Mayoral elections in Chicago

Chicago has held regularly-scheduled popular elections to select the city's mayor ever since it was incorporated as a city in 1837.

Chicago currently holds regularly-scheduled mayoral elections once every four years, in years prior to a presidential election.

Beginning with its 1999 mayoral election, Chicago has used a nonpartisan two-round system. Under this system, if no candidate secures an outright majority of the first-round vote a runoff will be held between the top-two finishers. No runoff is held if a candidate has secured an outright majority in the first round. Thus far, only two elections (2015 and 2019) have necessitated a runoff.

Up through its 1995 mayoral election, Chicago had formerly utilized a partisan first-past-the-post voting system.

History

Chicago was incorporated as a town in 1833. At that point it was governed by a Board of Trustees who were elected annually at large and elected a President from among themselves. Chicago's incorporation as a city in 1837 eliminated such a model in favor of a Common Council elected from wards and a separate office of Mayor who was elected at large.[1]

From 1838 through 1860, mayoral elections were held on the first Tuesday of March.[2] From 1861 through 1867 they were held on the first Monday in April.[2] From 1869 through 1875 they were held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November.[3] After 1976, they were held on the first Tuesday of April.[4]

An act passed on March 4, 1837 had required that voters in municipal elections would need to be residents of the wards in which they voted and must be freeholders. An act passed on March 1, 1841 removed the requirement that voters be freeholders.[3] Under the law of 1849-50 requirements were added, mandating (at the time) that voters reside in the town where they voted and must have lived in the state of Illinois for at least a year.[3]

In 1875, the election guidelines outlined in the original city charter were abandoned in favor of those outlined in the Cities and Villages Act of 1872, which changed the date of mayoral elections (mandating that they be scheduled for the last Tuesday in April of odd-numbered years).[4] Ambiguity concerning the effect this would have on the scheduling of the next election led to the April 1876 election that was later considered by the courts to be null and void.[4][3] In addition, the mayoral term length (which up to this point had been one year) was extended by the 1872 Act to two years. Term length was subsequently further extended to four years in 1907.[5]

In time for the 1911 election the Illinois legislature passed a law which scheduled Chicago mayoral party primaries for the last Tuesday of February.[6]

On June 26, 1913 Illinois became the first state east of the Mississippi River to grant women's suffrage.[7] 1915 was the first Chicago mayoral election to be held following this change.[8]

Since 1935, elections to the Chicago City Council (which were extended to four years) have coincided with all regularly-scheduled mayoral elections.[1]

The 1995 election was the final mayoral election to be partisan. Beginning in 1999, elections have taken place on a non-partisan basis, with a system requiring that a candidate obtain a majority of the vote (if no candidate achieves this in the initial vote, a runoff is held between the top-two finishers).[6] Under this new system, the initial round of voting is held on the last Tuesday of February (when party primaries were formerly scheduled),[6] with any runoff taking place in April.[6]

Additionally, the change in election laws that took effect for the 1999 election raised the number of signatures required for candidates to be included on the ballot from 3,000 to 25,000.[9] This requirement, however, was halved to 12,500 before the 2007 election.[9]

Term length

There is not currently, nor has there ever been, a term limit on the mayoralty of Chicago. Terms were originally one year in length before being extended to two years in 1875 by the Cities and Villages Act of 1872.[4][3] Term length was subsequently further extended to four years in 1907.[5]

Years	Term length
1837−1875	1 year
1875−1907	2 years
1907−present	4 years

Current election laws

There are no term limits for Chicago's mayoral office.

Chicago's mayoral elections are currently nonpartisan. A candidate receiving a majority of votes cast will be declared elected. If no candidate receives a majority of the vote, a runoff election will be held between the two candidates who received the highest and second highest number of votes in the first round.[10] The initial round of voting takes place on the last Tuesday of February, and any runoff takes place in April.[6]

Mayoral candidates must be a registered voter who has resided in the City of Chicago for at least one year before the date of the election.[10]

Individuals will be barred from taking office if, at the time required for them to take the oath of office, they are in arrears in the payment of tax or other indebtedness due to the City of Chicago.[10] They will also be unable to take office if they have been convicted in any United States court of any infamous crime, bribery, perjury, or other felony.[10]

A term of office lasts four years, from the third Monday in May until a successor is elected and qualified to assume office.[10]

In order to be included on the ballot candidates must submit 12,500 valid signatures.[10] Signatures cannot be collected more than four months in advance of the submission of a candidate's petition.[10] Individuals are not permitted to sign multiple candidates' petitions, they may sign only a single mayoral candidate's petition.[10][11]

Any candidate may have their petition challenged.[10] Those candidates with properly-filed challenges against their petitions will have their candidature subjected to hearings and procedures which will to assess the validity of their petitions.[10]

If any candidate fails to file a statement of economic interests within five days of having their petition certified, then their certification will be revoked.[10]

Write-in candidates must file a notarized declaration of intent to be a write-in candidate by a deadline.[10][12] An extended deadline to do this is allotted to candidates whose petitions were rejected after this deadline due to the outcome of a challenge.[10]

The order in which the candidates are listed on ballots is determined by the order in which their petitions were received (with those received earlier listed first and those received later being listed last).[10] Lotteries are held to resolve instances in which petitions which were received simultaneously.[10] The ballots of all candidates who were waiting in line to submit their petitions at 9:00 a.m. on the first day for petition filing will be deemed as having simultaneously filed at 9:00 a.m. They will be the first candidates listed, with a lottery being held to determine their order.[10] Similarly, all candidates that filed within the last hour of the filing deadline will be deemed to have filed simultaneously. They will be the last candidates listed, and a lottery will be held to determine their order.[10]

Candidates

Demographics

All but two of the individuals that have been elected mayor of Chicago have been Caucasian (the exceptions being African-American mayors Harold Washington and Lori Lightfoot). Additionally, all but two of the individuals that have been elected mayor of Chicago have male (the exceptions being Jane Byrne and Lori Lightfoot).

African American candidates

Harold Washington and Lori Lightfoot are the only African Americans to be elected mayor, and are two of only three to have served as mayor (joined by Eugene Sawyer, who was appointed mayor following Washington's death in office)

African Americans who had unsuccessfully sought election as mayor prior to Washington's first successful campaign in 1983 include Washington himself in 1977; Dick Gregory in 1967;[13] Richard H. Newhouse Jr. and Willie Mae Reid in 1975; Andrew Pulley in 1979 and Sheila A. Jones in 1983[14]

The 2019 election made history not just by electing Chicago's first Black Woman as Mayor, but by having two African American women candidates, Lori Lightfoot and Toni Preckwinkle, be the ones to advance to the runoff. Additionally, a record eleven African American candidates filed to run in the 2019 election (Conrien Hykes Clark, Dorothy A. Cook Brown, Amara Enyia, La Shawn Ford, Ja'Mal Green, Neal Sales-Griffin, Lori Lightfoot, Sandra Mallory, Toni Preckwinkle, Roger L. Washington, Willie Wilson)[15] William "Dock" Walls and Troy LaRaviere had also been candidates in that election, but dropped out without officially filing petitions.

African Americans who had unsuccessfully sought election as mayor after Washington died in office and before the 2019 election include Timothy C. Evans, Sheila A. Jones[14] Eugene Sawyer, and James C. Taylor[16][17] in 1989; James Warren in 1991: Danny K. Davis in both 1991 and 2011; Joseph E. Garner and Lawrence C. Redmond in 1995; Roland Burris in both 1995 and 2011; Bobby Rush in 1999; Paul Jakes,[18][19] Joseph McAfee[18][20] and Patricia McAllister[18][21] in 2003; Dorothy A. Brown in 2007; William "Dock" Walls III in 2007, 2015, and 2019; Carol Moseley Braun, Patricia Van Pelt Watkins, and James Meeks in 2011; Amara Enyia and Willie Wilson in 2015.

Asian Pacific American candidates

No Asian Pacific American has either been elected or otherwise served as mayor of Chicago[22] One Asian Pacific American candidate ran in the 2019 mayoral election, (Neal Sales-Griffin[23])

Catholic candidates

John Patrick Hopkins was the first Catholic to be elected mayor.[24] Subsequent Catholics to be elected mayor include Edward Fitzsimmons Dunne, William Emmett Dever,[25] Edward Joseph Kelly, Martin H. Kennelly, Richard J. Daley, Michael Anthony Bilandic, Jane Byrne, Richard M. Daley. Additionally, Frank J. Corr served as mayor after being elected by City Council.

Hispanic candidates

No Hispanic individual has either been elected or otherwise served as mayor of Chicago The first "hispanic" (Mexican/Native American) to run for mayor was former 25th Ward Alderman and Illinois State Representative, Attorney Juan M. Soliz. [22][26] Several Hispanic candidates have unsuccessfully sought election as mayor in the past including William E. Rodriguez in 1911; Gery Chico and Miguel del Valle in 2011; Jesús "Chuy" García in 2015; Gery Chico, Neal Sales-Griffin,[23][27] and Susana Mendoza in 2019.

Irish American candidates

Twelve of Chicago's mayors have been Irish Americans.[28][29][30] These include John Patrick Hopkins (the first to serve as mayor)[24][29] Edward Fitzsimmons Dunne, William Emmett Dever,[25] Edward Joseph Kelly,[24] Martin H. Kennelly,[31] Richard J. Daley, and Richard M. Daley. It also includes Frank J. Corr, who was appointed acting mayor by City Council.

Jewish candidates

Rahm Emanuel is the only Jew to have been elected mayor. No Jews have otherwise served as mayor[32] Jewish individuals who had unsuccessfully sought election as mayor prior to Emanuel's first successful campaign in 2011 include William Singer in 1975 and Bernard Epton[33] in 1983

LGBT candidates

No openly LGBT individual had previously been elected or otherwise served as mayor of Chicago before 2019. In 2019, Lori Lightfoot became the first openly lesbian mayor in Chicago history[34]

Women candidates

Jane Byrne and Lori Lightfoot are the only women to have been elected mayor of Chicago. No woman has otherwise served as Mayor of Chicago

Women who had unsuccessfully sought election as mayor prior to Byrne's successful campaign in 1979 include Grace Gray in 1935 (the first woman ever to file to run for mayor of Chicago)[35] and Willie Mae Reid in 1975

Women who have unsuccessfully sought election as mayor since Byrne won election include Byrne herself (she unsuccessfully ran in 1983, 1987, and 1991); Sheila A. Jones in 1983 and 1989; Patricia McAllister in 2003;[18][21] Dorothy A. Brown in 2007; Carol Moseley Braun and Patricia Van Pelt Watkins in 2011; and Amara Enyia in 2015

Seven women had filed to be candidates in the upcoming 2019 election (Dorothy A. Brown Cook, Catherine Brown D'Tycoon, Amara Enyia, Lori Lightfoot, Sandra L. Mallory, Susana Mendoza, and Toni Preckwinkle.

Foreign-born candidates

Only two foreign-born individuals have been elected or otherwise served as mayor, Joseph Medill and Anton Cermak.

Among the notable unsuccessful mayoral contenders who were foreign born was 2015 runner-up Jesús "Chuy" García and 1899 independent candidate (and unsuccessful 1901 contender for the Democratic nomination) John Peter Altgeld.

Familial relations

Over the years there have been a number of familial relations between elected mayors, as well as between mayoral candidates.

The Daley family has had a strong presence in Chicago mayoral politics. Richard J. Daley and his son Richard M. Daley both served as mayor. Richard J. Daley's son (and Richard M. Daley's brother) William Daley unsuccessfully ran in the 2019 mayoral election, finishing third in the first round of voting.

Another father-son duo who had both occupied the mayor's office was Carter Harrison Sr. and Carter Harrison Jr.

1955 Republican nominee Robert E. Merriam was the son of 1911 Republican nominee (and unsuccessful 1919 Republican primary candidate) Charles E. Merriam.[36][37] Both Merriams lost their elections.

1919 candidate Maclay Hoyne was the grandson of Thomas Hoyne, victor of the voided 1876 election[38]

The 1891 Chicago mayoral election saw two relatives run against each other. Republican candidate Hempstead Washburne and Citizens candidate Elmer Washburn (former Director of the United States Secret Service and former Chicago Police Chief) were both members of the Washburn family. Elmer Washburn was cousins with Hempstead Washburne's father Elihu B. Washburne.[39] Hempstead Washburne ultimately won the election, with Elmer Washburn coming in fourth-place.

Write-in candidates

While write-in candidates have been permitted, none have achieved much success in general elections. The only arguable exception to this is Thomas Hoyne, who ran a write in campaign in the disputed April 1876 election that courts ruled invalid.

Under Chicago's previous partisan election system, write-in candidates were allowed in party primaries as well as the general election. Ed Vrdolyak won the 1989 Republican primary as a write-in candidate.

Number of candidates on ballot

The following graph and table provide information regarding the number of candidates who participated in each election. The graph and table only consider candidates that were listed on the ballot/ticket (thus, write-in candidates are not counted). It also excludes any candidates for which all votes were counted as "invalid".

For partisan elections (those held up through 1995), the number of candidates represented are those on the general election ballot. For elections held under Chicago's current (nonpartisan) system (first implemented in 1999), the following graph and table represents the number of candidates in the initial round (February election).

The 2019 election saw a record 14 candidates on the ballot.

Number of candidates by election

The following graph shows the number of candidates in each election, with elections being listed chronologically.

The graph does not account for the difference in the amount of time between elections. All elections are equally spaced from the preceding and the succeeding elections regardless of the length of time that elapsed between them.

Elections by number of candidates

The following table lists the elections in which specific numbers of candidates ran.

# of Candidates	Elections
14	2019
8	1897
7	1901
6	1899, 1903, 1919, 2011
5	1891, 2015
4	1849, 1851, 1852, 1881, 1889, 1893 (Apr), 1905, 1907, 1915, 1977, 1991
3	1842, 1843, 1844 (Mar), 1844 (Apr), 1845, 1846, 1847, 1850, 1876 (Jul), 1879, 1885, 1887, 1911, 1923, 1927, 1935, 1939, 1975, 1979, 1983, 1987, 1989, 2007
2	1837, 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1848, 1853, 1854, 1855, 1856, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861 1862, 1863, 1865, 1867, 1869, 1871, 1873, 1883, 1893 (Dec), 1931, 1943, 1947, 1951, 1955, 1959, 1963, 1967, 1999
0	1876 (Apr)^E

Results

Nonpartisan elections (1999–present)

Starting with the 1999 election, all Chicago mayoral elections are nonpartisan. Additionally, a second-round (runoff) is held when no candidate reaches a majority in the initial vote.

Election		First round							Second round							Sources
		Winner/top finisher	Votes		Runner(s)-up^A	Votes			Winner	Votes		Runner-up	Votes
			#	%		#	%			#	%		#	%
2019		Lori Lightfoot	97,667	17.54	Toni Preckwinkle	89,343	16.04		Lori Lightfoot	386,039	73.70	Toni Preckwinkle	137,765	26.30		[40][41][42][43]
					William Daley	82,294	14.78
					Willie Wilson	59,072	10.61
					Susana Mendoza	50,373	9.05
					Amara Enyia	44,589	8.00
					Jerry Joyce	40,099	7.20
					Gery Chico	34,521	6.20
					Paul Vallas	30,236	5.43
2015		Rahm Emanuel (incumbent)	218,217	45.63	Jesús "Chuy" García	160,414	33.55		Rahm Emanuel (incumbent)	319,543	55.7	Jesús "Chuy" García	253,981	44.3		[44][45]
					Willie Wilson	50,960	10.66
					Robert Fioretti	35,363	7.39
2011		Rahm Emanuel	326,331	55.27	Gery Chico	141,228	23.92		N/A							[46][47]
					Miguel del Valle	54,689	9.26
					Carol Moseley Braun	53,062	8.99
2007		Richard M. Daley (incumbent)	324,519	71.05	Dorothy A. Brown	91,878	20.12		N/A							[48]
					William Walls	40,368	8.84
2003		Richard M. Daley (incumbent)	363,553	78.46	Paul Jakes	64,941	14.02		N/A							[49]
					Patricia McAllister	27,343	5.90
1999		Richard M. Daley (incumbent)	428,872	71.9	Bobby Rush	167,709	28.1		N/A							[50]

Partisan elections (1837–1995)

Prior to the 1999 election, Chicago's mayoral elections were partisan (candidates ran on party-lines).

Parties

  Democratic   Whig   Liberty   Independent Democrat   Independent   Temperance Party   Republican   Know Nothing/American   People's   Socialist Labor/Socialist Party USA   Union   Citizens   Independent Republican   Municipal Ownership   Cook County Labor Party   People's Ownership Smash Crime Rings   Solidarity   Harold Washington

Election	Winner		Votes		Runner(s)-up^A		Votes		Sources
			#	%			#	%
1995		Richard M. Daley (incumbent)	360,372	60.12		Roland Burris	217,315	36.25	[51]
1991		Richard M. Daley (incumbent)	450,581	70.64		R. Eugene Pincham	160,302	25.13	[52]
1989 (special)		Richard M. Daley	557,141	55.43		Timothy C. Evans	428,105	41.11	[53]
1987		Harold Washington (incumbent)	600,290	53.77		Edward Vrdolyak	468,493	41.96	[54]
1983		Harold Washington	668,176	51.72		Bernard Epton	610,926	47.99	[55]
1979		Jane Byrne	700,874	82.05		Wallace D. Johnson	137,663	16.12	[56]
1977 (special)		Michael Bilandic (incumbent)	490,688	77.39		Dennis H. Block	135,282	21.34	[57]
1975		Richard J. Daley (incumbent)	542,817	77.67		John J. Hoellen Jr.	139,335	19.94	[58]
1971		Richard J. Daley (incumbent)	740,137	70.08		Richard Friedman	315,969	29.92	[59]
1967		Richard J. Daley (incumbent)	792,238	73.04		John L. Waner	272,542	25.13	[60]
1963		Richard J. Daley (incumbent)	679,497	55.69		Ben Adamowski	540,705	44.31	[61]
1959		Richard J. Daley (incumbent)	778,612	71.40		Timothy P. Sheehan	311,940	28.60	[62]
1955		Richard J. Daley	708,660	54.93		Robert E. Merriam	581,461	45.07	[63]
1951		Martin H. Kennelly (incumbent)	697,871	56.14		Robert L. Hunter	545,326	43.86	[64]
1947		Martin H. Kennelly	919,593	58.73		Russell Root	646,239	41.27	[64]
1943		Edward J. Kelly (incumbent)	685,567	54.54		George McKibbin	571,547	45.47	[65]
1939		Edward J. Kelly (incumbent)	822,469	56.12		Dwight H. Green	638,068	43.54	[64]
1935		Edward J. Kelly (incumbent)	798,150	75.84		Emil C. Wetten	166,571	15.83	[65]
						Newton Jenkins	87,726	8.34
1931		Anton Cermak	671,189	58.46		William Hale Thompson (incumbent)	476,922	41.54	[66][67]
1927		William Hale Thompson	515,716	51.58		William Emmett Dever (incumbent)	432,678	43.28	[68][69]
						John Dill Robertson	51,347	5.14
1923		William E. Dever	390,413	56.61		Arthur C. Lueder	258,094	37.42	[70]
						William A. Cunnea	41,186	5.97
1919		William Hale Thompson (incumbent)	259,828	37.61		Robert M. Sweitzer	238,206	34.48	[71]
						Maclay Hoyne	110,851	16.05
						John Fitzpatrick	55,990	8.11
1915		William Hale Thompson	398,538	58.78		Robert M. Sweitzerma	251,061	37.03	[72]
1911		Carter Harrison Jr.	177,997	48.53		Charles Edward Merriam	160,672	43.80	[73]
						William E. Rodriguez	24,825	6.77
1907		Fred A. Busse	164,702	49.03		Edward Fitzsimmons Dunne (incumbent)	151,779	45.18	[73]
1905		Edward Fitzsimmons Dunne	163,189	49.74		John Maynard Harlan	138,548	42.23	[73]
						John Collins	23,034	7.02
1903		Carter Harrison Jr. (incumbent)	146,208	47.22		Graeme Stewart	138,648	44.78	[73]
1901		Carter Harrison Jr. (incumbent)	156,766	52.69		Elbridge Hanecy	128,413	43.16	[73]
1899		Carter Harrison Jr. (incumbent)	148,498	48.58		Zina R. Carter	107,437	35.15	[73]
						John Peter Altgeld	47,169	15.43
1897		Carter Harrison Jr.	148,850	50.23		John Maynard Harlan	69,730	23.53	[73]
						Nathaniel C. Sears	59,542	20.08
						Washington Hesing	15,427	5.21
1895		George Bell Swift	143,884	55.36		Frank Wenter	103,125	39.68	[73]
1893 (special)		John Patrick Hopkins	112,959	49.71		George Bell Swift (incumbent)	111,660	49.14	[73][74]
1893		Carter Harrison Sr.	114,237	54.03		Samuel W. Allerton	93,148	44.06	[73][75]
1891		Hempstead Washburne	46,957	28.83		DeWitt Clinton Cregier (incumbent)	46,558	28.59	[73][76]
						Carter Harrison Sr.	42,931	26.36
						Elmer Washburn	24,027	14.75
1889		DeWitt Clinton Cregier	57,340	54.93		John A. Roche (incumbent)	46,328	44.38	[73]
1887		John A. Roche	51,249	68.23		Robert S. Nelson	23,490	31.27	[73][77]
1885		Carter Harrison Sr. (incumbent)	43,352	50.09		Sidney Smith	42,977	49.66	[73][78]
1883		Carter Harrison Sr. (incumbent)	41,226	57.11		Eugene Cary	30,963	42.89	[73][79]
1881		Carter Harrison Sr. (incumbent)	35,668	55.22		John Clark	27,925	43.23	[73][80]
1879		Carter Harrison Sr.	25,685	44.28		Abner Wright	20,496	35.33	[73][81][82]
						Ernest Schmidt	11,829	20.39
1877		Monroe Heath (incumbent)	30,881	61.36		Perry H. Smith	19,449	38.64	[73][83]
1876 (special)		Monroe Heath	19,248	63.90		Mark Kimball	7,509	24.93	[73][84]
						J. J. McGrath	3,363	11.17
1876 (invalid) ^B		Thomas Hoyne	33,064	97.59					[85][86]
1873		Harvey Doolittle Colvin	28,791	60.83		Lester L. Bond (incumbent)	18,540	39.17	[73][87]
1871		Joseph Medill	16,125	72.92		Charles C. P. Holden	5,988	27.08	[73]
1869		Roswell B. Mason	19,826	63.47		George W. Gage	11,410	36.53	[88]
1867		John Blake Rice (incumbent)	11,904	59.89		Francis Cornwall Sherman	7,971	40.11	[89]
1865		John Blake Rice	11,078	66.42		Francis Cornwall Sherman (incumbent)	5,600	33.58	[90]
1863		Francis Cornwall Sherman	10,252	50.39%		Thomas B. Bryan	10,095	49.62%	[91]
1862		Francis Cornwall Sherman	7,437	54.32		Charles C. P. Holden	6,254	45.68	[92]
1861		Julian S. Rumsey	8,274	55.62		Thomas B. Bryan	6,601	44.38	[93][3]
1860		John Wentworth	9,998	53.36		Walter S. Gurnee	8,739	46.64	[94]
1859		John Charles Haines (incumbent)	8,587	52.63		Marcus D. Gilman	7,728	47.37	[95]
1858		John Charles Haines	8,642	53.60		Daniel Brainard	7,481	46.40	[96]
1857		John Wentworth	5,933	55.06		Benjamin F. Carver	4,842	44.94	[97]
1856		Thomas Dyer	4,712	53.24		Francis Cornwall Sherman	4,138	46.76	[3]
1855		Levi Boone	3,185	52.87		Isaac Lawrence Milliken (incumbent)	22,839	47.13	[3]
1854		Isaac Lawrence Milliken	3,800	50.79		Amos G. Throop	2,556	40.21	[98]
1853		Charles McNeill Gray	3,270	77.10		Josiah L. James	971	22.90	[99]
1852		Walter S. Gurnee (incumbent)	1,741	39.04		James Curtiss	1,295	29.05	[3]
						Amos G. Throop	1,153	25.85
						Peter Page	271	6.0
1851		Walter S. Gurnee	3,032	56.66		Eli B. Williams	1,092	20.41	[3]
						James Curtiss (incumbent)	1,001	18.71
1850		James Curtiss	1,697	45.51		Levi Boone	1,227	32.90	[100]
						Lewis C. Kerchival	805	21.59
1849		James H. Woodworth (incumbent)	2,668	80.02		Timothy Wait	399	11.97	[3][101]
						Lewis C. Kerchival	245	7.35
1848		James H. Woodworth	1,971	59.15		James Curtiss (incumbent)	1,361	40.85	[102]
1847		James Curtiss	1,281	46.77		Philo Carpenter	1,220	44.54	[103]
						John H. Kinzie	238	8.69
1846		John Putnam Chapin	1,104	55.20		Charles Follansbee	667	33.35	[104]
						Philo Carpenter	229	11.45
1845		Augustus Garrett	1,072	50.66		John H. Kinzie	913	43.15	[105]
						Henry Smith	131	6.19
April 1844		Alson Sherman	837	50.51		Augustus Garrett (incumbent)	694	41.88	[106]
						Henry Smith	126	7.60
March 1844 (voided) ^C		Augustus Garrett (incumbent)	805	44.82		George Dole	798	44.43	[3]
						Henry Smith	193	10.75
1843		Augustus Garrett	671	61.17		Thomas Church	432	44.31	[107]
1842		Benjamin Wright Raymond	490	50.26		Augustus Garrett	432	44.31	[108][3]
						Henry Smith	53	5.44
1841		Francis Cornwall Sherman	460	52.33		Isaac R. Gavin	419	47.67	[109]
1840		Alexander Loyd	582	57.91		Benjamin Wright Raymond (incumbent)	423	42.09	[110]
1839		Benjamin Wright Raymond	353	62.48		James Curtiss	212	37.52	[111][112]
1838		Buckner Stith Morris	377	54.25		William Jones	318	45.76	[113]
1837		William B. Ogden	470	66.86		John H. Kinzie	233	33.14	[114]

Party nominee vote share by election

The follow table displays the results which parties achieved for elections in which they put forth a singular nominee

Election	Dem	Rep/ Whig	Liberty/ Free Soil	Know Noth.	SWP	SPUSA	SLP	HWP	Prohib./ Temper.	SDP	Winning party		Sources
1995	60.12%	2.77%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.86%	N/A	N/A		Democratic		[51]
1991	67.98%	3.53%	N/A	N/A	0.54%	N/A	N/A	24.18%	N/A	N/A			[52]
1989	55.42%	3.56%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	41.13%	N/A	N/A			[53]
1987	53.76%	4.29%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A			[54]
1983	51.70%	48.01%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A			[55]
1979	82.05%	16.12%	N/A	N/A	1.83%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A			[56]
1977	77.39%	21.34%	N/A	N/A	0.87%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A			[57]
1975	77.69%	19.93%	N/A	N/A	2.37%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A			[58]
1971	70.08%	29.92%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A			[59]
1967	73.04%	25.13%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A			[60]
1963	55.69%	44.31%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A			[62]
1959	71.40%	28.60%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A			[62]
1955	54.93%	45.07%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A			[63]
1951	56.14%	43.87%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A			[64]
1947	58.73%	41.27%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A			[64]
1943	54.54%	45.47%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A			[64]
1939	56.12%	43.54%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A			[64]
1935	75.84%	15.83%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A			[65]
1931	58.44%	41.53%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A			[66]
1927	43.28%	51.58%	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.00%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A		Republican	[68][69]
1923	56.61%	37.42%	N/A	N/A	N/A	5.97%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A		Democratic	[70]
1919	34.48%	37.61%	N/A	N/A	N/A	3.49%	0.27%	N/A	N/A	N/A		Republican	[71]
1915	37.03%	58.78%	N/A	N/A	N/A	3.61%	N/A	N/A	0.59%	N/A			[72]
1911	48.53%	43.81%	N/A	N/A	N/A	6.77%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A		Democratic	[73]
1907	45.18%	49.03%	N/A	N/A	N/A	4.00%	N/A	N/A	1.79%	N/A		Republican	[73]
1905	49.74%	42.23%	N/A	N/A	N/A	7.02%	N/A	N/A	1.00%	N/A		Democratic	[73]
1903	47.22%	44.78%	N/A	N/A	N/A	3.59%	0.33%	N/A	0.86%	N/A			[73]
1901	52.69%	43.16%	N/A	N/A	N/A	1.78%	0.23%	N/A	1.12%	0.69%			[73]
1899	48.58%	35.15%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.38%	N/A	0.34%	0.12%			[73]
1897	50.23%	20.08%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.42%	N/A	0.31%	N/A			[73]
1895	39.68%	55.36%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A		Republican	[73]
1893 (Dec)	49.71%	49.14%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A		Democratic	[73][74]
1893 (Apr)	54.03%	44.06%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.47%	N/A	N/A	N/A			[73][75]
1891	28.59%	28.83%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	1.46%	N/A	N/A	N/A		Republican	[73][76]
1889	54.93%	44.38%	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.29%	N/A	N/A	0.39%	N/A		Democratic	[73]
1887	N/A	68.23%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	31.27%	N/A	0.40%	N/A		Republican	[73][77]
1885	50.09%	49.66%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.26%	N/A		Democratic	[73][78]
1883	57.11%	42.89%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A			[73][79]
1881	55.22%	43.23%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.37%	N/A	N/A	N/A			[73][80]
1879	44.28%	35.33%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	20.39%	N/A	N/A	N/A			[73][81][82]
1877	38.64%	61.36%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A		Republican	[73][83]
1876 (Jul)	24.93%	63.90%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A			[73][84]
1876 (Apr)^B	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A		Independent Democrat	[85]
1873	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A		People's Party	[73][87]
1871	27.08%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A		Union-Fireproof	[73]
1869	N/A	36.53%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A		Citizens	[88]
1867	40.11%	59.89%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A		Republican	[89]
1865	33.58%	66.42%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A			[90]
1863	50.39%	49.62%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A		Democratic	[91]
1862	54.32%	45.68%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A			[92]
1861	44.38%	55.62%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A		Republican	[93]
1860	46.64%	53.36%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A			[94]
1859	47.37%	52.63%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A			[95]
1858	46.40%	53.60%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A			[96]
1857	44.94%	55.06%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A			[97]
1856	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A		Pro-Nebraska Democrat	[3]
1855	47.13%	N/A	N/A	52.87%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A		Know Nothing	[3]
1854	59.79%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	40.21%	N/A		Democratic	[98]
1853	77.10%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A			[99]
1852	39.04%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	25.85%	N/A			[3]
1851	56.66%^D	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A			[3]
1850	45.51%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A		Democratic	[100]
1849	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A		Independent Democrat	[3][101]
1848	40.85%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A			[102]
1847	46.77%	8.69%	44.54%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A		Democratic	[103]
1846	33.35%	55.20%	11.45%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A		Whig	[104]
1845	50.66%	43.15%	6.19%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A		Democratic	[105]
1844 (Apr)	41.88%	N/A	7.60%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A		Independent Democrat	[106]
1844 (Mar)^C	44.82%	44.43%	10.75%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A		Democratic	[3]
1843	61.17%	34.73%	4.10%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A		Democratic	[107]
1842	44.31%	50.26%	5.43%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A		Whig	[108]
1841	52.33%	47.67%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A		Democratic	[109]
1840	57.91%	42.09%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A			[110]
1839	37.52%	62.48%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A		Whig	[111]
1838	45.76%	54.25%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A			[113]
1837	66.86%	33.14%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A		Democratic	[114]

City Council-appointed mayors

A number of individuals have been elected by a vote aldermen to fill mayoral vacancies, either as acting or interim mayor.

Lester L. Bond (1873)

On August 18, 1873 Lester L. Bond was appointed as the first "acting mayor" in the city's history.[115][25]

Incumbent mayor Joseph Medill, per city charter, informed the council that he planned to be absent from the city for an unspecified length of time "requiring the City Council to appoint an 'Acting Mayor' to serve during my absence"[25]

The same day, the City Council held a narrow vote to appoint Bond, alderman from the Tenth Ward, to this post.[25]

Bond was sworn-in as Acting Mayor on August 22.[115]

Medill ultimately did not return until after the remainder of his term had passed, leaving Bond to serve out the rest of his term.[25]

George Bell Swift (1893)

On November 6, 1893 (less than two weeks after the assassination of Carter Harrison Sr.), George Bell Swift was voted by the City Council to serve as Mayor pro tempore (acting mayor) up until after a special election held the following month.[116]

Frank Corr (1933)

On March 14, 1933 Frank J. Corr was elected mayor pro tempore by the City Council following the assassination of Anton Cermak.[117][118][119] Corr had been chosen by Chicago Democratic boss Patrick Nash, who believed Corr to be neither charismatic nor ambitious, and thus an ideal individual to reliably serve as a placeholder.[118]

Corr was sworn-in on March 16.[117] He resigned on April 13 after serving for 29 days.[117]

Edward J. Kelly (1933)

Edward J. Kelly was elected to replace Corr.[120]

Michael Bilandic (1976)

Following the death in office of Richard J. Daley the city council voted on December 28, 1976 to appoint Michael Bilandic to serve as mayor up until a special election in 1977.

The election came after a brief power dispute. City Council President Pro-Tempure Wilson Frost had declared himself to be acting mayor following Daley's death (which would have made him the first African American to serve as the city's mayor).[121] However, City Corporation Counsel William R. Quinlan disputed this, ruling that, since the city did not have a statute specifically outlining succession, the city council would need to elect the interim mayor.[121]

The result of the City Council vote, effectively a yay or nay vote on appointing Bilandic, was as follows:[122]

In support of Bilandic: 45 (93.75%)
Rejecting Bilandic: 2 (4.17%)
Abstaining: 1 (2.08%)

Eugene Sawyer (1987)

On December 2, 1987, following the death in office of mayor Harold Washington, the Chicago City Council voted to appoint Eugene Sawyer to serve as mayor up until a special election in 1989. The vote was as follows:[123]

Eugene Sawyer: 29 (59.18%)
Timothy C. Evans: 19 (38.78%)
No Preference: 1 (2.04%)

Notes

A.^ Only listing candidates who received a vote share of at least 5%

B.^ April 1876 election was annulled by courts

C.^ March 1844 election was voided by the City Council

D.^ 1859 election featured two Democratic candidates. The listed vote share is that of the top-finisher of the two (Walter S. Gurnee)

E.^ Since the disputed April 1876 mayoral election itself was not included on the ballot/tickets, no candidates were on the ballot.[124]

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