Mico (genus)

Mico is a genus of New World monkeys of the family Callitrichidae, the family containing marmosets and tamarins. The genus was formerly considered a subgenus of the genus Callithrix.

Mico[1][2]
Silvery marmoset (Mico argentatus)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Primates
Suborder:	Haplorhini
Infraorder:	Simiiformes
Family:	Callitrichidae
Genus:	Mico Lesson, 1840
Species
14, see text
Synonyms
Liocephalus Wagner, 1839[3] Micoella Gray, 1870

Taxonomy

Mico differs from Callithrix in dental morphology, genetics and geographic distribution: Callithrix species are distributed in eastern Brazil (mainly the Atlantic Forest), while Mico species are distributed in the Amazon south of Rio Madeira, though a single species, the black-tailed marmoset, also occurs in the Pantanal and Chaco.[4] Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset (Callibella humilis) was formerly considered a Mico species, but now has its own genus, Callibella, due mainly to differences in size[5] and genetics.[6] Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset is significantly smaller than the Mico species, being about midway between the typical Mico species and the pygmy marmoset, Cebuella pygmaea.[5] Mico species differ from the tamarins of the genus Saguinus in that Mico has enlarged incisor teeth the same size as the canine teeth which are used for gouging holes in trees to extract exudates.[7]

Species level taxonomy within Mico has also changed significantly in recent decades. Earlier authorities usually treated all as subspecies of M. argentatus (including the bare-eared taxa) or M. humeralifera (including the hairy-eared taxa), or even suggested all were subspecies of M. argentatus.[8][9][10] Recent authorities have pointed out that several of the taxa are highly distinctive, and following the phylogenetic species concept all previous subspecies were proposed raised to species status in 2001.[11] This has generally been followed since then.[1][2][4] Furthermore, 7 of the 14 currently recognized species were only described to science after 1990.[1][12]

Species

Image	Scientific name	Common Name	Distribution
	Mico acariensis	Rio Acari marmoset	Brazil.
	Mico humilis	Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset	Brazil.
	Mico manicorensis	Manicore marmoset	Brazil.
	Mico argentatus	Silvery marmoset	eastern Amazon Rainforest in Brazil
	Mico leucippe	White marmoset	Pará in Brazil.
	Mico emiliae	Emilia's marmoset	Brazilian states of Pará and Mato Grosso
	Mico nigriceps	Black-headed marmoset	Brazil
	Mico marcai	Marca's marmoset	Aripuanã-Manicoré interfluvium in Brazil
	Mico melanurus	Black-tailed marmoset	south-central Amazon in Brazil, south through the Pantanal and eastern Bolivia, to the Chaco in far northern Paraguay
	Mico humeralifer	Santarem marmoset	Brazilian states of Amazonas and Pará
	Mico mauesi	Maués marmoset	Brazil
	Mico munduruku	Munduruku marmoset	Brazilian states of Amazonas and Pará
	Mico chrysoleucus	Gold-and-white marmoset	eastern Amazon state in Brazil
	Mico intermedia	Hershkovitz's marmoset	Brazil
	Mico saterei	Satéré marmoset	Brazil
	Mico rondoni	Rondon's marmoset	Brazil by the Rio Mamoré, Rio Madeira, Rio Ji-Paraná, Serra dos Pacaás Novos

Ecology

In general, Mico and Callithrix species tend to form larger groups and live within smaller home ranges, and thus live in higher population densities, than other callitrichids. But these statistics can vary dramatically among various Mico species. M. argentatus tends to live in smaller home ranges (as small as 10 hectares or less) than other Mico species.[5]

Exudates, such as gum and sap, fruit, nectar and fungus make up the bulk of Mico's diet, but it also eats animal prey such as arthropods, young birds, small lizards and frogs. They are specialized for exploiting exudates by their elongated, chisel-like lower incisors and a wide jaw gape that allows them to gouge bark of trees that produce gums. Their intestines also have an enlarged, complex cecum that allows them to digest gums more efficiently than most other animals. Mico's ability to feed on exudates allows it to survive in areas where fruit is highly seasonal or not readily available.[5]

Mico females generally gives birth to two or more infants at a time. They can ovulate and conceive within two to four weeks after giving birth, and ovulation is not inhibited by lactation. Females generally reach sexual maturity between 12 and 17 months, and males between 15 and 25 months.[5]

Emilia's marmoset, Mico emiliae, sometimes interacts with the brown-mantled tamarin, Saguinus fuscicollis.[5]

References

1. Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 129–13. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
2. Rylands AB, Mittermeier RA (2009). "The Diversity of the New World Primates (Platyrrhini)". In Garber PA, Estrada A, Bicca-Marques JC, Heymann EW, Strier KB (eds.). South American Primates: Comparative Perspectives in the Study of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Springer. pp. 23–54. ISBN 978-0-387-78704-6.
3. Garbino, G.S.T & Nascimento, F.O. (December 2014). "Mico humeralifer (Primates: Callitrichidae)". Mammalian Species. 46 (911): 40–47. doi:10.1644/911.1.
4. Rylands, Mittermeier, Coimbra-Filho, Heymann, de la Torre, Silva Jr., Kierulff, Noronha and Röhe (2008). Marmosets and Tamarins: Pocket Identification Guide. Conservation International. ISBN 978-1-934151-20-4
5. Digby, L., Ferari, S. & Saltzman, W. (2007). "Callitrchines". In Campbell, C.; et al. (eds.). Primates in Perspective. pp. 85–106. ISBN 978-0-19-517133-4.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
6. van Roosmalen, M G. M., and van Roosmalen, T. (2003). The description of a new marmoset genus, Callibella (Callitrichinae, Primates), including its molecular phylogenetic status. Archived 2011-07-25 at the Wayback Machine Neotropical Primates 11(1): 1–10.
7. Rowe, N. (1996). The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates. p. 59. ISBN 0-9648825-0-7.
8. Rylands, A. B. (editor). 1993. Marmosets and Tamarins: Systematics, Behaviour, and Ecology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-854022-1.
9. Emmons, L. H. (1997). Neotropical Rainforest Animals. The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-20719-6
10. Hershkovitz, P. (1977). Living New World monkeys (Platyrrhini). Vol. 1. The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-32788-4
11. Groves, C. (2001). Primate Taxonomy. Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1-56098-872-X
12. Ferrari, S.F.; Sena, L.; Schneider, M.P. & Silva Júnior, J.S. (2010). "Rondon's Marmoset, Mico rondoni sp. n., from Southwestern Brazilian Amazonia". International Journal of Primatology. 31 (5): 693–714. doi:10.1007/s10764-010-9422-6.