jun 1991 | Gallup/Telegraph | 33.5% | 41.5% | 21% | 8% |
2 Jun 1991 | Harris/TV-AM | 36% | 43% | 15% | 7% |
1 Jun 1991 | NMR/Independent on Sunday | 37% | 43% | 16% | 6% |
1 Jun 1991 | Audience Selection | 41% | 42% | 13% | 1% |
28 May 1991 | MORI/Sunday Times | 37% | 43% | 16% | 6% |
25 May 1991 | ICM/Daily Mail | 37% | 41% | 16% | 4% |
20 May 1991 | NOP/Independent | 36% | 44% | 15% | 8% |
18 May 1991 | Audience Selection | 39% | 39% | 19% | Tie |
16 May 1991 | Harris/Observer | 38% | 42% | 16% | 4% |
11 May 1991 | ICM/Guardian | 37% | 43% | 16% | 6% |
6 May 1991 | Gallup/Telegraph | 38.5% | 38% | 18% | 0.5% |
29 Apr 1991 | Audience Selection | 43% | 38% | 14% | 5% |
27 Apr 1991 | NMR/Independent on Sunday | 47% | 37% | 14% | 10% |
27 Apr 1991 | ICM/Daily Mail | 39% | 41% | 14% | 2% |
26 Apr 1991 | Harris/Sunday Express | 41% | 41% | 14% | Tie |
26 Apr 1991 | Gallup/Sunday Telegraph | 42% | 39% | 14% | 3% |
22 Apr 1991 | MORI/Sunday Times | 42% | 40% | 15% | 2% |
22 Apr 1991 | NOP/Independent | 41% | 41% | 13% | Tie |
18 Apr 1991 | Harris/Observer | 40% | 40% | 14% | Tie |
6 Apr 1991 | ICM/Guardian | 39% | 43% | 13% | 4% |
3 Apr 1991 | ICM/Express | 38% | 40% | 19% | 2% |
30 Mar 1991 | Gallup/Telegraph | 39.5% | 34.5% | 18% | 5% |
25 Mar 1991 | MORI/Sunday Times | 40% | 40% | 16% | Tie |
24 Mar 1991 | ICM/Daily Mail | 41% | 40% | 15% | 1% |
22 Mar 1991 | MORI/Sunday Express | 38% | 44% | 15% | 6% |
21 Mar 1991 | ICM/Express | 37% | 40% | 14% | 3% |
14 Mar 1991 | Harris/Observer | 40% | 39% | 17% | 1% |
12 Mar 1991 | Audience Selection | 44% | 32% | 19% | 12% |
11 Mar 1991 | NOP/Independent | 38% | 39% | 18% | 1% |
9 Mar 1991 | ICM/Guardian | 39% | 40% | 16% | 1% |
8 Mar 1991 | MORI/Sunday Express | 41% | 37% | 16% | 4% |
5 Mar 1991 | NOP | 43% | 38% | 11% | 5% |
4 Mar 1991 | Harris/Observer | 47% | 39% | 9% | 8% |
1 Mar 1991 | Gallup/Telegraph | 45% | 36.5% | 13% | 8.5% |
25 Feb 1991 | MORI/Sunday Times | 44% | 41% | 11% | 3% |
23 Feb 1991 | ICM/Daily Mail | 44% | 43% | 9% | 1% |
16 Feb 1991 | NMR/Independent on Sunday | 47% | 40% | 8% | 7% |
14 Feb 1991 | Harris/Observer | 46% | 42% | 8% | 4% |
13 Feb 1991 | NOP/Independent | 45% | 42% | 9% | 3% |
9 Feb 1991 | ICM/Guardian | 44% | 42% | 9% | 2% |
4 Feb 1991 | Gallup/Telegraph | 42% | 42.5% | 10% | 0.5% |
4 Feb 1991 | Audience Selection | 46% | 39% | 8% | 7% |
3 Feb 1991 | Harris/Observer | 47% | 39% | 9% | 8% |
28 Jan 1991 | Audience Selection | 51% | 34% | 8% | 17% |
21 Jan 1991 | MORI/Sunday Times | 46% | 41% | 9% | 5% |
17 Jan 1991 | Harris/Observer | 46% | 41% | 9% | 5% |
14 Jan 1991 | NOP/Independent | 43% | 44% | 8% | 1% |
12 Jan 1991 | ICM/Guardian | 43% | 43% | 10% | Tie |
11 Jan 1991 | Harris/ITN | 47% | 41% | 7% | 6% |
10 Jan 1991 | MORI/Times | 44% | 42% | 11% | 2% |
7 Jan 1991 | Gallup/Telegraph | 43% | 41.5% | 10% | 1.5% |
6 Jan 1991 | Audience Selection | 39% | 43% | 11% | 4% |
1990
Survey end date | Pollster / Client | Con | Lab | Lib Dem | SDP | Lead |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
28 Dec 1990 | MORI/Sunday Times | 41% | 45% | 9% | – | 4% |
13 Dec 1990 | Harris/Observer | 44% | 40% | 10% | – | 4% |
10 Dec 1990 | Gallup/Telegraph | 43% | 40.5% | 10.5% | – | 2.5% |
10 Dec 1990 | NOP/Independent | 47% | 42% | 7% | – | 5% |
8 Dec 1990 | ICM/Guardian | 45% | 43% | 9% | – | 2% |
3 Dec 1990 | Audience Selection | 49% | 36% | 9% | – | 13% |
1 Dec 1990 | NMR/Independent on Sunday | 48% | 40% | 8% | – | 8% |
28 Nov 1990 | Harris/ITN | 49% | 38% | 9% | – | 11% |
27 Nov 1990 | John Major becomes leader of the Conservative Party and Prime Minister | |||||
26 Nov 1990 | Audience Selection | 44% | 37% | 12% | – | 7% |
26 Nov 1990 | Gallup/Telegraph | 44% | 41% | 10% | – | 3% |
26 Nov 1990 | NOP/Independent | 49% | 38% | 9% | – | 11% |
23 Nov 1990 | Gallup/Sunday Telegraph | 43% | 41.5% | 11% | – | 1.5% |
23 Nov 1990 | ICM/Sunday Correspondent | 46% | 40% | 10% | – | 6% |
19 Nov 1990 | MORI/Sunday Times | 38% | 46% | 12% | – | 8% |
19 Nov 1990 | Gallup/Telegraph | 36% | 44.5% | 10.5% | – | 8.5% |
19 Nov 1990 | NOP/Independent | 40% | 45% | 11% | – | 5% |
18 Nov 1990 | Gallup /Sunday Telegraph | 35% | 48% | 11% | – | 13% |
17 Nov 1990 | NMR/Independent on Sunday | 42% | 44% | 11% | – | 2% |
16 Nov 1990 | MORI/Sunday Times | 37% | 48% | 11% | – | 11% |
16 Nov 1990 | ICM/Sunday Correspondent | 37% | 49% | 9% | – | 12% |
15 Nov 1990 | Harris/ITN | 34% | 49% | 13% | – | 15% |
15 Nov 1990 | Harris/Observer | 34% | 49% | 13% | – | 15% |
15 Nov 1990 | MORI/Times | 41% | 45% | 10% | – | 4% |
14 Nov 1990 | NOP/Independent | 32% | 46% | 15% | – | 14% |
10 Nov 1990 | ICM/Guardian | 33% | 49% | 13% | – | 16% |
3 Nov 1990 | NMR/Independent on Sunday | 32% | 49% | 13% | – | 17% |
3 Nov 1990 | NOP/Mail on Sunday | 30% | 51% | 12% | – | 21% |
29 Oct 1990 | Audience Selection | 36% | 40% | 13% | – | 4% |
29 Oct 1990 | Gallup/Telegraph | 31.5% | 46% | 15.5% | – | 14.5% |
28 Oct 1990 | Harris/Observer | 32% | 48% | 14% | – | 16% |
27 Oct 1990 | ICM/Sunday Correspondent | 34% | 44% | 14% | – | 10% |
22 Oct 1990 | MORI/Sunday Times | 33% | 49% | 14% | – | 16% |
22 Oct 1990 | NOP/Independent | 35% | 45% | 15% | – | 10% |
13 Oct 1990 | ICM/Guardian | 36% | 49% | 9% | – | 13% |
1 Oct 1990 | Gallup/Sunday Telegraph | 31.5% | 46% | 14% | – | 14.5% |
29 Sep 1990 | NMR/Independent on Sunday | 33% | 52% | 10% | – | 19% |
24 Sep 1990 | MORI/Sunday Times | 38% | 45% | 12% | – | 7% |
24 Sep 1990 | NOP/Independent | 39% | 44% | 12% | – | 5% |
22 Sep 1990 | ICM/Sunday Correspondent | 35% | 44% | 12% | – | 9% |
20 Sep 1990 | Harris/Observer | 38% | 46% | 10% | – | 8% |
8 Sep 1990 | ICM/Guardian | 37% | 50% | 8% | – | 13% |
8 Sep 1990 | Gallup/Telegraph | 31.5% | 46% | 14% | – | 14.5% |
3 Sep 1990 | Gallup/Telegraph | 35.5% | 48% | 8.5% | – | 12.5% |
3 Sep 1990 | Audience Selection | 38% | 45% | 6% | – | 7% |
1 Sep 1990 | Audience Selection | 32% | 45% | 15% | – | 13% |
25 Aug 1990 | ICM/Sunday Correspondent | 37% | 51% | 6% | – | 14% |
23 Aug 1990 | Harris/Observer | 38% | 46% | 10% | – | 8% |
20 Aug 1990 | MORI/Sunday Times | 35% | 50% | 10% | – | 15% |
13 Aug 1990 | NOP/Independent | 36% | 48% | 7% | – | 12% |
11 Aug 1990 | ICM/Guardian | 38% | 49% | 9% | – | 11% |
30 Jul 1990 | Audience Selection | 35% | 46% | 9% | – | 11% |
30 Jul 1990 | Gallup/Telegraph | 33.5% | 48% | 11.5% | – | 14.5% |
23 Jul 1990 | MORI/Sunday Times | 38% | 46% | 10% | – | 8% |
21 Jul 1990 | ICM/Sunday Correspondent | 36% | 52% | 7% | – | 16% |
19 Jul 1990 | Harris/Observer | 37% | 49% | 7% | – | 12% |
16 Jul 1990 | NOP/Independent | 37% | 50% | 7% | – | 13% |
7 Jul 1990 | ICM/Guardian | 35% | 51% | 8% | – | 16% |
2 Jul 1990 | Gallup/Telegraph | 36% | 47% | 9% | – | 11% |
2 Jul 1990 | Audience Selection | 39% | 44% | 7% | – | 5% |
23 Jun 1990 | ICM/Sunday Correspondent | 36% | 53% | 5% | – | 17% |
21 Jun 1990 | Harris/Observer | 37% | 48% | 8% | – | 11% |
18 Jun 1990 | NOP/Independent | 37% | 48% | 8% | – | 11% |
18 Jun 1990 | MORI/Sunday Times | 38% | 49% | 8% | – | 11% |
9 Jun 1990 | ICM/Guardian | 35% | 54% | 5% | – | 19% |
8 Jun 1990 | NMR/Independent on Sunday | 36% | 49% | 9% | – | 13% |
4 Jun 1990 | Gallup/Telegraph | 29.5% | 53% | 7.5% | 2.5% | 23.5% |
28 May 1990 | Audience Selection | 37% | 47% | 5% | 3% | 10% |
26 May 1990 | ICM/Sunday Correspondent | 36% | 50% | 5% | 1% | 14% |
24 May 1990 | Harris/Observer | 32% | 50% | 9% | 1% | 18% |
21 May 1990 | NOP/Independent | 34% | 49% | 8% | 2% | 15% |
21 May 1990 | MORI/Sunday Times | 35% | 48% | 8% | 4% | 13% |
12 May 1990 | ICM/Guardian | 32% | 50% | 8% | 4% | 18% |
4 May 1990 | NOP/Mail on Sunday | 34% | 47% | 8% | 3% | 13% |
30 Apr 1990 | Audience Selection | 32% | 49% | 6% | 4% | 17% |
30 Apr 1990 | Gallup/Telegraph | 32% | 47% | 7.5% | 4% | 15% |
28 Apr 1990 | NOP/Independent on Sunday | 31% | 51% | 7% | 3% | 20% |
28 Apr 1990 | ICM/Sunday Correspondent | 30% | 53% | 8% | 2% | 23% |
24 Apr 1990 | MORI/Sunday Times | 31% | 54% | 6% | 3% | 23% |
22 Apr 1990 | NOP/Independent | 29% | 54% | 7% | 3% | 25% |
19 Apr 1990 | Harris/Observer | 32% | 54% | 7% | 1% | 22% |
7 Apr 1990 | NMR/Independent on Sunday | 30% | 54% | 5% | 4% | 24% |
7 Apr 1990 | ICM/Guardian | 32% | 56% | 4% | 2% | 24% |
6 Apr 1990 | ICM/Sunday Correspondent | 32% | 54% | 5% | 2% | 22% |
2 Apr 1990 | Gallup/Telegraph | 28% | 52.5% | 7.5% | 3.5% | 24.5% |
26 Mar 1990 | Audience Selection | 30% | 51% | 6% | 3% | 21% |
24 Mar 1990 | NOP/Independent on Sunday | 33% | 52% | 6% | 3% | 19% |
23 Mar 1990 | ICM/Sunday Correspondent | 28% | 55% | 7% | 2% | 27% |
22 Mar 1990 | Harris/Observer | 29% | 57% | 6% | 3% | 28% |
20 Mar 1990 | MORI/Sunday Times | 31% | 54% | 6% | 2% | 23% |
12 Mar 1990 | NOP/Independent | 33% | 51% | 6% | 3% | 18% |
10 Mar 1990 | ICM/Guardian | 31% | 52% | 5% | 4% | 21% |
26 Feb 1990 | Gallup/Telegraph | 31% | 49.5% | 7% | 3.5% | 18.5% |
26 Feb 1990 | Audience Selection | 34% | 46% | 7% | 3% | 12% |
24 Feb 1990 | ICM/Sunday Correspondent | 33% | 52% | 6% | 3% | 19% |
22 Feb 1990 | Harris/Observer | 36% | 48% | 8% | 2% | 12% |
19 Feb 1990 | MORI/Sunday Times | 34% | 51% | 5% | 4% | 17% |
12 Feb 1990 | NOP/Independent | 36% | 48% | 6% | 3% | 12% |
10 Feb 1990 | ICM/Guardian | 36% | 51% | 5% | 3% | 15% |
29 Jan 1990 | Gallup/Telegraph | 32.5% | 48% | 8% | 3% | 15.5% |
29 Jan 1990 | Audience Selection | 38% | 47% | 5% | 4% | 9% |
27 Jan 1990 | ICM/Sunday Correspondent | 37% | 48% | 4% | 3% | 11% |
25 Jan 1990 | Harris/Observer | 36% | 49% | 6% | 2% | 13% |
22 Jan 1990 | MORI/Sunday Times | 36% | 48% | 5% | 3% | 12% |
18 Jan 1990 | Harris/Observer | 37% | 48% | 6% | 3% | 11% |
15 Jan 1990 | NOP/Independent | 40% | 44% | 7% | – | 4% |
13 Jan 1990 | ICM/Guardian | 38% | 47% | 5% | 3% | 9% |
8 Jan 1990 | Gallup/Telegraph | 35% | 45.5% | 7.5% | 3.5% | 10.5% |
1989
Survey end date | Pollster / Client | Con | Lab | Lib Dem | SDP | Lead |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
28 Dec 1989 | MORI/Sunday Times | 39% | 46% | 6% | 3% | 7% |
18 Dec 1989 | Audience Selection | 40% | 42% | 6% | 4% | 2% |
17 Dec 1989 | ICM/Sunday Correspondent | 38% | 49% | 4% | 3% | 11% |
14 Dec 1989 | Harris/Observer | 39% | 46% | 6% | 1% | 7% |
8 Dec 1989 | ICM/Guardian | 37% | 49% | 4% | 3% | 12% |
4 Dec 1989 | NOP | 38% | 45% | 7% | – | 7% |
4 Dec 1989 | Gallup/Telegraph | 37.5% | 43.5% | 9% | 3% | 6% |
27 Nov 1989 | MORI | 42% | 46% | 5% | 3% | 4% |
27 Nov 1989 | Audience Selection | 37% | 44% | 4% | 3% | 7% |
26 Nov 1989 | MORI/Sunday Times | 37% | 51% | 4% | 3% | 14% |
25 Nov 1989 | ICM/Sunday Correspondent | 38% | 48% | 3% | 4% | 10% |
23 Nov 1989 | Harris/Observer | 36% | 47% | 9% | 1% | 11% |
13 Nov 1989 | NOP | 34% | 46% | 9% | – | 12% |
11 Nov 1989 | ICM/Guardian | 36% | 49% | 6% | 3% | 13% |
31 Oct 1989 | Harris/BBC | 37% | 50% | 6% | 2% | 13% |
30 Oct 1989 | Audience Selection | 33% | 50% | 4% | 2% | 17% |
30 Oct 1989 | Gallup/Telegraph | 35% | 44% | 8% | 2.5% | 9% |
29 Oct 1989 | MORI/Sunday Times | 39% | 46% | 0% | – | 7% |
28 Oct 1989 | NOP/Mail on Sunday | 41% | 47% | 6% | – | 6% |
23 Oct 1989 | MORI /Sunday Times | 38% | 48% | 5% | 3% | 10% |
21 Oct 1989 | ICM/Sunday Correspondent | 35% | 50% | 4% | 3% | 15% |
19 Oct 1989 | Harris/Observer | 38% | 48% | 6% | 1% | 10% |
9 Oct 1989 | Gallup/Telegraph | 38% | 47.5% | 4.5% | 2.5% | 9.5% |
7 Oct 1989 | ICM/Guardian | 39% | 49% | 4% | 2% | 10% |
5 Oct 1989 | Harris/Observer | 38% | 49% | 5% | 2% | 11% |
4 Oct 1989 | NOP/Evening Standard | 37% | 46% | 5% | – | 9% |
3 Oct 1989 | ICM/PA | 37% | 45% | 4% | 3% | 8% |
3 Oct 1989 | Audience Selection | 37% | 39% | 6% | 3% | 2% |
2 Oct 1989 | Gallup/Telegraph | 35% | 41.5% | 8.5% | 5% | 6.5% |
28 Sep 1989 | Harris/Observer | 38% | 45% | 5% | 3% | 7% |
26 Sep 1989 | MORI/Sunday Times | 38% | 43% | 6% | 3% | 5% |
25 Sep 1989 | Gallup/Sunday Telegraph | 36.5% | 42% | 7.5% | 2% | 5.5% |
25 Sep 1989 | NOP/Mail on Sunday | 34% | 46% | 7% | – | 12% |
23 Sep 1989 | ICM/Sunday Correspondent | 39% | 45% | 4% | 2% | 6% |
20 Sep 1989 | Harris/Observer | 39% | 42% | 6% | 3% | 3% |
14 Sep 1989 | Harris/Observer | 37% | 45% | 6% | 3% | 8% |
9 Sep 1989 | ICM/Guardian | 36% | 46% | 7% | 4% | 10% |
4 Sep 1989 | Gallup/Telegraph | 36.5% | 43% | 6.5% | 3% | 6.5% |
4 Sep 1989 | NOP/Independent | 38% | 40% | 8% | 2% | 4% |
28 Aug 1989 | Audience Selection | 37% | 42% | 5% | 4% | 5% |
26 Aug 1989 | ICM/Sunday Correspondent | 38% | 46% | 6% | 3% | 8% |
24 Aug 1989 | Harris/Observer | 37% | 45% | 7% | 2% | 8% |
21 Aug 1989 | NOP | 40% | 41% | 7% | 1% | 1% |
21 Aug 1989 | MORI/Sunday Times | 40% | 45% | 4% | 3% | 5% |
12 Aug 1989 | ICM/Guardian | 36% | 44% | 6% | 3% | 8% |
31 Jul 1989 | Audience Selection | 38% | 41% | 4% | 5% | 3% |
26 Jul 1989 | MORI/Sunday Times | 36% | 45% | 4% | 4% | 9% |
20 Jul 1989 | Harris/Observer | 37% | 44% | 6% | 3% | 7% |
10 Jul 1989 | NOP | 36% | 42% | 7% | 2% | 6% |
8 Jul 1989 | ICM/Guardian | 38% | 42% | 5% | 4% | 4% |
7 Jul 1989 | Gallup/Telegraph | 34% | 44.5% | 5.5% | 4.5% | 10.5% |
3 Jul 1989 | Gallup/Telegraph | 34% | 47% | 6% | 3.5% | 13% |
3 Jul 1989 | Audience Selection | 35% | 43% | 4% | 3% | 8% |
27 Jun 1989 | MORI/Sunday Times | 37% | 47% | 4% | 3% | 10% |
22 Jun 1989 | Harris/Observer | 34% | 48% | 6% | 2% | 14% |
12 Jun 1989 | NOP | 40% | 42% | 8% | 4% | 2% |
10 Jun 1989 | ICM/Guardian | 38% | 42% | 8% | 4% | 4% |
10 Jun 1989 | MORI /Times | 39% | 44% | 7% | 4% | 5% |
5 Jun 1989 | Gallup/Telegraph | 36.5% | 43.5% | 8% | 3% | 7% |
29 May 1989 | Audience Selection | 41% | 45% | 6% | 4% | 4% |
23 May 1989 | Harris/Observer | 46% | 41% | 7% | 2% | 5% |
22 May 1989 | NOP | 42% | 41% | 8% | 3% | 1% |
22 May 1989 | MORI/Sunday Times | 41% | 43% | 7% | 4% | 2% |
13 May 1989 | ICM/Guardian | 43% | 43% | 8% | 3% | Tie |
1 May 1989 | Gallup/Telegraph | 40.5% | 37.5% | 10% | 7% | 3% |
30 Apr 1989 | Audience Selection | 42% | 38% | 7% | 9% | 4% |
24 Apr 1989 | NOP | 43% | 37% | 9% | 4% | 6% |
24 Apr 1989 | MORI/Sunday Times | 41% | 41% | 9% | 6% | Tie |
20 Apr 1989 | Harris/Observer | 42% | 39% | 11% | 4% | 3% |
8 Apr 1989 | ICM/Guardian | 44% | 40% | 7% | 6% | 4% |
3 Apr 1989 | Gallup/Telegraph | 37.5% | 40% | 10% | 8% | 2.5% |
27 Mar 1989 | MORI /Times | 43% | 39% | 8% | 6% | 4% |
23 Mar 1989 | Harris/Observer | 41% | 41% | 9% | 3% | Tie |
20 Mar 1989 | NOP | 42% | 37% | 0% | – | 5% |
19 Mar 1989 | MORI/Sunday Times | 41% | 40% | 9% | 6% | 1% |
19 Mar 1989 | MORI/Sunday Times | 44% | 40% | 6% | 6% | 4% |
13 Mar 1989 | ICM/Guardian | 41% | 39% | 8% | 7% | 2% |
5 Mar 1989 | MORI/BBC | 41% | 37% | 9% | 4% | 4% |
28 Feb 1989 | MORI | 42% | 41% | 8% | 4% | 1% |
28 Feb 1989 | MORI/Sunday Times | 42% | 39% | 9% | 7% | 3% |
27 Feb 1989 | Audience Selection | 44% | 35% | 7% | 11% | 9% |
27 Feb 1989 | Gallup/Telegraph | 37.5% | 37.5% | 11.5% | 8.5% | Tie |
23 Feb 1989 | Harris/Observer | 41% | 42% | 10% | 3% | 1% |
20 Feb 1989 | NOP | 41% | 37% | 11% | 4% | 4% |
20 Feb 1989 | Gallup/Sunday Telegraph | 39% | 39% | 11% | 5% | Tie |
13 Feb 1989 | Gallup/Telegraph | 40.5% | 39% | 11.5% | 4.5% | 1.5% |
11 Feb 1989 | ICM/Guardian | 42% | 39% | 7% | 7% | 3% |
30 Jan 1989 | MORI/Sunday Times | 47% | 36% | 8% | 5% | 11% |
30 Jan 1989 | Audience Selection | 44% | 39% | 8% | 5% | 5% |
29 Jan 1989 | Harris/BBC | 50% | 37% | 6% | – | 13% |
23 Jan 1989 | NOP | 46% | 34% | 10% | 3% | 12% |
19 Jan 1989 | Harris/Observer | 47% | 37% | 10% | 4% | 10% |
16 Jan 1989 | Gallup/Telegraph | 42.5% | 34% | 14% | 5.5% | 8.5% |
16 Jan 1989 | ICM/Guardian | 44% | 40% | 8% | 4% | 4% |
15 Jan 1989 | Harris/Channel 4 | 44% | 41% | 10% | – | 3% |
1988
Survey end date | Pollster / Client | Con | Lab | Lib Dem | SDP | Lead | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
31 Dec 1988 | Audience Selection | 45% | 37% | 8% | 6% | 8% | |
29 Dec 1988 | MORI/Sunday Times | 46% | 36% | 6% | 7% | 10% | |
12 Dec 1988 | Gallup/Telegraph | 43% | 32% | 13% | 6.5% | 11% | |
6 Dec 1988 | Marplan/Guardian | 45% | 39% | 8% | 4% | 6% | |
2 Dec 1988 | NOP | 41% | 36% | 11% | 4% | 5% | |
30 Nov 1988 | MORI/Sunday Times | 45% | 37% | 8% | 6% | 8% | |
30 Nov 1988 | MORI | 44% | 39% | 8% | 6% | 5% | |
28 Nov 1988 | Audience Selection | 40% | 39% | 9% | 6% | 1% | |
24 Nov 1988 | Harris/Observer | 44% | 39% | 9% | 3% | 5% | |
14 Nov 1988 | Gallup/Telegraph | 42.5% | 36% | 12.5% | 4.5% | 6.5% | |
7 Nov 1988 | NOP | 45% | 36% | 10% | 4% | 9% | |
7 Nov 1988 | Marplan/Guardian | 42% | 42% | 8% | 5% | Tie | |
31 Oct 1988 | MORI/Sunday Times | 44% | 39% | 8% | 6% | 5% | |
31 Oct 1988 | Audience Selection | 46% | 35% | 7% | 6% | 11% | |
24 Oct 1988 | Gallup/Telegraph | 45.5% | 34% | 12.5% | 5% | 11.5% | |
20 Oct 1988 | Harris/Observer | 49% | 40% | 7% | 2% | 9% | |
12 Oct 1988 | NOP | 46% | 36% | 9% | 4% | 10% | |
11 Oct 1988 | Marplan | 45% | 40% | 8% | 2% | 5% | |
11 Oct 1988 | Marplan/Guardian | 44% | 40% | 7% | 5% | 4% | |
10 Oct 1988 | MORI | 46% | 39% | 8% | 4% | 7% | |
29 Sep 1988 | Harris/TV-AM | 48% | 36% | 11% | 2% | 12% | |
26 Sep 1988 | MORI/Sunday Times | 44% | 39% | 8% | 6% | 5% | |
22 Sep 1988 | Harris/Observer | 47% | 38% | 8% | 5% | 9% | |
14 Sep 1988 | Marplan/Guardian | 44% | 42% | 9% | 3% | 2% | |
14 Sep 1988 | NOP | 46% | 38% | 8% | 3% | 8% | |
12 Sep 1988 | Audience Selection | 42% | 40% | 8% | 6% | 2% | |
12 Sep 1988 | Gallup/Telegraph | 43% | 36.5% | 12.5% | 5% | 6.5% | |
22 Aug 1988 | MORI/Sunday Times | 50% | 36% | 8% | 4% | 14% | |
15 Aug 1988 | Gallup/Telegraph | 45.5% | 33.5% | 10.5% | 6.5% | 12.5% | |
9 Aug 1988 | Marplan/Guardian | 45% | 41% | 7% | 4% | 4% | |
25 Jul 1988 | NOP | 46% | 36% | 10% | 4% | 10% | |
25 Jul 1988 | MORI/Sunday Times | 46% | 41% | 8% | 4% | 5% | |
21 Jul 1988 | Harris/Observer | 46% | 41% | 9% | 3% | 5% | |
18 Jul 1988 | Gallup/Telegraph | 41.5% | 39% | 9% | 7% | 2.5% | |
12 Jul 1988 | Marplan/Guardian | 45% | 43% | 6% | 4% | 2% | |
11 Jul 1988 | MORI | 48% | 38% | 7% | 5% | 10% | |
3 Jul 1988 | Harris/TV-AM | 47% | 38% | 9% | 3% | 9% | |
28 Jun 1988 | MORI/Sunday Times | 48% | 38% | 7% | 5% | 10% | |
28 Jun 1988 | Audience Selection | 45% | 38% | 8% | 5% | 7% | |
27 Jun 1988 | NOP | 49% | 34% | 10% | 4% | 15% | |
23 Jun 1988 | Harris/Observer | 48% | 36% | 9% | 3% | 12% | |
13 Jun 1988 | Gallup/Telegraph | 42% | 43% | 7% | 4% | 1% | |
11 Jun 1988 | MORI | 47% | 40% | 7% | 4% | 7% | |
7 Jun 1988 | Marplan/Guardian | 47% | 42% | 5% | 3% | 5% | |
4 Jun 1988 | Harris/TV-AM | 43% | 40% | 12% | 2% | 3% | |
1 Jun 1988 | MORI/Sunday Times | 44% | 40% | 7% | 6% | 4% | |
29 May 1988 | Audience Selection | 40% | 43% | 6% | 8% | 3% | |
23 May 1988 | NOP | 47% | 37% | 8% | 4% | 10% | |
19 May 1988 | Harris/Observer | 44% | 41% | 10% | 2% | 3% | |
16 May 1988 | Gallup/Telegraph | 45% | 36% | 8.5% | 6% | 9% | |
10 May 1988 | Marplan/Guardian | 44% | 42% | 7% | 4% | 1% | |
2 May 1988 | Harris/TV-AM | 43% | 38% | 11% | – | 5% | |
26 Apr 1988 | MORI/Sunday Times | 44% | 42% | 6% | 5% | 1% | |
21 Apr 1988 | Harris/Observer | 44% | 39% | 10% | 5% | 5% | |
18 Apr 1988 | Gallup/Telegraph | 40.5% | 41.5% | 11% | 4% | 1% | |
12 Apr 1988 | Marplan/Guardian | 43% | 42% | 8% | 5% | 1% | |
11 Apr 1988 | NOP | 45% | 36% | 15% | – | 9% | |
28 Mar 1988 | MORI/Sunday Times | 46% | 37% | 8% | 6% | 9% | |
24 Mar 1988 | Harris/Observer | 46% | 39% | 11% | 1% | 7% | |
21 Mar 1988 | Gallup/Telegraph | 42% | 36.5% | 13% | 6.5% | 5.5% | |
20 Mar 1988 | MORI | 46% | 39% | 6% | 7% | 7% | |
13 Mar 1988 | Audience Selection | 45% | 40% | 11% | – | 5% | |
8 Mar 1988 | Marplan/Guardian | 43% | 42% | 14% | – | 1% | |
3 Mar 1988 | The Liberal Party and the SDP merge to form the Liberal Democrats | ||||||
3 Mar 1988 | Harris/Observer | 47% | 36% | 12% | 2% | 11% | |
1 Mar 1988 | MORI/Sunday Times | 46% | 38% | 14% | – | 8% | |
29 Feb 1988 | Harris | 44% | 43% | 12% | – | 1% | |
15 Feb 1988 | Gallup/Telegraph | 46% | 36% | 15% | – | 10% | |
14 Feb 1988 | Audience Selection | 45% | 41% | 11% | – | 4% | |
9 Feb 1988 | Marplan/Guardian | 45% | 41% | 8% | 4% | 4% | |
8 Feb 1988 | NOP | 45% | 37% | 14% | – | 8% | |
26 Jan 1988 | MORI/Sunday Times | 50% | 36% | 12% | – | 14% | |
18 Jan 1988 | Gallup/Telegraph | 45.5% | 37% | 15% | – | 7.5% | |
11 Jan 1988 | NOP | 47% | 35% | 16% | – | 12% | |
11 Jan 1988 | Marplan/Guardian | 42% | 40% | 17% | – | 2% |
1987
Survey end date | Pollster / Client | Con | Lab | All | Lead |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
30 Dec 1987 | MORI/Sunday Times | 48% | 36% | 15% | 12% |
14 Dec 1987 | NOP | 47% | 35% | 15% | 12% |
8 Dec 1987 | Marplan/Guardian | 47% | 37% | 13% | 10% |
7 Dec 1987 | Gallup/Telegraph | 46.5% | 34.5% | 16% | 12% |
30 Nov 1987 | NOP | 49% | 34% | 15% | 15% |
25 Nov 1987 | MORI/Sunday Times | 50% | 38% | 11% | 12% |
16 Nov 1987 | Gallup/Telegraph | 46.5% | 33% | 17% | 13.5% |
3 Nov 1987 | NOP | 45% | 36% | 15% | 9% |
26 Oct 1987 | MORI/Sunday Times | 47% | 37% | 14% | 10% |
19 Oct 1987 | Gallup/Telegraph | 52% | 31.5% | 13.5% | 20.5% |
19 Oct 1987 | MORI/Sunday Times | 50% | 34% | 14% | 16% |
13 Oct 1987 | Marplan/Guardian | 45% | 39% | 13% | 6% |
30 Sep 1987 | MORI/Sunday Times | 49% | 36% | 12% | 13% |
28 Sep 1987 | NOP | 50% | 34% | 13% | 16% |
21 Sep 1987 | Gallup/Sunday Telegraph | 48% | 35.5% | 14% | 12.5% |
20 Sep 1987 | Harris/Observer | 47% | 35% | 16% | 12% |
7 Sep 1987 | Gallup/Telegraph | 44% | 33% | 20% | 11% |
3 Sep 1987 | NOP | 49% | 33% | 16% | 16% |
26 Aug 1987 | MORI/Sunday Times | 48% | 36% | 14% | 12% |
24 Aug 1987 | NOP | 48% | 33% | 17% | 15% |
17 Aug 1987 | Gallup/Telegraph | 45.5% | 35.5% | 17.5% | 10% |
28 Jul 1987 | MORI/Sunday Times | 49% | 33% | 17% | 16% |
16 Jul 1987 | Harris/Observer | 48% | 33% | 17% | 15% |
13 Jul 1987 | Gallup/Telegraph | 44.5% | 33% | 20.5% | 11.5% |
2 Jul 1987 | Harris/TV-AM | 42% | 36% | 20% | 6% |
1 Jul 1987 | MORI/Sunday Times | 49% | 31% | 17% | 18% |
29 Jun 1987 | NOP | 42% | 33% | 23% | 9% |
11 Jun 1987 | General Election results | 43.3% | 31.5% | 23.1% | 11.8% |
References
- "How did Labour lose in '92?: The most authoritative study of the last general election is published tomorrow. Here, its authors present their conclusions and explode the myths about the greatest upset since 1945". The Independent. 29 May 1994. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
- Firth, David. "Exit polling explained". University of Warwick, Statistics Department.
- "UK Polling Report". ukpollingreport.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-11-26.
- "General Election Results, 1992" (PDF).