Northern Paiute language

Northern Paiute /ˈpaɪuːt/,[3] endonym Numu,[4] also known as Paviotso, is a Western Numic language of the Uto-Aztecan family, which according to Marianne Mithun had around 500 fluent speakers in 1994.[5] Ethnologue reported the number of speakers in 1999 as 1,631.[6] It is closely related to the Mono language.

Northern Paiute
Native to	United States
Region	Nevada, California, Oregon, Idaho
Ethnicity	6,000 Northern Paiute and Bannock (1999)[1]
Native speakers	700 (2007)[1]
Language family	Uto-Aztecan Numic Western Numic Northern Paiute
Language codes
ISO 639-3	pao
Glottolog	nort2954
ELP	Northern Paiute[2]
Map showing the traditional geographic distribution of Northern Paiute and Mono

Phonology

Northern Paiute's phonology is highly variable, and its phonemes have many allophones.[7]

Consonants

	Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar		Glottal
				Plain	Lab.
Stop	p	t		k	kʷ	ʔ
Nasal	m	n		ŋ
Fricative		s				h
Affricate		ts	tʃ
Approximant	w		j

Vowels

Vowel chart of the Mono Lake dialect of Northern Paiute[8]

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i	ɨ	u
Open-Mid	e		ɔ
Open		a

Language revitalization

In 2005, the Northwest Indian Language Institute of the University of Oregon formed a partnership to teach Northern Paiute and Kiksht in the Warm Springs Indian Reservation schools.[9] In 2013, Washoe County, Nevada became the first school district in Nevada to offer Northern Paiute classes, offering an elective course in the language at Spanish Springs High School.[10] Classes have also been taught at Reed High School in Sparks, Nevada.[11]

Elder Ralph Burns of the Pyramid Lake Paiute Reservation worked with University of Nevada, Reno linguist Catherine Fowler to help develop a spelling system. The alphabet uses 19 letters. They have also developed "a language-learning book, “Numa Yadooape,” and a series of computer disks of language lessons.[11]

Morphology

Northern Paiute is an agglutinative language, in which words use suffix complexes for a variety of purposes with several morphemes strung together.

References

1. Northern Paiute at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
2. Endangered Languages Project data for Northern Paiute.
3. Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh
4. Leonard, Wesley Y.; Haynes, Erin (December 2010). "Making "collaboration" collaborative: An examination of perspectives that frame linguistic field research". Language Documentation & Conservation. 4: 269–293. ISSN 1934-5275.
5. Mithun (1999:541)
6. "Report on Northern Paiute". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2007-03-29.
7. Haynes, Erin Flynn (2010). "Phonetic and Phonological Acquisition in Endangered Languages Learned by Adults: A Case Study of Numu (Oregon Northern Paiute)". PhD dissertation, University of California, Berkeley
8. Babel, Molly; Houser, Michael J.; Toosarvandani, Maziar (2012), "Mono Lake Northern Paiute", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 42 (2): 240, doi:10.1017/S002510031100051X
9. Joanne B. Mulcahy (2005). "Warm Springs: A Convergence of Cultures" (Oregon History Project). Retrieved 2013-02-26.
10. Joe Hart (Director). "Nevada Proud: Students get a chance to learn native language in school". My News 4. KRNV, Reno, NV. Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
11. Vogel, Ed (2014-02-01). "Paiute elder rescues language near extinction". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 2014-02-26.

Bibliography

• Liljeblad, Sven, Catherine S. Fowler, & Glenda Powell. 2012. The Northern Paiute-Bannock Dictionary, with an English-Northern Paiute-Bannock Finder List and a Northern Paiute-Bannock-English Finder List. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. ISBN 978-1-60781-030-8
• Mithun, Marianne (1999). Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Snapp, Allen, John L. Anderson, and Joy Anderson. 1982. Northern Paiute. In Ronald W. Langacker, eds. Sketches in Uto-Aztecan grammar, III: Uto-Aztecan grammatical sketches. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics, 57(3) [The publication erroneously stated (56)3, but this has been amended in the PDF made available online by the publisher.] pp. 1–92.
• Thornes, Tim (2003). "A Northern Paiute Grammar with Texts". Ph.D. dissertation. University of Oregon-Eugene.

External links

• Northern Paiute page, with sound sample
• Northern Paiute language overview at the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
• Northern Paiute Indian Language (Paviotso, Bannock)
• Northern Paiute resources at the Open Language Archives Community
• Northern Paiute Language Project, University of California, Santa Cruz
• World Atlas of Language Structures: Northern Paiute
• OLAC resources in and about the Northern Paiute language