Massachusetts's 1st congressional district

Massachusetts's 1st congressional district is a United States congressional district located in the western and central part of Massachusetts. The state's largest congressional district in area, it covers about one-third of the state and is more rural than the rest. It has the state's highest point, Mount Greylock; the district includes the cities of Springfield, West Springfield, Pittsfield, Holyoke, Agawam, Chicopee and Westfield.

Massachusetts's 1st congressional district
Massachusetts's 1st congressional district since January 3, 2013
Representative	Richard Neal D–Springfield
Area	3,101.14 sq mi (8,031.9 km^2)
Distribution	69.21% urban 30.79% rural
Population (2019)	723,831
Median household income	$61,559[1]
Ethnicity	71.19% White 17.70% Hispanic 6.26% Black 2.60% other 2.07% Asian 0.18% Native American
Occupation	59.7% White-collar 23.8% Blue-collar 16.4% Gray-collar
Cook PVI	D+12[2]

The shape of the district underwent some changes effective from the elections of 2012, after Massachusetts congressional redistricting to reflect the 2010 census.[3] The old 1st and 2nd districts were essentially merged, placing most of western Massachusetts in a single district. The entire Springfield area is included in the new 1st district, and the Worcester County areas of the old 1st district were split between the new 2nd and 3rd districts.

Richard Neal, a Democrat from Springfield, represents the district; he previously represented the old 2nd from 1989 to 2013.

Cities and towns currently in the district

All of Berkshire County, all of Hampden County (except for Precinct 1A in Palmer), and the following towns and cities:

In Franklin County: Ashfield, Bernardston, Buckland, Charlemont, Colrain, Conway, Hawley, Heath, Leyden, Monroe, Rowe, and Shelburne.

In Hampshire County: Chesterfield, Cummington, Easthampton, Goshen, Granby, Huntington, Middlefield, Plainfield, South Hadley, Southampton, Westhampton, Williamsburg, and Worthington.

In Worcester County: Brookfield, Charlton, Dudley, East Brookfield, Southbridge, Sturbridge, and Warren.

Recent election results from presidential races

Year	Office	Result
2000	President	Gore 63–35%
2004	President	Kerry 63–35%
2008	President	Obama 64–34%
2012	President	Obama 64–34%
2016	President	Clinton 57–37%
2020	President	Biden 61–36%

List of members representing the district

Member	Party	Years ↑	Cong ress	Electoral history	District location
Fisher Ames	Pro-Administration	March 4, 1789 – March 3, 1793	1st 2nd	Elected in 1788. Re-elected in 1790.	1789–1793 Suffolk County
		General ticket: Four members from the same district March 4, 1793 – March 3, 1795	3rd	Re-elected in 1792 with three others on a general ticket representing the district from Suffolk County. Redistricted to the 8th district.	1793–1795 Suffolk County, Middlesex County, and Essex County
Samuel Dexter	Pro-Administration			Elected in 1792 with three others on a general ticket representing the district from Middlesex County. Redistricted to the 9th district and lost re-election.
Benjamin Goodhue	Pro-Administration			Redistricted from the 2nd district and re-elected in 1792 with three others on a general ticket representing the district from Essex County. Redistricted to the 10th district.
Samuel Holten	Anti-Administration			Elected in 1792 with three others on a general ticket representing the district at-large. Redistricted to the 10th district and lost re-election.
Theodore Sedgwick	Federalist	March 4, 1795 – June 11, 1796	4th	Redistricted from the 2nd district and re-elected in 1794. Resigned to become U.S. Senator.	1795–1803 "1st Western district"
Vacant		June 1796 – January 27, 1797
Thomson J. Skinner	Democratic-Republican	January 27, 1797 – March 3, 1799		Elected to finish Sedgwick's term. Re-elected in 1796. Retired.
			5th
Theodore Sedgwick	Federalist	March 4, 1799 – March 3, 1801	6th	Elected in 1798. Retired.
John Bacon	Democratic-Republican	March 4, 1801 – March 3, 1803	7th	Elected in 1800. Retired.
William Eustis	Democratic-Republican	March 4, 1803 – March 3, 1805	8th	Redistricted from the 8th district and re-elected in 1802. Lost re-election.	1803–1813 "Suffolk district"
Josiah Quincy III	Federalist	March 4, 1805 – March 3, 1813	9th 10th 11th 12th	Elected in 1804. Re-elected in 1806. Re-elected in 1808. Re-elected in 1810. Retired.
Artemas Ward Jr.	Federalist	March 4, 1813 – March 3, 1817	13th 14th	Elected in 1812. Re-elected in 1814. Retired.	1813–1823 "Suffolk district"
Jonathan Mason	Federalist	March 4, 1817 – May 15, 1820	15th 16th	Elected August 26, 1817 to Representative-elect James Lloyd's term and seated December 2, 1816.[4] Re-elected in 1818. Resigned to pursue law practice.
Vacant		May 15, 1820 – November 6, 1820	16th
Benjamin Gorham	Democratic-Republican	November 6, 1820 – March 3, 1823	16th 17th	Elected to finish Mason's term. Also elected to the next term in 1820. Retired.
Daniel Webster	Adams-Clay Federalist	March 4, 1823 – March 3, 1825	18th 19th 20th	Elected in 1822. Re-elected in 1824. Re-elected in 1826, but resigned to become U.S. Senator.	1823–1833 "Suffolk district"
	Anti-Jacksonian	March 4, 1825 – May 30, 1827
Vacant		May 30, 1827 – July 23, 1827	20th
Benjamin Gorham	Anti-Jacksonian	July 23, 1827 – March 3, 1831	20th 21st	Elected to finish Webster's term. Re-elected in 1828. Retired.
Nathan Appleton	Anti-Jacksonian	March 4, 1831 – March 3, 1833	22nd	Elected in 1830. Retired.
Benjamin Gorham	Anti-Jacksonian	March 4, 1833 – March 3, 1835	23rd	Elected in 1833. [data unknown/missing]	1833–1843 [data unknown/missing]
Abbott Lawrence	Anti-Jacksonian	March 4, 1835 – March 3, 1837	24th	Elected in 1834. Retired.
Richard Fletcher	Whig	March 4, 1837 – March 3, 1839	25th	Elected in 1836. Re-elected in 1838, but declined to serve.
Vacant		March 4, 1839 – November 11, 1839	26th
Abbott Lawrence	Whig	November 11, 1839 – September 18, 1840		Elected to finish Fletcher's term. Resigned.
Vacant		September 18, 1840 – November 9, 1840
Robert C. Winthrop	Whig	November 9, 1840 – May 25, 1842	26th 27th	Elected to finish Lawrence's term. Also elected to the next term in 1840. Resigned.
Vacant		May 25, 1842 – June 9, 1842	27th
Nathan Appleton	Whig	June 9, 1842 – September 28, 1842		Elected to finish Winthrop's term. Resigned.
Vacant		September 28, 1842 – November 29, 1842
Robert C. Winthrop	Whig	November 29, 1842 – July 30, 1850	27th 28th 29th 30th 31st	Elected to finish Appleton's term. Also elected to the next term in 1842. Re-elected in 1844. Re-elected in 1846. Re-elected in 1848. Resigned to become U.S. Senator.
					1843–1853 "City of Boston."[5]
Vacant		July 30, 1850 – August 22, 1850	31st
Samuel A. Eliot	Whig	August 22, 1850 – March 3, 1851		Elected to finish Winthrop's term. Retired.
William Appleton	Whig	March 4, 1851 – March 3, 1853	32nd	Elected in 1850. Redistricted to the 5th district.
Zeno Scudder	Whig	March 4, 1853 – March 3, 1854	33rd	Redistricted from the 10th district and re-elected in 1852. Retired because of injury.	1853–1863 [data unknown/missing]
Vacant		March 4, 1854 – April 17, 1854
Thomas D. Eliot	Whig	April 17, 1854 – March 3, 1855		Elected to finish Scudder's term. Retired.
Robert B. Hall	American (Know Nothing)	March 4, 1855 – March 3, 1857	34th 35th	Elected in 1854. Re-elected in 1856. [data unknown/missing]
	Republican	March 4, 1857 – March 3, 1859
Thomas D. Eliot	Republican	March 4, 1859 – March 3, 1869	36th 37th 38th 39th 40th[6]	Elected in 1858. Re-elected in 1860. Re-elected in 1862. Re-elected in 1864. Re-elected in 1866. Retired.
					1863–1873 "All of Barnstable, Dukes and Nantucket counties; the city of New Bedford and towns of Dartmouth and Fairhaven, in Bristol county; the towns of Carver, Kingston, Plymouth, Plympton, Rochester, and Wareham, in Plymouth county."[7]
James Buffinton	Republican	March 4, 1869 – March 7, 1875	41st 42nd 43rd 44th[8]	Elected in 1868. Re-elected in 1870. Re-elected in 1872. Re-elected in 1874. Died.
					1873–1883 [data unknown/missing]
Vacant		March 7, 1875 – November 2, 1875	44th
William W. Crapo	Republican	November 2, 1875 – March 3, 1883	44th 45th 46th 47th[9][10]	Elected to finish Buffinton's term. Re-elected in 1876. Re-elected in 1878. Re-elected in 1880. Retired.
Robert T. Davis	Republican	March 4, 1883 – March 3, 1889	48th 49th 50th	Elected in 1882. Re-elected in 1884. Re-elected in 1886. Retired.	1883–1893 [data unknown/missing]
Charles S. Randall	Republican	March 4, 1889 – March 3, 1893	51st 52nd	Elected in 1888. Re-elected in 1890. Redistricted to the 13th district.
Ashley B. Wright	Republican	March 4, 1893 – August 14, 1897	53rd 54th 55th[11]	Elected in 1892. Re-elected in 1894. Re-elected in 1896. Died.	1893–1903 [data unknown/missing]
Vacant		August 14, 1897 – November 2, 1897	55th
George P. Lawrence	Republican	November 2, 1897 – March 3, 1913	55th 56th 57th 58th 59th 60th 61st 62nd[12][13]	Elected to finish Wright's term. Re-elected in 1898. Re-elected in 1900. Re-elected in 1902. Re-elected in 1904. Re-elected in 1906. Re-elected in 1908. Re-elected in 1910. Retired.
					1903–1913 [data unknown/missing]
Allen T. Treadway	Republican	March 4, 1913 – January 3, 1945	63rd 64th 65th 66th 67th 68th 69th 70th 71st 72nd 73rd 74th 75th 76th 77th 78th[14]	Elected in 1912. Re-elected in 1914. Re-elected in 1916. Re-elected in 1918. Re-elected in 1920. Re-elected in 1922. Re-elected in 1924. Re-elected in 1926. Re-elected in 1928. Re-elected in 1930. Re-elected in 1932. Re-elected in 1934. Re-elected in 1936. Re-elected in 1938. Re-elected in 1940. Re-elected in 1942. Retired.	1913–1933 "Berkshire County. Franklin County: Ashfield, Buckland, Charlemont, Colrain, Conway, Greenfield, Hawley, Heath, Leyden, Monroe, Rowe, Shelburne. Hampshire County: Chesterfield, Cummington, Goshen, Huntington, Middlefield, Plainfield, Southampton, Westhampton, Worthington. Hampden County: Holyoke, Blandford, Chester, Granville, Montgomery, Russell, Southwick, Tolland, and Westfield."[15]
					1933–1943 [data unknown/missing]
					1943–1953 [data unknown/missing]
John W. Heselton	Republican	January 3, 1945 – January 3, 1959	79th 80th 81st 82nd 83rd 84th 85th	Elected in 1944. Re-elected in 1946. Re-elected in 1948. Re-elected in 1950. Re-elected in 1952. Re-elected in 1954. Re-elected in 1956. Retired.
					1953–1963 "Berkshire County. Franklin County Hamdpen County: Holyoke, Westfield, Blandford, Chester, Granville, Montgomery, Russell, Southwick, and Tolland. Hampshire County: Belchertown, Chesterfield, Cummington, Goshen, Huntington, Middlefield, Pelham, Plainfield, Southampton, Westhampton, Williamsburg, Worthington. Worcester County: Athol, Petersham, Phillipston, Royalston, Templeton."[16]
Silvio O. Conte	Republican	January 3, 1959 – February 8, 1991	86th 87th 88th 89th 90th 91st 92nd 93rd 94th 95th 96th 97th 98th 99th 100th 101st 102nd	Elected in 1958. Re-elected in 1960. Re-elected in 1962. Re-elected in 1964. Re-elected in 1966. Re-elected in 1968. Re-elected in 1970. Re-elected in 1972. Re-elected in 1974. Re-elected in 1976. Re-elected in 1978. Re-elected in 1980. Re-elected in 1982. Re-elected in 1984. Re-elected in 1986. Re-elected in 1988. Re-elected in 1990. Died.
					1963–1973 "Berkshire County: North Adams, Pittsfield, Adams, Alford, Becket, Cheshire, Clarksburg, Dalton, Egremont, Florida, Great Barrington, Hancock, Hinsdale, Lanesborough, Lee, Lenox, Monterey, Mount Washington, New Ashford, New Marlborough, Otis, Peru, Richmond, Sandisfield, Savoy, Sheffield, Stockbridge, Tyringham, Washington, West Stockbridge, Williamstown, Windsor. Franklin County: Ashfield, Bernardston, Buckland, Charlemont, Colrain, Conway, Deerfield, Erving, Gill, Greenfield, Hawley, Heath, Leverett, Leyden, Monroe, Montague, New Salem, Northfield, Orange, Rowe, Shelburne, Shutesbury, Sunderland, Warwick, Wendell, Whately. Hampden County: Cities of Holyoke, Westfield, Blandford, Chester, Granville, Montgomery, Russell, Southwick, Tolland. Hampshire County: Northampton, Amherst, Chesterfield, Cummington, Easthampton, Goshen, Hadley, Hatfield, Huntington, Middlefield, Pelham, Plainfield, Southampton, Westhampton, Williamsburg, Worthington. Worcester County: Athol, Petersham, Phillipston, Royalston, Templeton."[17][lower-alpha 1]
					1973–1983 "Berkshire County. Franklin County: All except Orange. Hampden County: Holyoke, Westfield, Agawam, Blandford, Chester, Granville, Montgomery, Russell, Southwick, Tolland, West Springfield. Hampshire County: Northampton and all towns."[19]
					1983–1993 [data unknown/missing]
Vacant		February 8, 1991 – June 18, 1991	102nd
John Olver	Democratic	June 18, 1991 – January 3, 2013	102nd 103rd 104th 105th 106th 107th 108th 109th 110th 111th 112th	Elected to finish Conte's term. Re-elected in 1992. Re-elected in 1994. Re-elected in 1996. Re-elected in 1998. Re-elected in 2000. Re-elected in 2002. Re-elected in 2004. Re-elected in 2006. Re-elected in 2008. Re-elected in 2010. Retired.[20]
					1993–2003 [data unknown/missing]
					2003–2013 All of Berkshire County and Franklin County as well the following towns and cities: In Hampden County: Blandford, Chester, Granville, Holyoke, Montgomery, Russell, Southwick, Tolland, Westfield, West Springfield. In Hampshire County: Amherst, Belchertown, Chesterfield, Cummington, Easthampton, Goshen, Granby, Hatfield, Huntington, Middlefield, Pelham, Plainfield, Southampton, Ware, Westhampton, Williamsburg, Worthington. In Middlesex County: Ashby, Pepperell, Townsend. In Worcester County: Ashburnham, Athol, Barre, Fitchburg, Gardner, Hardwick, Hubbardston, Leominster, Lunenburg, New Braintree, Oakham, Petersham, Phillipston, Royalston, Sterling, Templeton, West Brookfield, Westminster, Winchendon.
Richard Neal	Democratic	January 3, 2013 – present	113th 114th 115th 116th 117th	Redistricted from the 2nd district and re-elected in 2012. Re-elected in 2014. Re-elected in 2016. Re-elected in 2018. Re-elected in 2020.	2013–present Berkshire County. Hampden County All except Precinct 1A in Palmer. In western Franklin County: Ashfield, Bernardston, Buckland, Charlemont, Colrain, Conway, Hawley, Heath, Leyden, Monroe, Rowe, Shelburne. In western Hampshire County: Chesterfield, Cummington, Easthampton, Goshen, Granby, Huntington, Middlefield, Plainfield, South Hadley, Southampton, Westhampton, Williamsburg, Worthington. In southwestern Worcester County: Brookfield, Charlton, Dudley, East Brookfield, Southbridge, Sturbridge, Warren.

Recent election results

2002

2002 general election

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	John Olver	137,841	67.56
	Republican	Matthew Kinnaman	66,061	32.40
	Write-in		117	0.06
Majority			71,780	35.18
Turnout			204,019
	Democratic hold

2004

2004 general election

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	John Olver	229,465	99.02	+ 31.46
	Write-in		2,282	0.98	+ 0.92
Majority			227,183	98.04	+ 62.86
Turnout			231,747
	Democratic hold		Swing

2006

2006 general election

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	John Olver	158,035	76%
	Unenrolled challenger	William H. Szych	49,123	24%
	Socialist	Eric Chester	<253	<1%
	Democratic hold

2008

2008 general election

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	John Olver	215,696	69.7%
	Republican	Nathan Bech	8,067	25.9%
	Democratic hold

2010

2010 general election

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	John Olver	128,011	60%
	Republican	William L. Gunn Jr.	74,418	34.9%
	Independent	Michael Engel	10,880	5.1%
	Democratic hold

2012

2012 Democratic primary[21]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard Neal (redistricted incumbent)	40,295	65.4
	Democratic	Andrea F. Nuciforo Jr.	15,159	24.63
	Democratic	Bill Shein	6,059	9.85
	Write-in	Other	0.05	0.1
Total votes			61,546	100

2012 general election[22]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard E. Neal (redistricted incumbent)	261,936	98.42
	Write-in	Other	4,197	1.58
Total votes			266,133	100

2014

2014 Democratic primary[23]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard Neal (Incumbent)	44,857	98.45
	Write-in	Other	706	1.55
Total votes			45,563	100

2014 general election[24]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard E. Neal (Incumbent)	167,612	97.97
	Write-in	Other	3,498	2.04
Total votes			171,110	100

2016

2016 Democratic primary[25]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard Neal (Incumbent)	44,857	98.45
	Write-in	Other	706	1.55
Total votes			45,563	100

2016 general election[26]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard E. Neal (Incumbent)	235,803	73.34
	Independent	Frederick O. Mayock	57,504	17.88
	Libertarian	Thomas T. Simmons	27,511	8.56
	Write-in	Other	721	0.22
Total votes			321,539	100

2018

2018 Democratic primary[27]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard Neal (Incumbent)	49,696	70.64
	Democratic	Tahirah Amatul-Wadud	20,565	29.23
	Write-in	Other	93	0.13
Total votes			70,354	100

2018 general election[28]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard E. Neal (Incumbent)	211,790	97.64
	Write-in	Other	5,110	2.36
Total votes			216,900	100

2020

2020 Democratic primary

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard Neal (Incumbent)	83,437	58.8
	Democratic	Alex Morse	58,390	41.2
	Write-in	Other
Total votes

2020 general election

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Independent	Frederick O. Mayock
	Democratic	Richard Neal (Incumbent)
	Write-in	Other
Total votes

See also

• Massachusetts's congressional districts
• List of United States congressional districts

Notes

1. One source has a different list for the second session of the 88th Congress, which met in 1972: "Berkshire County: All cities and towns. Franklin County: All towns. Hampden County: Cities of Holyoke and Westfield. Towns of Agawam, Blandford, Chester, Granville, Montgomery, Russell, Southwick, Tolland, and West Springfield. Hampshire County: City of Northampton. Towns of Amherst, Chesterfield, Cummington, Easthampton, Goshen, Hadley, Hatfield, Huntington, Middlefield, Pelham, Plainfleld, Southampton, Westhampton, Williamsburg, and Worthington. Worcester County: Towns of Athol, Barre, Hardwick, Hubbardston, New Braintree, Oakham, Petersham, Phillipston, Royalston. Rutland, and Templeton."[18]

References

1. "My Congressional District / Massachusetts / District 1". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 15, 2019 – via Census.gov.
2. "Partisan Voting Index –
   Districts of the 115th Congress" (PDF). The Cook Political Report. April 7, 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
3. "The Commonwealth of Massachusetts 2011 Congressional Districts (Chapter 177 of the Acts of 2001" (PDF). Retrieved March 29, 2012.
4. "Fourteenth Congress March 4, 1815 to March 3, 1817". Office of the Historian, United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 11, 2019 – via History.house.gov.
5. John Hayward (1849). "Congressional Districts". Gazetteer of Massachusetts. Boston: J.P. Jewett & Co.
6. "Massachusetts". Congressional Directory for the Second Session of the Thirty-Seventh Congress. Washington, D.C.: Postmaster of the United States House of Representatives. 1861.
7. "Congressional Districts". Massachusetts Register 1862. Boston: Adams, Sampson, & Co.
8. Ben. Perley Poore (1869). "Massachusetts". Congressional Directory for the First Session of the Forty-First Congress (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
9. Ben. Perley Poore (1878). "Massachusetts". Congressional Directory: 45th Congress (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
10. Ben. Perley Poore (1882). "Massachusetts". Congressional Directory: 47th Congress (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
11. L.A. Coolidge (1897). "Massachusetts". Official Congressional Directory: Fifty-Fifth Congress. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
12. A.J. Halford (1903). "Massachusetts". Official Congressional Directory: Fifty-Eighth Congress. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
13. A.J. Halford (1909). "Massachusetts". Congressional Directory: 60th Congress (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
14. "Massachusetts". Official Congressional Directory: 75th Congress (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1938.
15. "Massachusetts". Official Congressional Directory: 64th Congress (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1916.
16. "Massachusetts". Official Congressional Directory: 83rd Congress. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1953.
17. "Massachusetts". Official Congressional Directory: 88th Congress. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1963.
18. "Massachusetts". Official Congressional Directory: 92nd Congress. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1972.
19. "Massachusetts". Official Congressional Directory: 93rd Congress. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1973.
20. "U.S. Rep. John Olver announces plan to retire when term ends next year". masslive.com. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
21. "2012 U.S. House Democratic Primary 1st Congressional District". PD43+. Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
22. "STATISTICS OF THE PRESIDENTIAL AND CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS OF NOVEMBER 6, 2012". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
23. "2016 U.S. House Democratic Primary 1st Congressional District". PD43+. Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
24. "STATISTICS OF THE CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS OF NOVEMBER 4, 2014". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
25. "2016 U.S. House Democratic Primary 1st Congressional District". PD43+. Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
26. "STATISTICS OF THE PRESIDENTIAL AND CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS OF NOVEMBER 8, 2016". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
27. "2018 U.S. House Democratic Primary 1st Congressional District". PD43+. Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
28. "STATISTICS OF THE PRESIDENTIAL AND CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS OF NOVEMBER 6, 2018". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved February 29, 2020.

Further reading

• Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
• Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.

External links

• "CNN.com Election 2004". Retrieved March 15, 2019 – via CNN.com.
• "CNN.com - Elections 2006". CNN.com. Retrieved March 15, 2019.
• "Massachusetts Congressional Districts" (PDF). Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth. January 1, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2019.
• "Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present". Retrieved March 15, 2019.
• Rose Institute of State and Local Government, "Massachusetts: 2010 Redistricting Changes: First District", Redistricting by State, Claremont, CA: Claremont McKenna College, archived from the original on September 15, 2020
• "Our Campaigns - United States - Massachusetts - MA - District 01". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 31, 2020.