Ma Shouzhen

Ma Shouzhen (Chinese: 馬守真; c. 1548–1604), also known by her courtesy name Ma Xianglan (Chinese: 馬湘蘭, meaning "Orchid of the Xiang River") and pen name Yuejiao ("Lunar Beauty"), was a Chinese courtesan and artist born in Nanjing during the late Ming dynasty (1550–1644). She was a renowned painter, poet, and composer. She received the name Xianglan because her most favored paintings were of orchids.

In this Chinese name, the family name is Ma.
Ma Shouzhen
馬守真
Bornc1548
Nanjing, China
Died1604
Other namesMa Xianglan, Yuejiao
OccupationCourtesan, artist, poet

Biography

Ma was born in Nanjing, and she lived in the entertainment district along the Qinhuai River.[1] As a matriarch in courtesan society, she encouraged the education and training of courtesans in the arts. In order to maintain her reputation as an elite courtesan, she only allowed educated men or young student lords within her residence.[2]

During the late Ming dynasty, elite courtesans challenged the gender stereotypes of Confucian values. In contrast to the women of the gentry, who were often discouraged from cultivating talent lest it undermine their virtue as wives and mothers, courtesans were educated in painting, poetry, and music. In addition, they owned property and participated in the public scene.[1]

At the age of 15, Ma Shouzhen formally assumed the position of courtesan.[2] Before this, she may have received education from a proprietor who owned her during her childhood.[3] As courtesan matriarch, she befriended many poets and intellects such as Peng Nian (1505–1566), Zhou Tianqiu (1514–1595), Xu Wei (1521–1593), Xue Mingyi (late 16th century), and Wang Zhideng (1535–1612).[2] The poets would write poems inspired by her or for her, describing Ma as beautiful with a warm and welcoming personality.[2] During their visits, Ma Shouzhen joined them in making paintings, poems, and plays. She also hosted parties on her multi-leveled house-boat with the literati as her guests.[1]

Romance with Wang Zhideng

Ma Shouzhen and Wang Zhideng shared a loving relationship with one another, and there are instances in which the two openly expressed their affection for each other. They wrote letters to each other, collaborated in several paintings and poem. One of their famous collaborations was Narcissus and Rock, which consists of two images and a poem.[4] When Ma published her poems in 1591, Wang included a preface for them.[1] On one occasion, Ma took her house-boat to see Wang in Suzhou and celebrated his 70th birthday with a party of musicians.[2] Not long after this, Ma fell ill and died peacefully in her residence in Nanjing. Wang wrote several eulogies of Ma after her death.[1]

Paintings and Poetry

As a painter, Ma Shouzhen is well known for landscapes, orchids, and bamboo imagery combined with calligraphy. Her brush work is delicate, and the images have either colors lightly applied or monochromatic ink. Her preferred painting formats include fan, hand-scrolls, and hanging scrolls. Along with painting, Ma was skilled in writing poetry and composing dramas, however, some of her dramas have been lost over time.[2] The only paintings by Ma Shouzhen that survive today are her ink landscapes, orchids, and bamboo. Since she was a social person, many of her paintings may have been given away at parties.[5]

List of Works
  • Orchid and Bamboo, (fan) ink on golden paper, in the Palace Museum Collection[6]
  • Orchid, Bamboo, and Rock, (fan) ink on golden paper, in the Palace Museum Collection[7]
  • Orchid, Bamboo, and Rock, (hand-scroll) ink on golden paper, in the Palace Museum Collection[8]
  • Orchid and Rock, (hanging scroll) ink on paper, in the Metropolitan Museum of Art Online Collection[9]
  • Ma Shouzhen, Orchid and Rock, 1572, Metropolitan Museum of Art
  • Ma Shouzhen, Orchid, 1604, Yale University Art Gallery

References
  1. Merlin, Monica (2011). "The Nanjing Courtesan Ma Shouzhen (1548–1604): Gender, Space and Painting in the Late Ming Pleasure Quarter". Gender & History. 23 (3): 630–652. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0424.2011.01660.x.
  2. Tseng, Yu-Ho (1993). "Women Painters of the Ming Dynasty". Artibus Asiae. 53 (1/2): 249–261. doi:10.2307/3250517. JSTOR 3250517.
  3. Yuho, Tseng (1993). "Women Painters of the Ming Dynasty". Artibus Asiae. 53 (1/2): 249–261. doi:10.2307/3250517. ISSN 0004-3648. JSTOR 3250517.
  4. "Past Auction: Ma Shouzhen and Wang Zhideng". Artnet. Artnet Worldwide Corporation. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
  5. Yuho, Tseng (1993). "Women Painters of the Ming Dynasty". Artibus Asiae. 53 (1/2): 249–261. doi:10.2307/3250517. ISSN 0004-3648. JSTOR 3250517.
  6. "Ma Shouzhen Orchid and Bamboo". The Palace Museum Collection. The Palace Museum. Archived from the original on 6 December 2015. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
  7. "Ma Shouzhen Orchid, Bamboo, and Rock". The Palace Museum Collection. The Palace Museum. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
  8. "Ma Shouzhen Orchid, Bamboo, and Rock". The Palace Museum Collection. The Palace Museum. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
  9. "Ma Shouzhen". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 27 February 2016.

Further reading

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