My Sweet Lord

"My Sweet Lord" is a song by English musician George Harrison, released in November 1970 on his triple album All Things Must Pass. It was also released as a single, Harrison's first as a solo artist, and topped charts worldwide; it was the biggest-selling single of 1971 in the UK. In America and Britain, the song was the first number-one single by an ex-Beatle. Harrison originally gave the song to his fellow Apple Records artist Billy Preston to record; this version, which Harrison co-produced, appeared on Preston's Encouraging Words album in September 1970.

This article is about the song. For other uses, see My Sweet Lord (disambiguation).

"My Sweet Lord"
Single by George Harrison
from the album All Things Must Pass
A-side"Isn't It a Pity" (US)
(double A-side)
B-side"What Is Life" (UK)
Released23 November 1970 (US)
15 January 1971 (UK)
GenreFolk rock, gospel
Length4:39
LabelApple
Songwriter(s)George Harrison
Producer(s)George Harrison, Phil Spector
George Harrison singles chronology
"My Sweet Lord"
(1970)		 "What Is Life"
(1971)
George Harrison singles chronology
"Cheer Down"
(1989)		 "My Sweet Lord"
(2002)		 "Stuck Inside a Cloud"
(2002)
All Things Must Pass track listing
23 tracks
Side one
  1. "I'd Have You Anytime"
  2. "My Sweet Lord"
  3. "Wah-Wah"
  4. "Isn't It a Pity"
Side two
  1. "What Is Life"
  2. "If Not for You"
  3. "Behind That Locked Door"
  4. "Let It Down"
  5. "Run of the Mill"
Side three
  1. "Beware of Darkness"
  2. "Apple Scruffs"
  3. "Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp (Let It Roll)"
  4. "Awaiting on You All"
  5. "All Things Must Pass"
Side four
  1. "I Dig Love"
  2. "Art of Dying"
  3. "Isn't It a Pity (Version Two)"
  4. "Hear Me Lord"
Side five
  1. "Out of the Blue"
  2. "It's Johnny's Birthday"
  3. "Plug Me In"
Side six
  1. "I Remember Jeep"
  2. "Thanks for the Pepperoni"
Alternative cover
2002 reissue cover

Harrison wrote "My Sweet Lord" in praise of the Hindu god Krishna,[1] while intending the lyrics as a call to abandon religious sectarianism through his blending of the Hebrew word hallelujah with chants of "Hare Krishna" and Vedic prayer.[2] The recording features producer Phil Spector's Wall of Sound treatment and heralded the arrival of Harrison's slide guitar technique, which one biographer described as "musically as distinctive a signature as the mark of Zorro".[3] Preston, Ringo Starr, Eric Clapton, and the group Badfinger are among the other musicians on the recording.

Later in the 1970s, "My Sweet Lord" was at the centre of a heavily publicised copyright infringement suit due to its similarity to the Ronnie Mack song "He's So Fine", a 1963 hit for the New York girl group the Chiffons. In 1976, Harrison was found to have subconsciously plagiarised the song, a verdict that had repercussions throughout the music industry. Rather than the Chiffons song, he said he used the out-of-copyright Christian hymn "Oh Happy Day" as his inspiration for the melody.

Harrison performed "My Sweet Lord" at the Concert for Bangladesh in August 1971, and it remains the most popular composition from his post-Beatles career. He reworked it as "My Sweet Lord (2000)" for inclusion as a bonus track on the 30th anniversary reissue of All Things Must Pass. Many artists have covered the song, including Andy Williams, Peggy Lee, Edwin Starr, Johnny Mathis, Nina Simone, Julio Iglesias, Richie Havens, Megadeth, Boy George, Elton John, Jim James, Bonnie Bramlett and Elliott Smith. "My Sweet Lord" was ranked 460th on Rolling Stone's list of "the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time" in 2004 and number 270 on a similar list published by the NME in 2014. That same year, "My Sweet Lord" was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. It reached number one in Britain again when re-released in January 2002, two months after Harrison's death.

Background and inspiration

George Harrison began writing "My Sweet Lord" in December 1969, when he, Billy Preston and Eric Clapton were in Copenhagen, Denmark,[3][4] as guest artists on Delaney & Bonnie's European tour.[5][6] By this time, Harrison had already written the gospel-influenced "Hear Me Lord" and, with Preston, the African-American spiritual "Sing One for the Lord".[7] He had also produced two religious-themed hit singles on the Beatles' Apple record label: Preston's "That's the Way God Planned It" and Radha Krishna Temple (London)'s "Hare Krishna Mantra".[5][8] The latter was a musical adaptation of the 5000-year-old Vaishnava Hindu mantra, performed by members of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), colloquially known as "the Hare Krishna movement".[9][10] Harrison now wanted to fuse the messages of the Christian and Gaudiya Vaishnava faiths[11] into what musical biographer Simon Leng terms "gospel incantation with a Vedic chant".[4]

The Copenhagen stopover marked the end of the Delaney & Bonnie tour, with a three-night residency at the Falkoner Theatre on 10–12 December.[12] According to Harrison's 1976 court testimony, "My Sweet Lord" was conceived while the band members were attending a backstage press conference and he had ducked out to an upstairs room at the theatre.[13] Harrison recalled vamping chords on guitar and alternating between sung phrases of "hallelujah" and "Hare Krishna".[14][15] He later took the idea to the others, and the chorus vocals were developed further.[13]

Band leader Delaney Bramlett's later version of events is that the idea originated from Harrison asking him how to go about writing a genuine gospel song,[6] and that Bramlett demonstrated by scat singing the words "Oh my Lord" while wife Bonnie and singer Rita Coolidge added gospel "hallelujah"s in reply.[16] Music journalist John Harris has questioned the accuracy of Bramlett's account, however, comparing it to a fisherman's "It was this big"-type bragging story.[6] Preston recalled that "My Sweet Lord" came about through Harrison asking him about writing gospel songs during the tour. Preston said he played some chords on a backstage piano and the Bramletts began singing "Oh my Lord" and "Hallelujah". According to Preston: "George took it from there and wrote the verses. It was very impromptu. We never thought it would be a hit."[17]

Using as his inspiration the Edwin Hawkins Singers' rendition of an eighteenth-century Christian hymn, "Oh Happy Day",[3][18] Harrison continued working on the theme.[19] He completed the song, with help from Preston, once they had returned to London.[14][15]

Composition

The lyrics of "My Sweet Lord" reflect Harrison's often-stated desire for a direct relationship with God, expressed in simple words that all believers could affirm, regardless of their religion.[20][21] He later attributed the song's message to Swami Vivekananda, particularly the latter's teaching: "If there's a God, we must see him. And if there is a soul, we must perceive it."[22] Author Ian Inglis observes a degree of "understandable" impatience in the first verse's line, "Really want to see you, Lord, but it takes so long, my Lord".[20] By the end of the song's second verse, Harrison declares a wish to "know" God also[23][24] and attempts to reconcile the impatience.[20]

Following this verse, in response to the main vocal's repetition of the song title, Harrison devised a choral line singing the Hebrew word of praise, "hallelujah", common in the Christian and Jewish religions.[18] Later in the song, after an instrumental break, these voices return, now chanting the first twelve words of the Hare Krishna mantra, known more reverentially as the Maha mantra:[9][18]

Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna
Krishna Krishna, Hare Hare
Hare Rama, Hare Rama

"My Sweet Lord" has got a mantra in there and mantras are – well, they call it a mystical sound vibration encased in the syllable ... Once I chanted it for like three days non-stop, driving through Europe, and you just get hypnotised ...[25]

– George Harrison

These Sanskrit words are the main mantra of the Hare Krishna faith, with which Harrison identified,[5][26][27] although he did not belong to any spiritual organisation.[28][29] In his 1980 autobiography, I, Me, Mine, Harrison says that he intended repeating and alternating "hallelujah" and "Hare Krishna" to show that the two terms meant "quite the same thing", as well as to have listeners chanting the mantra "before they knew what was going on!"[19]

Following the Sanskrit lines, "hallelujah" is sung twice more before the mantra repeats,[30] along with an ancient Vedic prayer.[23] According to Hindu tradition, this prayer is dedicated to a devotee's spiritual teacher, or guru, and equates the teacher to the divine Trimurti – Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva (or Maheshvara) – and to the Godhead, Brahman.[31]

Gurur Brahmā, gurur Viṣṇur
gurur devo Maheśvaraḥ
gurus sākṣāt, paraṃ Brahma
tasmai śrī gurave namaḥ.

Religious academic Joshua Greene, one of the Radha Krishna Temple devotees in 1970, translates the lines as follows: "I offer homage to my guru, who is as great as the creator Brahma, the maintainer Vishnu, the destroyer Shiva, and who is the very energy of God."[32] The prayer is the third verse of the Guru Stotram, a fourteen-verse hymn in praise of Hindu spiritual teachers.[33][nb 1]

Several commentators cite the mantra and the simplicity of Harrison's lyrics as central to the song's universality.[20][35] In Inglis's view, "[The] lyrics are not directed at a specific manifestation of a single faith's deity, but rather to the concept of one god whose essential nature is unaffected by particular interpretations and who pervades everything, is present everywhere, is all-knowing and all-powerful, and transcends time and space ... All of us – Christian, Hindu, Muslim, Jew, Buddhist – can address our gods in the same way, using the same phrase ['my sweet Lord']."[20]

Billy Preston's version
"My Sweet Lord"
Single by Billy Preston
from the album Encouraging Words
B-side"Little Girl"
Released3 December 1970
GenreSoul, gospel
Length3:21
LabelApple
Songwriter(s)George Harrison
Producer(s)George Harrison, Billy Preston
Billy Preston singles chronology
"All That I've Got (I'm Gonna Give It to You)"
(1970)		 "My Sweet Lord"
(1970)		 "I Wrote a Simple Song"
(1971)

With the Beatles still together officially in December 1969, Harrison had no plans to make a solo album of his own and reportedly intended to offer "My Sweet Lord" to Edwin Hawkins.[36][37] Instead, following the Delaney & Bonnie tour, he decided to record it with Billy Preston,[3] for whom Harrison was co-producing a second Apple album, Encouraging Words.[38][39] Recording took place at Olympic Studios in London, in January 1970,[7] with Preston as principal musician,[15] supported by the guitarist, bass player and drummer from the Temptations' backing band.[11] The Edwin Hawkins Singers happened to be on tour in the UK as well, so Harrison invited them to participate.[11][36][nb 2]

Preston's version of "My Sweet Lord" differs from Harrison's later reading in that the "hallelujah" refrain appears from the start of the song and, rather than the full mantra section, the words "Hare Krishna" are sung only twice throughout the whole track.[11] With the Vedic prayer also absent, Leng views this original recording as a possible "definitive 'roots' take'" of the song, citing its "pure gospel groove" and Hawkins' participation.[4] In his review of Encouraging Words, Bruce Eder of AllMusic describes "My Sweet Lord" and "All Things Must Pass" (another Harrison composition originally given to Preston to record)[40] as "stunning gospel numbers ... that make the Harrison versions seem pallid".[41]

Preston's "My Sweet Lord" was a minor hit in Europe when issued as a single there in September 1970,[40] but otherwise, Encouraging Words made little impression commercially.[41][42] The album and single releases were delayed for at least two months in the United States. There, "My Sweet Lord" climbed to number 90 on the Billboard Hot 100 by the end of February 1971,[43] helped by the enormous success of Harrison's version.[44] Preston's single also peaked at number 23 on Billboard's Best Selling Soul Singles chart.[45] In March 1971, he recorded a live version with King Curtis that was released in 2006 on the expanded edition of Curtis's album Live at Fillmore West.[46]

Recording

Five months after the Olympic session, with the Beatles having broken up, "My Sweet Lord" was one of 30 or more tracks that Harrison recorded for his All Things Must Pass triple album.[47] He was initially reluctant to record the song, for fear of committing himself to such an overt religious message.[48][49] In I, Me, Mine, he states: "I was sticking my neck out on the chopping block because now I would have to live up to something, but at the same time I thought 'Nobody's saying it; I wish somebody else was doing it.'"[19]

Abbey Road Studios, where Harrison recorded "My Sweet Lord"

Principal recording took place at Abbey Road Studios in London, with Phil Spector co-producing the sessions.[50] The line-up of musicians on the track has been hard to ascertain due to conflicting recollections.[48] Harrison said that the musicians included "about five" acoustic guitarists, Ringo Starr and Jim Gordon on drums,[36] two piano players and a bassist.[51] He recalled working hard with the other acoustic guitarists "to get them all to play exactly the same rhythm so it just sounded perfectly in sync".[51] Preston again played on the recording, along with Clapton, Gary Wright (on piano), Klaus Voormann (on bass) and all four members of Badfinger (on acoustic guitars and tambourine).[48][52]

Drummer Alan White once claimed he played on "My Sweet Lord" with Carl Radle on bass and Starr on tambourine,[48] and with John Lennon among the rhythm guitarists.[36] Leng lists John Barham as the probable harmonium player;[52] Beatles historian Bruce Spizer says that Peter Frampton may have added acoustic guitar after the main session.[48][nb 3] The chorus vocals were all sung by Harrison and credited to "the George O'Hara-Smith Singers".[55][nb 4] These contributions, together with Harrison's slide guitar parts and Barham's orchestral arrangement, were overdubbed during the next two months,[58] partly at Trident Studios in central London.[36] Harrison experimented with several harmony ideas in his guitar parts,[59] having first applied himself to mastering slide during the 1969 Delaney & Bonnie tour.[60]

"My Sweet Lord" must have taken about twelve hours to overdub the guitar solos. He must have had that in triplicate, six-part harmony, before we decided on two-part harmony. Perfectionist is not the word ... He was beyond that. He just had to have it so right. He would try and try and experiment upon experiment ... He'd do the same with the background vocals.[58]

– Phil Spector on Harrison's dedication to overdubs on the initial recording

Leng describes the completed recording as a "painstakingly crafted tableau" of sound, beginning with a bank of "chiming" acoustic guitars and the "flourish" of zither strings that introduces Harrison's slide-guitar motif.[61] At close to the two-minute mark, after the tension-building bridge, a subtle two-semitone shift in key (from E major to the rarely used key of F♯ major, via a C♯ dominant seventh chord) signals the song's release from its extended introduction.[62] This higher register is then complemented by Harrison's "increasingly impassioned" vocal, according to Inglis, and the subsequent "timely reappearance" of his twin slide guitars,[20] before the backing vocals switch to the Sanskrit mantra and prayer.[30] Leng comments on the Indian music aspects of the production, in the "swarmandal-like" zithers, representing the sympathetic strings of a sitar, and the slide guitars' evocation of sarangi, dilruba and other string instruments.[63] In an interview for Martin Scorsese's 2011 documentary George Harrison: Living in the Material World, Spector recalls that he liked the results so much, he insisted that "My Sweet Lord" be the lead single from the album.[49]

This rock version of the song was markedly different from the "Oh Happy Day"-inspired gospel arrangement in musical and structural terms,[7] aligning Harrison's composition with pop music conventions, but also drawing out the similarities of its melody line with that of the Chiffons' 1963 hit "He's So Fine".[3] Spizer writes that this was due to Harrison being "so focused on the feel of his record",[64] while Record Collector editor Peter Doggett wrote in 2001 that, despite Harrison's inspiration for "My Sweet Lord" having come from "Oh Happy Day", "in the hands of producer and arranger Phil Spector, it came out as a carbon copy of the Chiffons' [song]".[65] Chip Madinger and Mark Easter rue that Spector, as "master of all that was 'girl-group' during the early '60s", failed to recognise the similarities.[36]

Release

Before arriving in New York on 28 October to carry out mastering on All Things Must Pass, Harrison had announced that no single would be issued – so as not to "detract from the impact" of the album.[66] Apple's US executive, Allan Steckler, surprised him by insisting that not only should Harrison abandon thoughts of paring down his new material into a single LP, but there were three sure-fire hit singles: "My Sweet Lord", "Isn't It a Pity" and "What Is Life".[67] Spector said that he had to "fight" Harrison and the latter's manager, Allen Klein, to ensure that "My Sweet Lord" was issued as the single.[49] Film director Howard Worth recalls a preliminary finance meeting for the Raga documentary (for which Harrison would provide emergency funding through Apple Films)[68] that began with the ex-Beatle asking him to listen to a selection of songs and pick his favourite, which was "My Sweet Lord".[69] The song was selected even though Preston's version was already scheduled for release as a single in America the following month.[48]

Harrison was opposed to the release but relented to Apple's wishes.[70] "My Sweet Lord" was issued as the album's lead single around the world, but not in Britain;[49] the release date was 23 November 1970 in the United States.[71] The mix of the song differed from that found on All Things Must Pass by featuring less echo and a slightly altered backing-vocal track.[36][48] Both sides of the North American picture sleeve consisted of a Barry Feinstein photo of Harrison taken through a window at his recently purchased Friar Park home, with some of the estate's trees reflected in the glass.[64] Released as a double A-side with "Isn't It a Pity", with Apple catalogue number 2995 in America, both sides of the disc featured a full Apple label.[64]

Public demand via constant airplay in Britain led to a belated UK release,[72] on 15 January 1971.[73] There, as Apple R 5884, the single was backed by "What Is Life", a song that Apple soon released elsewhere internationally as the follow-up to "My Sweet Lord".[74]

Impact and commercial performance

Harrison's version of "My Sweet Lord" was an international number 1 hit by the end of 1970 and through the early months of 1971.[75] It was the first solo single by a Beatle to reach the top,[76] and the biggest seller by any of the four throughout the 1970s.[77][78] Without the support of any concert appearances or promotional interviews by Harrison, the single's commercial success was due to its impact on radio,[37] where, Harrison biographer Gary Tillery writes, the song "rolled across the airwaves like a juggernaut, with commanding presence, much the way Dylan's 'Like a Rolling Stone' had arrived in the mid-sixties".[79] Elton John recalled first hearing "My Sweet Lord" in a taxi and named it as the last of the era's great singles: "I thought, 'Oh my God,' and I got chills. You know when a record starts on the radio, and it's great, and you think, 'Oh, what is this, what is this, what is this?' The only other record I ever felt that way about [afterwards] was 'Brown Sugar' ..."[80]

Writing for Rolling Stone in 2002, Mikal Gilmore said "My Sweet Lord" was "as pervasive on radio and in youth consciousness as anything the Beatles had produced".[81] The release coincided with a period when religion and spirituality had become a craze among Western youth, as songs by Radha Krishna Temple and adaptations of the Christian hymns "Oh Happy Day" and "Amazing Grace" were all worldwide hits,[82] even as church attendance continued to decline.[76][nb 5] Harrison's song popularised the Hare Krishna mantra internationally,[84] further to the impact of the Radha Krishna Temple's 1969 recording.[26] In response to the heavy radio play, letters poured into the London temple from around the world, thanking Harrison for his religious message in "My Sweet Lord".[85][nb 6]

The single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America on 14 December 1970 for sales of over 1 million copies.[37][87] It reached number 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 on 26 December,[88] remaining on top for four weeks, three of which coincided with All Things Must Pass's seven-week run atop the Billboard albums chart.[89][90] While Billboard recognised both sides of the single in the US,[91] only "Isn't It a Pity" was listed when the record topped Canada's RPM 100 chart.[92]

In Britain, "My Sweet Lord" entered the charts at number 7, before hitting number 1 on 30 January[93] and staying there for five weeks.[94] It was the biggest-selling single of 1971 in the UK[95][96] and performed similarly well around the world,[55] particularly in France and Germany, where it held the top spot for nine and ten weeks, respectively.[97] In his 2001 appraisal of Harrison's Apple recordings, for Record Collector, Doggett described Harrison as "arguably the most successful rock star on the planet" over this period, adding: "'My Sweet Lord' and All Things Must Pass topped charts all over the world, easily outstripping other solo Beatles projects later in the year, such as Ram and Imagine."[75]

The single's worldwide sales amounted to 5 million copies by 1978, making it one of the best-selling singles of all time.[97] By 2010, according to Inglis, "My Sweet Lord" had sold over 10 million copies.[98] The song returned to the number 1 position again in the UK when reissued in January 2002, two months after Harrison's death from cancer at the age of 58.[94]

Contemporary critical reception
An affirmation of independence ... All Things Must Pass was an unconditional triumph for Harrison ... "My Sweet Lord" was everything that people wanted to hear in November 1970: shimmering harmonies, lustrous acoustic guitars, a solid Ringo Starr backbeat, and an exquisite [Harrison] guitar solo.[35]

– Author Peter Lavezzoli, The Dawn of Indian Music in the West

Reviewing the single for Rolling Stone, Jon Landau called the track "sensational".[99] Billboard's reviewer described the record as "a powerhouse two-sided winner", saying that "My Sweet Lord" had the "potent feel and flavor of another 'Oh Happy Day'", with powerful lyrics and an "infectious rhythm".[100] Ben Gerson of Rolling Stone commented that the substituting of Harrison's "Hare Krishna" refrain for the trivial "Doo-lang, doo-lang, doo-lang"s of "He's So Fine" was "a sign of the times"[101] and recognised Harrison as "perhaps the premier studio musician among rock band guitarists".[76][nb 7] In his December 1970 album review for NME, Alan Smith bemoaned the apparent lack of a UK single release for "My Sweet Lord". Smith said the song "seems to owe something" to "He's So Fine",[102][103] and Gerson called it an "obvious re-write".[101]

Led by the single, the album encouraged widespread recognition of Harrison as a solo artist and revised views of the nature of the Beatles' creative leadership.[99] Among these writers,[104] Don Heckman of The New York Times predicted that "My Sweet Lord" / "Isn't It a Pity" would soon top the US charts and credited Harrison with having "generated some of the major changes in the style and substance of the Beatles" through his championing of Indian music and Eastern religion.[105]

In a January 1971 review for NME, Derek Johnson expressed surprise at Apple's delay in releasing the single in the UK, and stated: "In my opinion, this record – finally and irrevocably – establishes George as a talent equivalent to either Lennon or McCartney."[103] David Hughes of Disc and Music Echo said he had run out of superlatives to describe the two sides. He deemed "My Sweet Lord" "the most instant and the most commercial" track on All Things Must Pass, adding that the single release was long overdue and a solution for those put off by the high price of the triple LP. Hughes also wrote: "A great rhythm is set up and then comes that superb steel guitar with which he's so fallen in love ... [The track] does sound like the old Chiffons' song 'He's So Fine', but that's not a knock, just a cocky observation."[106]

At the end of 1971, "My Sweet Lord" topped the Melody Maker reader's polls for both "Single of the Year" and "World's Single of the Year".[107] In the US publication Record World, the song was also voted best single and Harrison was named as "Top Male Vocalist of 1971".[96] In June 1972, Harrison won two Ivor Novello songwriter's awards for "My Sweet Lord".[108]

Initial action

On 10 February 1971, Bright Tunes filed suit against Harrison and associated organisations (including Harrisongs, Apple Records and BMI), alleging copyright infringement of the late Ronnie Mack's song "He's So Fine".[15] In I Me Mine, Harrison admits to having thought "Why didn't I realise?" when others started pointing out the similarity between the two songs.[19] By June that year, country singer Jody Miller had released a cover of "He's So Fine" incorporating Harrison's "My Sweet Lord" slide-guitar riffs,[109] thereby "really putting the screws in" from Harrison's point of view.[110] At this time, Bright Tunes were themselves the subject of litigation, as Mack's mother had sued the company over non-payment of royalties.[111] Allen Klein entered into negotiations with Bright Tunes, offering to buy its entire catalogue, but no settlement could be reached before the company was forced into receivership.[15]

Musicologist Dominic Pedler writes that both songs have a three-syllable title refrain followed by a 5-3-2 descent of the major scale in the tonic key (E major for "My Sweet Lord" and G major for "He's So Fine"); respective tempos are similar: 121 and 145 beats per minute.[112] In the respective B sections ("I really want to see you" and "I dunno how I'm gonna do it"), there is a similar ascent through 5-6-8, but the Chiffons distinctively retain the G tonic for four bars and, on the repeat of the motif, uniquely go to an A-note 9th embellishment over the first syllable of "gonna".[62] Harrison, on the other hand, introduces the more complex harmony of a relative minor (C#m), as well as the fundamental and distinctly original slide-guitar motif.[62]

While the case was on hold, Harrison and his former bandmates Lennon and Starr chose to sever ties with Klein at the end of March 1973 – an acrimonious split that led to further lawsuits for the three ex-Beatles.[113] Bright Tunes and Harrison later resumed their negotiations. His final offer of 40 per cent of "My Sweet Lord"'s US composer's and publisher's royalties, along with a stipulation that he retain copyright for his song, was viewed as a "good one" by Bright's legal representation, yet the offer was rejected.[110] It later transpired that Klein had renewed his efforts to purchase the ailing company, now solely for himself, and to that end was supplying Bright Tunes with insider details regarding "My Sweet Lord"'s sales figures and copyright value.[15][114]

According to journalist Bob Woffinden, writing in 1981, the case would most likely have been settled privately, as so many had been in the past, had Mack still been alive and had "personal ownership of the copyright" been a factor.[115] In the build-up to the case going to court, the Chiffons recorded a version of "My Sweet Lord" in 1975, with the aim of drawing attention to the lawsuit.[109] Author Alan Clayson has described the plagiarism suit as "the most notorious civil action of the decade",[116] saying that the "extremity" of the proceedings were provoked by a combination of the commercial success of Harrison's single and the intervention of "litigation-loving Mr Klein".[111]

Court hearing and ruling

Bright Tunes Music v. Harrisongs Music went to the United States district court on 23 February 1976, to hear evidence on the allegation of plagiarism.[15][114] Harrison attended the proceedings in New York, with a guitar, and each side called musical experts to support its argument.[109] Harrison's counsel contended that he had drawn inspiration from "Oh Happy Day" and that Mack's composition was also derived from that hymn. The judge presiding was Richard Owen, a classical musician and composer of operas in his spare time.[117]

After reconvening in September 1976, the court found that Harrison had subconsciously copied "He's So Fine", since he admitted to having been aware of the Chiffons' recording.[118] Owen said in his conclusion to the proceedings:[119]

Did Harrison deliberately use the music of "He's So Fine"? I do not believe he did so deliberately. Nevertheless, it is clear that "My Sweet Lord" is the very same song as "He's So Fine" with different words, and Harrison had access to "He's So Fine". This is, under the law, infringement of copyright, and is no less so even though subconsciously accomplished.

Damages and litigation

With liability established, the court recommended an amount for the damages to be paid by Harrison and Apple to Bright Tunes, which Owen totalled at $1,599,987.[120] This figure amounted to three-quarters of the royalty revenue raised in North America from "My Sweet Lord", as well as a significant proportion of that from the All Things Must Pass album.[15] Some observers have considered this unreasonable and unduly harsh,[121] since it underplayed the unique elements of Harrison's recording – the universal spiritual message of its lyrics, the signature guitar hook, and its production – and ignored the acclaim his album received in its own right.[15][122][nb 8] The award factored in the royalty revenue raised from "My Sweet Lord"'s inclusion on the recent Best of George Harrison compilation, though at a more moderate percentage than for the 1970 album.[15] In the UK, the corresponding damages suit, brought by Peter Maurice Music, was swiftly settled out of court in July 1977.[111]

During the drawn-out damages portion of the US suit, events played into Harrison's hands when Klein's ABKCO Industries purchased the copyright to "He's So Fine", and with it all litigation claims,[121] after which Klein proceeded to negotiate sale of the song to Harrison.[15] On 19 February 1981, the court decided that, due to Klein's duplicity in the case, Harrison would only have to pay ABKCO $587,000 instead of the $1.6 million award and would also receive the rights to "He's So Fine" – $587,000 being the amount Klein had paid Bright Tunes for the song in 1978.[15][120] The court ruled that Klein's actions had been in breach of the fiduciary duty owed to Harrison, a duty that continued "even after the principal–agent relationship ended".[15]

The litigation continued through to the early 1990s, as the finer points of the settlement were decided. In his 1993 essay on Bright Tunes v. Harrisongs, Joseph Self describes it as "without question, one of the longest running legal battles ever to be litigated in [the United States]".[15] Music journalist David Cavanagh termed it "the most absurd legal black comedy in the annals of rock".[124] Matters were concluded in March 1998.[64] Harrison retained the rights for both songs in the UK and North America, and Klein was awarded the rights elsewhere in the world.[46]

Reaction

The ruling set new legal precedents and was a personal blow for Harrison, who said he was too "paranoid" to write anything new for some time afterwards.[125][126][nb 9] Early reaction in the music industry saw Little Richard claim for breach of copyright in a track recorded by the Beatles in 1964 for the Beatles for Sale album,[109] as well as Ringo Starr credit songwriter Clifford T. Ward as the inspiration for his Ringo's Rotogravure song "Lady Gaye".[127]

Look, I'd be willing, every time I write a song, if somebody will have a computer and I can just play any new song into it, and the computer will say, "Sorry" or, "OK". The last thing I want to do is keep spending my life in court.[128]

– George Harrison, October 1977

Shortly before the ruling was handed down in September 1976, Harrison wrote and recorded a song inspired by the court case – the upbeat "This Song".[129] It includes the lines "This tune has nothing 'Bright' about it" and "don't infringe on anyone's copyright".[130] The 1960s soul hits "I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie Honey Bunch)" and "Rescue Me", as well as his own composition "You", are all name-checked in the lyrics,[131] as if to demonstrate the point that, as he later put it, "99 per cent of the popular music that can be heard is reminiscent of something or other."[132][133] In I, Me, Mine, Harrison says of the episode: "I don't feel guilty or bad about it, in fact ['My Sweet Lord'] saved many a heroin addict's life. I know the motive behind writing the song in the first place and its effect far exceeded the legal hassle."[19]

According to Woffinden, the ruling came as no surprise in the US. "He's So Fine" had been a major hit there, unlike in the UK, and American commentators had been quick to scrutinise "My Sweet Lord" for its similarities.[134] Woffinden nevertheless wrote that "within the context of rock music, it was an unjust decision" and that Owen "clearly understood nothing of rock 'n' roll, or gospel, or popular music" in terms of shared influences. Woffinden commented that, as of 1981, no comparable action over copyright infringement had been launched despite the continuation of this tradition; he cited the appropriation of aspects of Harrison's 1966 song "Taxman" in the Jam's recent number 1 hit "Start!" as an example of the industry's preference for avoiding the courtroom.[117][nb 10]

When asked to comment on the decision in a 1976 interview, Starr said: "There's no doubt that the tune is similar but how many songs have been written with other melodies in mind? George's version is much heavier than the Chiffons – he might have done it with the original in the back of his mind, but he's just very unlucky that someone wanted to make it a test case in court."[136] In his 1980 interview with Playboy, John Lennon expressed doubt about the notion of "subconscious" plagiarism, saying of Harrison: "He must have known, you know. He's smarter than that ... He could have changed a couple of bars in that song and nobody could ever have touched him, but he just let it go and paid the price. Maybe he thought God would just sort of let him off."[137][138] McCartney conceded that the Beatles "stole a lot of stuff" from other artists;[139] in a 2008 interview, he said the "nick" from "He's So Fine" was validated because Harrison had avoided the "boy–girl thing" and offered an important spiritual message.[124]

Retrospective reviews and legacy

AllMusic's Richie Unterberger says of the song's international popularity: "'My Sweet Lord' has a quasi-religious feel, but nevertheless has enough conventional pop appeal to reach mainstream listeners who may or may not care to dig into the spiritual lyrical message."[140] Some Christian fundamentalist anti-rock activists have objected that chanting "Hare Krishna" in "My Sweet Lord" was anti-Christian or satanic, while some born-again Christians adopted the song as an anthem.[141] Simon Leng describes the slide guitar motif as "among the best-known guitar passages in popular music".[142] Ian Inglis highlights the combination of Harrison's "evident lack of artifice" and Spector's "excellent production", such that "My Sweet Lord" can be heard "as a prayer, a love song, an anthem, a contemporary gospel track, or a piece of perfect pop".[20]

According to music historians David Luhrssen and Michael Larson, "My Sweet Lord" "became an early battleground over music as intellectual property" and the ruling against Harrison "opened a floodgate of suits over allegedly similar melodies and chord progressions".[143] In a 2016 Rolling Stone article on landmark music copyright cases, the suit is credited with establishing "a precedent of harsher copyright standards" as well as "introducing the phrase 'subconscious plagiarism' into the popular lexicon".[144][nb 11] Writing in The New York Review of Books in 2013, author and neurologist Oliver Sacks cited the case when stating his preference for the word cryptomnesia over plagiarism, which he said was "suggestive of crime and deceit". Sacks added that Owen had displayed "psychological insight and sympathy" in deeming Harrison's infringement to have been "subconsciously accomplished".[148]

Due to the plagiarism suit, "My Sweet Lord" became stigmatised.[140][149][150] While acknowledging the similarity with "He's So Fine", music critic David Fricke describes Harrison's composition as "the honest child of black American sacred song".[5] Jayson Greene of Pitchfork writes that the court ruling of subconscious plagiarism "could be a good euphemism for 'pop songwriting'" generally, and the episode was "doubly ironic considering Harrison's intrinsic generosity as an artist".[151] In a 2001 review, Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune said that "My Sweet Lord" serves as the entrance to Spector's "cathedral of sound" on All Things Must Pass, adding that although Harrison lost the lawsuit, the song's "towering majesty ... remains undiminished".[152] Mikal Gilmore calls it an "irresistible devotional".[81] In 2009, pop culture critic Roy Trakin commented that if music fans were in doubt as to Harrison's enduring influence, they should "listen to Wilco's latest album for a song called 'You Never Know', which is even closer to 'My Sweet Lord' than that one was to 'He's So Fine', with its slide guitar lines practically an homage to the original."[153]

In their written tributes to Harrison shortly after his death, Mick Jagger and Keith Richards each named "My Sweet Lord" among their personal favourites of all his songs, along with "While My Guitar Gently Weeps".[154] In 2010, AOL Radio listeners voted it the best song from Harrison's solo years.[155] According to a chart published by PPL in August 2018, coinciding with the 50th anniversary of Apple Records' founding, "My Sweet Lord" had received the most airplay in the 21st century of any song released by the record label,[156] ahead of Lennon's "Imagine" and the Beatles' "Hey Jude".[157]

In 2004, "My Sweet Lord" was ranked 460th on Rolling Stone's list of "the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time".[158] According to the website Acclaimed Music, it has also appeared in the following critics' best-song lists and books, among others: The 7,500 Most Important Songs of 1944–2000 by author Bruce Pollock (2005), Dave Thompson's 1000 Songs That Rock Your World (2011; ranked at number 247), Ultimate Classic Rock's "Top 100 Classic Rock Songs" (2013; number 56), the NME's "100 Best Songs of the 1970s" (2012; number 65), and the same magazine's "500 Greatest Songs of All Time" (2014; number 270).[159]

Re-releases and alternative versions

Since its initial release on All Things Must Pass, "My Sweet Lord" has appeared on the 1976 compilation The Best of George Harrison and 2009's career-spanning Let It Roll: Songs by George Harrison.[160] The original UK single (with "What Is Life" as the B-side) was reissued on Christmas Eve 1976 in Britain[161] – a "provocative" move by EMI, given the publicity the lawsuit had attracted that year for the song.[162] The song appears in the 2017 Marvel Studios film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2,[163] and it is included on the film's soundtrack.[164]

1975 – "The Pirate Song"

On 26 December 1975, Harrison made a guest appearance on his friend Eric Idle's BBC2 comedy show Rutland Weekend Television,[165][166] sending up his serious public image, and seemingly about to perform "My Sweet Lord".[167]

As a running gag throughout the half-hour show, Harrison interrupts the sketches, trying to land an acting role as a pirate (and dressed accordingly),[166] but gets turned down each time by RWT regulars Idle and Neil Innes, who simply want him to play the part of "George Harrison".[168] He then reappears at the end in more normal attire, strumming the well-known introduction to "My Sweet Lord" on an acoustic guitar, and backed by the house band;[169] instead of continuing with the song, Harrison finally takes his chance to play "Pirate Bob"[165] by abruptly segueing into a sea shanty[170] – to the horror of the "greasy" compère, played by Idle.[168][nb 12] The other musicians follow Harrison's lead, after which a group of dancers appear on stage and the show's closing credits roll.

This performance is known as "The Pirate Song", co-written by Harrison and Idle,[171] and the recording is only available unofficially on bootleg compilations such as Pirate Songs.[169] Observing the parallels with Harrison's real-life reluctance to play the pop star, Simon Leng writes, "there was great resonance within these gags."[168]

2001 – "My Sweet Lord (2000)"

In January 2001, Harrison included a new version of the song as a bonus track on the remastered All Things Must Pass album.[5] "My Sweet Lord (2000)" featured Harrison sharing vocals with Sam Brown, daughter of his friend Joe Brown,[172] backed by mostly new instrumentation, including acoustic guitar by his son Dhani and tambourine by Ray Cooper.[173][174] The track opens with a "snippet" of sitar, to "emphasize its spiritual roots", Leng suggests.[175] On release, Harrison explained that his motivation for remaking the song was partly to "play a better slide guitar solo".[142] He also cited the "spiritual response" that the song had traditionally received, together with his interest in reworking the tune to avoid the contentious musical notes, as further reasons.[176] Of the extended slide-guitar break on "My Sweet Lord (2000)", Leng writes: "[Harrison] had never made so clear a musical statement that his signature bottleneck sound was as much his tool for self-expression as his vocal cords."[175] Elliot Huntley opines that Harrison's vocal was more "gospel inflected" and perhaps even more sincere than on the original recording, "given his deteriorating health" during the final year of his life.[174]

This version also appeared on the January 2002 posthumous release of the "My Sweet Lord" charity CD single, comprising the original "My Sweet Lord", Harrison's reworking, and the acoustic run-through of "Let It Down" (with recent overdubs, another 2001 bonus track).[177] Proceeds went to Harrison's Material World Charitable Foundation for dispersal to selected charities, apart from in the United States, where proceeds went to the Self Realization Fellowship.[178] For some months after the single release, a portion of "My Sweet Lord (2000)" looped on Harrison's official website over screen images of lotus petals scattering and re-forming.[179] It also appears on the 2014 Apple Years 1968–75 reissue of All Things Must Pass.[180]

2011 – Demo version

In November 2011, a demo of "My Sweet Lord", with Harrison backed by just Voormann and Starr,[181] was included on the deluxe edition CD accompanying the British DVD release of Scorsese's Living in the Material World documentary.[182] Described as an early "live take" by compilation producer Giles Martin,[183] and an "acoustic hosanna" by David Fricke,[184] it was recorded at the start of the All Things Must Pass sessions and was later released internationally on Early Takes: Volume 1 in May 2012.[182]

Live versions

Harrison performed "My Sweet Lord" at every one of his relatively few solo concerts,[185] starting with the two Concert for Bangladesh shows at New York's Madison Square Garden on 1 August 1971.[186] The recording released on the subsequent live album was taken from the evening show[187] and begins with Harrison's spoken "Hare Krishna" over his opening acoustic-guitar chords.[188] Among the 24 backing musicians was a "Soul Choir" featuring singers Claudia Linnear, Dolores Hall and Joe Greene,[189] but it was Harrison who sang the end-of-song Guru Stotram prayer in his role as lead vocalist, unlike on the studio recording (where it was sung by the backing chorus).[190] The slide guitar parts were played by Eric Clapton and Jesse Ed Davis.[191]

During his 1974 North American tour, Harrison's only one there as a solo artist, he performed "My Sweet Lord" as the encore at each show.[192][nb 13] In contrast with the subtle shift from "hallelujah"s to Sanskrit chants on his 1970 original,[30] Harrison used the song to engage his audience in kirtan, the practice of "chanting the holy names of the Lord" in Indian religions – from "Om Christ!" and Krishna, to Buddha and Allah[195] – with varying degrees of success.[196][197] Backed by a band that again included Billy Preston, Harrison turned "My Sweet Lord" into an extended gospel-funk piece, closer in its arrangement to Preston's Encouraging Words version and lasting up to ten minutes.[198][nb 14]

Harrison's second and final solo tour took place in Japan in December 1991, with Clapton's band.[200][201] A live version of "My Sweet Lord" recorded at the Tokyo Dome, on 14 December, was released the following year on the Live in Japan album.[202]

Cover versions and tributes

"My Sweet Lord" attracted many cover versions in the early 1970s and was the most performed song of 1971. Its coinciding with a trend for spirituality in rock music ensured it was frequently performed on religious-themed television shows. The song was also popular among supper club performers following recordings by artists such as Johnny Mathis.[203]

The song was accepted as an authentic work in the gospel tradition;[204] in music journalist Chris Ingham's description, it became a "genuine gospel classic".[205] Many of the Christian cover artists have omitted the mantra lyrics on religious grounds.[163]

In 1972, Nina Simone released an 18-minute gospel reworking of "My Sweet Lord", performed live at Fort Dix before a group of African-American soldiers.[206] It served as an anti-Vietnam War statement and the centrepiece of her album Emergency Ward!,[46] which also included an 11-minute version of Harrison's "Isn't It a Pity".[206] Simone interspersed the song with the David Nelson poem "Today Is a Killer", giving the performance an apocalyptic ending.[206]

By the late 1970s, "My Sweet Lord" was the most covered song written and released by any of the former Beatles since the band's break-up.[207] Edwin Starr and Byron Lee and the Dragonaires were among the other artists who recorded it.[46]

In April 2002, Elton John, Sting, James Taylor, Ravi Shankar, Anoushka Shankar and others performed "My Sweet Lord" to close the Harrison-tribute opening portion of the Rock for the Rainforest benefit concert, held at Carnegie Hall in New York City.[208] At the Concert for George on 29 November 2002, it was performed by Billy Preston.[209] In 2014, Brian Wilson performed the song with his band (including Al Jardine) at the George Fest concert tribute to Harrison.[210] Tribute recordings have also been released by Jim James (as Yim Yames), on his 2009 EP Tribute To,[211] and Hurray for the Riff Raff, for Mojo magazine's Harrison Covered CD in 2011.[212]

Personnel

According to Simon Leng and Bruce Spizer (except where noted), the following musicians are believed to have played on Harrison's original version of "My Sweet Lord":[48][52]

Accolades
Year Awards Category Result
1971 Record World Best Single Disc of the Year Won[96]
Melody Maker British Single of the Year Won[107]
World Single of the Year Won[107]
1972 NME Awards Best Single Disc Won[213]
14th Grammy Awards Record of the Year Nominated[214]
17th Ivor Novello Awards The "A" Side of the Record Issued in 1971 Which Achieved the Highest Certified British Sales Won[215]
The Most Performed Work of the Year Won[215]

Chart performance

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications and sales
Region CertificationCertified units/sales
Japan (RIAJ)[250] 2× Platinum 269,000[223]
United Kingdom (BPI)[251] Gold 960,561[252]
United States (RIAA)[253] Gold 1,000,000^

^shipments figures based on certification alone

Notes
  1. The same verse appears at the end of Ravi Shankar's "Vandanaa Trayee", the opening track of the Harrison-produced 1997 album Chants of India.[34]
  2. Hawkins' gospel group also overdubbed vocals onto the Harrison–Preston collaboration "Sing One for the Lord" at this time.[4]
  3. Frampton has said he played acoustic guitar on "My Sweet Lord" and several other tracks,[53] including overdubs, as "Spector always wanted 'more acoustics, more acoustics!'"[54]
  4. In his 2010 autobiography, however, Bobby Whitlock states that he played harmonium on the track and sang backing vocals with Harrison.[56] Leng compiled his description of the All Things Must Pass sessions after consulting Voormann and Barham, and from an interview with Badfinger's Joey Molland.[57]
  5. Author Ian MacDonald credited Harrison with inspiring this "Spiritual Revival", due to his championing of Indian culture and Hindu philosophy from 1966 onwards with the Beatles.[83]
  6. Harrison said he still received such letters in the 1980s.[86]
  7. John Lennon told a reporter, "Every time I put the radio on, it's 'Oh my Lord' – I'm beginning to think there must be a God."[42]
  8. Elliot Huntley comments: "People don't usually hear a single and then automatically go and buy an expensive boxed-set triple album on the off-chance."[123]
  9. He commented that whenever he listened to the radio, "every tune I hear sounds like something else."[46]
  10. Woffinden said that Harrison showed admirable restraint in declining to take legal action against the Jam or publicly comment on such a "blatant" appropriation.[117] Clayson cites Harrison's agitation at the "'He's So Fine' affair" as the reason he overlooked several other potential infringements, including Roxy Music's "A Song for Europe" (which resembled "While My Guitar Gently Weeps"), Madonna's "Material Girl" (which borrowed from "Living in the Material World"), and Enya's "Orinoco Flow" (which used Harrison's guitar motif from "Blow Away").[135]
  11. Subsequent charges of plagiarism in the music industry have resulted in a policy of swift settlement and therefore limited damage to an artist's credibility: the Rolling Stones' "Anybody Seen My Baby?", Oasis' "Shakermaker", "Whatever" and "Step Out", and the Verve's "Bitter Sweet Symphony" are all examples of songs whose writing credits were hastily altered to acknowledge composers of a potentially plagiarised work, with the minimum of litigation.[145][146][147]
  12. Idle supplied the nagging references to "Sugar Pie Honey Bunch" and "Rescue Me" on "This Song".[46]
  13. At his press conference in Los Angeles before the tour, Harrison said he would be playing the song with a "slightly different" arrangement,[193] adding that, as with "Give Me Love (Give Me Peace on Earth)", "It should be much more loose."[194]
  14. The performance of the song at Tulsa's Assembly Center on 21 November marked the only guest appearance of the tour when Leon Russell joined the band on stage.[199]

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