Classical Nahuatl

Classical Nahuatl (also known simply as Aztec or Nahuatl) is any of the variants of Nahuatl, spoken in the Valley of Mexico and central Mexico as a lingua franca at the time of the 16th-century Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire. During the subsequent centuries, it was largely displaced by Spanish and evolved into some of the modern Nahuan languages in use today (other modern dialects descend more directly from other 16th-century variants). Although classified as an extinct language,[1] Classical Nahuatl has survived through a multitude of written sources transcribed by Nahua peoples and Spaniards in the Latin script.

Classical Nahuatl
Nāhuatlahtōlli
Pronunciation[naːwat͡ɬaʔˈtoːɬːi]
Native toMexico
RegionAztec Empire
Erasplit into modern dialects by the 15th century
Language codes
ISO 639-3nci
Glottologclas1250

Classification

Classical Nahuatl is one of the Nahuan languages within the Uto-Aztecan family. It is classified as a central dialect and is most closely related to the modern dialects of Nahuatl spoken in the valley of Mexico in colonial and modern times. It is probable that the Classical Nahuatl documented by 16th- and 17th-century written sources represents a particularly prestigious sociolect. That is to say, the variety of Nahuatl recorded in these documents is most likely to be more particularly representative of the speech of Aztec nobles (pīpiltin), while the commoners (mācēhualtin) spoke a somewhat different variety.

Phonology

Vowels
Front Back
Close i, iː o, oː
Mid e, eː
Open a, aː

Consonants
Labial Dental Palatal Velar Glottal
central lateral plain labial
Nasal m n
Stop p t k kʷ ʔ
Fricative s ɬ ʃ
Affricate ts tɬ tʃ
Approximant l j w

Accent

Stress generally falls on the penultimate syllable. The one exception is the vocative case. When used by men it has the suffix -e, where stress falls on the final syllable, e.g. Cuāuhtliquetzqui (a name, meaning "Eagle Warrior"), but Cuāuhtliquetzqué "O Cuauhtliquetzqui!" When women use the vocative, the stress is shifted to the final syllable without adding any suffix. "Oquichtli" means "man", and "Oquichtlí" means "O man!"

Phonotactics

Maximally complex Nahuatl syllables are of the form CVC; that is, there can be at most one consonant at the beginning and end of every syllable. In contrast, English, for example, allows up to three consonants syllable-initially and up to four consonants to occur at the end of syllables (e.g. strengths) (ngths = /ŋkθs/). Consonant clusters are only allowed word-medially, Nahuatl uses processes of both epenthesis (usually of /i/) and deletion to deal with this constraint.

For such purposes, tl /tɬ/, like all other affricates, is treated as a single sound, and not all consonants can occur in both syllable-initial and syllable-final position.

Grammar
Main article: Classical Nahuatl grammar

Writing system
Main article: Nahuatl orthography

At the time of the Spanish conquest, Aztec writing used mostly pictograms supplemented with a few ideograms. When needed, it also used syllabic equivalences; Diego Durán recorded how the tlacuilos could render a prayer in Latin using this system but it was difficult to use. The writing system was adequate for keeping such records as genealogies, astronomical information, and tribute lists, but it could not represent a full vocabulary of spoken language in the way that the writing systems of the Old World or the Maya civilization's script could.

The Spanish introduced the Latin script, which was then used to record a large body of Aztec prose and poetry, which somewhat diminished the devastating loss caused by the burning of thousands of Aztec codices by the Spanish authorities.

On the Nahuatl edition of Wikipedia, the language is written in a Latin script, including four letters with macrons or long vowels: ā, ē, ī, ō. Many other foreign letters such as b or k are used only in foreign names, such as in Francitlān (France).

The orthography used there is outlined below:

a c ch cu e hu i l* m n o p qu t tl tz x y z ā ē ī ō ll* h*

Notes:

  • Letters above marked with an asterisk (*) have no capital forms except in foreign names.
  • Like in Spanish, /k/ is written as ⟨c⟩, except before ⟨i⟩ or ⟨e⟩ in which case ⟨qu⟩ is used. Likewise, /s/ is written as ⟨z⟩, except before ⟨i⟩ or ⟨e⟩, in which case ⟨c⟩ is used. However, /ts/ is always written as ⟨tz⟩.
    • The Classical Nahuatl /s/ was likely substantially different from the normal Spanish s of the time, a voiceless retracted apico-alveolar sibilant fricative /s̺/ (still the norm in modern northern Peninsular Spanish; the sound may be perceived by an English speaker as some sort of cross between /s/ and /ʃ/). It was far more similar to the normal Spanish z of that time period: /s̻/, a voiceless laminal alveolar sibilant fricative, like the typical English /s/. This would explain why ⟨z⟩ and ⟨c⟩ were used instead of ⟨s⟩ to write the sound.
  • ⟨x⟩ is used for the sh-sound /ʃ/, as in Early Modern Spanish.
  • ⟨cu⟩ and ⟨hu⟩, which represent /kʷ/ and /w/ respectively, are inverted to ⟨uc⟩ and ⟨uh⟩ at the end of a syllable.
    • The letter ⟨u⟩ is used only in digraphs, as the Nahuatl language lacks an /u/, distinct from /o/.
  • ⟨h⟩ represents a glottal stop, a sort of pause caused by constricting the throat, as in uh-oh.

Literature

Nahuatl literature is extensive (probably the most extensive of all Indigenous languages of the Americas), including a relatively large corpus of poetry (see also Nezahualcoyotl). The Huei tlamahuiçoltica is an early sample of literary Nahuatl.

A bilingual dictionary with Spanish was first published in 1611, Vocabulario manual de las lenguas castellana y mexicana and is "the most important and most frequently reprinted Spanish work on Nahuatl," according to the World Digital Library.[2]

Now, Classical Nahuatl is used by black metal groups of Mexico supporting indigenismo, such as Kukulcan, Tlateotocani and Comando de Exterminio.

See also

Notes
  1. "Ethnologue summary for Classical Nahuatl". Archived from the original on 2013-02-18. Retrieved 2006-06-09.
  2. "Manual Vocabulary of the Spanish and Mexican Languages: In Which are Contained the Words, Questions, and Answers Commonly and Usually Found in the Treatment and Communication Between Spaniards and Indians". World Digital Library. Retrieved 2013-05-23.

References
  • Arenas, Pedro de: Vocabulario manual de las lenguas castellana y mexicana. [1611] Reprint: México 1982
  • Carochi, Horacio: Arte de la lengua mexicana: con la declaración de los adverbios della. [1645] Reprint: Porrúa México 1983
  • Curl, John: Ancient American Poets. Tempe AZ: Bilingual Press, 2005.
  • Garibay, Angel Maria : Llave de Náhuatl. México 19??
  • Garibay, Angel María, Historia de la literatura náhuatl. México 1953
  • Garibay, Angel María, Poesía náhuatl. vol 1-3 México 1964
  • Humboldt, Wilhelm von (1767-1835): Mexicanische Grammatik. Paderborn/München 1994
  • Karttunen, Frances, An analytical dictionary of Nahuatl. Norman 1992
  • Karttunen, Frances, Nahuatl in the Middle Years: Language Contact Phenomena in Texts of the Colonial Period. Los Angeles 1976
  • Launey, Michel : Introduction à la langue et à la littérature aztèques. Paris 1980
  • Launey, Michel : Introducción a la lengua y a la literatura Náhuatl. UNAM, México 1992
  • León-Portilla, Ascensión H. de : Tepuztlahcuilolli, Impresos en Nahuatl: Historia y Bibliografia. Vol. 1-2. México 1988
  • León-Portilla, Miguel : Literaturas Indígenas de México. Madrid 1992
  • Lockhart, James (ed): We people here. Nahuatl Accounts of the conquest of Mexico. Los Angeles 1993
  • Molina, Fray Alonso de: Vocabulario en Lengua Castellana y Mexicana y Mexicana y Castellana . [1555] Reprint: Porrúa México 1992
  • Olmos, Fray Andrés de: Arte de la lengua mexicana concluído en el convento de San Andrés de Ueytlalpan, en la provincia de Totonacapan que es en la Nueva España. [1547] Reprint: México 1993
  • Rincón, Antonio del : Arte mexicana compuesta por el padre Antonio del Rincón. [1595] Reprint: México 1885
  • Sahagún, Fray Bernardino de (1499-1590): Florentine Codex. General History of the Things of New Spain (Historia General de las Cosas de la Nueva España). Eds Charles Dibble/Arthr Anderson, vol I-XII Santa Fe 1950-71
  • Siméon, Rémi: Dictionnaire de la Langue Nahuatl ou Mexicaine. [Paris 1885] Reprint: Graz 1963
  • Siméon, Rémi: Diccionario dße la Lengua Nahuatl o Mexicana. [Paris 1885] Reprint: México 2001
  • Sullivan, Thelma D. : Compendium of Nahuatl Grammar. Salt Lake City 1988
  • The Nahua Newsletter: edited by the Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies of the Indiana University (Chief Editor Alan Sandstrom)
  • Estudios de Cultura Nahuatl: special interest-yearbook of the Instituto de Investigaciones Historicas (IIH) of the Universidad Autonoma de México (UNAM), Ed.: Miguel Leon Portilla

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