List of missions to Mars

This is a list of the 49 (and counting) spacecraft missions relating to the planet Mars, such as orbiters and rovers.

Launches to Mars

Decade
1960s	12
1970s	11
1980s	2
1990s	7
2000s	8
2010s	6
2020s	3

Missions

Spacecraft	Launch Date	Operator	Mission[1]	Outcome[2]	Remarks	Carrier rocket[3]
1M No.1	10 October 1960	OKB-1  Soviet Union	Flyby	Launch failure	Failed to orbit	Molniya
1M No.2	14 October 1960	OKB-1  Soviet Union	Flyby	Launch failure	Failed to orbit	Molniya
2MV-4 No.1	24 October 1962	Soviet Union	Flyby	Launch failure	Booster stage ("Block L") disintegrated in LEO	Molniya
Mars 1 (2MV-4 No.2)	1 November 1962	Soviet Union	Flyby	Spacecraft failure	Communications lost before flyby	Molniya
2MV-3 No.1	4 November 1962	Soviet Union	Lander	Launch failure	Never left LEO	Molniya
Mariner 3	5 November 1964	NASA  United States	Flyby	Launch failure	Payload fairing failed to separate	Atlas LV-3 Agena-D
Mariner 4	28 November 1964	NASA  United States	Flyby	Successful	The first flyby of Mars on 15 July 1965	Atlas LV-3 Agena-D
Zond 2 (3MV-4A No.2)	30 November 1964	Soviet Union	Flyby	Spacecraft failure	Communications lost before flyby	Molniya
Mariner 6	25 February 1969	NASA  United States	Flyby	Successful		Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D
2M No.521 (1969A)[4]	27 March 1969	Soviet Union	Orbiter	Launch failure	Failed to orbit	Proton-K/D
Mariner 7	27 March 1969	NASA  United States	Flyby	Successful		Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D
2M No.522 (1969B)[4]	2 April 1969	Soviet Union	Orbiter	Launch failure	Failed to orbit	Proton-K/D
Mariner 8	9 May 1971	NASA  United States	Orbiter	Launch failure	Failed to orbit	Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D
Kosmos 419 (3MS No.170)	10 May 1971	Soviet Union	Orbiter	Launch failure	Never left LEO; booster stage burn timer set incorrectly	Proton-K/D
Mars 2 (4M No.171)	19 May 1971	Soviet Union	Orbiter	Successful	Entered orbit on 27 November 1971, operated for 362 orbits[5]	Proton-K/D
Mars 2 lander (SA 4M No.171)	19 May 1971	Soviet Union	Lander	Spacecraft failure	Deployed from Mars 2, failed to land during attempt on 27 November 1971	Proton-K/D
Mars 3 (4M No.172)	28 May 1971	Soviet Union	Orbiter	Successful	Entered orbit on 2 December 1971, operated for 20 orbits[6][7]	Proton-K/D
Mars 3 lander (SA 4M No.172)	28 May 1971	Soviet Union	Lander	Successful[8]	The first lander on Mars, soft landed on 2 December 1971. The first partial image (70 lines) was transmitted. Contact lost 14.5 seconds after transmission start.	Proton-K/D
Prop-M Rover rover (SA 4M No.172)	28 May 1971	Soviet Union	Rover	Partial failure	Deployment is unknown, due to communication problem because of storm	Proton-K/D
Mariner 9	30 May 1971	NASA  United States	Orbiter	Successful[9]	The first orbiter of Mars. Entered orbit on 14 November 1971, deactivated 516 days after entering orbit	Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D
Mars 4 (3MS No.52S)	21 July 1973	Soviet Union	Orbiter	Spacecraft failure	Failed to perform orbital insertion burn	Proton-K/D
Mars 5 (3MS No.53S)	25 July 1973	Soviet Union	Orbiter	Partial failure	Failed after 9 days in Mars orbit; returned 180 frames	Proton-K/D
Mars 6 (3MP No.50P)	5 August 1973	Soviet Union	Lander Flyby	Spacecraft failure	Contact lost upon landing, atmospheric data mostly unreadable. Flyby bus collected data.[10]	Proton-K/D
Mars 7 (3MP No.51P)	9 August 1973	Soviet Union	Lander Flyby	Spacecraft failure	Separated from coast stage prematurely, failed to enter Martian atmosphere	Proton-K/D
Viking 1 orbiter	20 August 1975	NASA  United States	Orbiter	Successful	Operated for 1385 orbits. Entered Mars orbit in 1976 June 19.	Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T
Viking 1 lander	20 August 1975	NASA  United States	Lander	Successful	The second lander successfully returning data, deployed from Viking 1 orbiter. Operated for 2245 sols. Landed on Mars in 1976 July 20.	Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T
Viking 2 orbiter	9 September 1975	NASA  United States	Orbiter	Successful	Operated for 700 orbits. Entered Mars orbit in 1976 August 7.	Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T
Viking 2 lander	9 September 1975	NASA  United States	Lander	Successful	Deployed from Viking 2 orbiter, operated for 1281 sols (11 Apr 1980). Landed on Mars in 1976 September 3.	Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T
Phobos 1 (1F No.101)	7 July 1988	Soviet Union	Orbiter Phobos lander	Spacecraft failure	Communications lost before reaching Mars; failed to enter orbit	Proton-K/D-2
Phobos 2 (1F No.102)	12 July 1988	Soviet Union	Orbiter Phobos lander	Partial failure	Orbital observations successful, communications lost before landing	Proton-K/D-2
Mars Observer	25 September 1992	NASA  United States	Orbiter	Spacecraft failure	Lost communications before orbital insertion	Commercial Titan III
Mars Global Surveyor	7 November 1996	NASA  United States	Orbiter	Successful	Operated for seven years	Delta II 7925
Mars 96 (M1 No.520)(Mars-8)[4]	16 November 1996	Rosaviakosmos  Russia	Orbiter Penetrators	Launch failure	Never left LEO	Proton-K/D-2
Mars Pathfinder	4 December 1996	NASA  United States	Lander	Successful	Landed at 19.13°N 33.22°W on 4 July 1997,[11] Last contact on 27 September 1997	Delta II 7925
Sojourner	4 December 1996	NASA  United States	Rover	Successful	The first rover on another planet, operated for 84 days[12]	Delta II 7925
Nozomi (PLANET-B)	3 July 1998	ISAS  Japan	Orbiter	Spacecraft failure	Ran out of fuel before reaching Mars	M-V
Mars Climate Orbiter	11 December 1998	NASA  United States	Orbiter	Spacecraft failure	Approached Mars too closely during orbit insertion attempt due to a software interface bug involving different units for impulse and burned up in the atmosphere	Delta II 7425
Mars Polar Lander	3 January 1999	NASA  United States	Lander	Spacecraft failure	Failed to land	Delta II 7425
Deep Space 2	3 January 1999	NASA  United States	Penetrator	Spacecraft failure	Deployed from MPL, no data returned	Delta II 7425
Mars Odyssey	7 April 2001	NASA  United States	Orbiter	Operational	Expected to remain operational until 2025.	Delta II 7925
Mars Express	2 June 2003	ESA  European Union	Orbiter	Operational	Enough fuel to remain operational until 2026.	Soyuz-FG/Fregat
Beagle 2	2 June 2003	ESA  United Kingdom	Lander	Lander failure	No communications received after release from Mars Express. Orbital images of landing site suggest a successful landing, but two solar panels failed to deploy, obstructing its communications.	Soyuz-FG/Fregat
Spirit (MER-A)	10 June 2003	NASA  United States	Rover	Successful	Landed on 4 January 2004. Operated for 2208 sols	Delta II 7925
Opportunity (MER-B)	8 July 2003	NASA  United States	Rover	Successful	Landed on 25 January 2004. Operated for 5351 sols	Delta II 7925H
Rosetta	2 March 2004	ESA  European Union	Gravity assist	Successful	Flyby in February 2007 en route to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko[13]	Ariane 5G+
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter	12 August 2005	NASA  United States	Orbiter	Operational	Entered orbit on 10 March 2006	Atlas V 401
Phoenix	4 August 2007	NASA  United States	Lander	Successful	Landed on 25 May 2008. End of mission 2 November 2008	Delta II 7925
Dawn	27 September 2007	NASA  United States	Gravity assist	Successful	Flyby in February 2009 en route to 4 Vesta and Ceres	Delta II 7925H
Fobos-Grunt	8 November 2011	Roskosmos  Russia	Orbiter Phobos sample	Spacecraft failure	Never left LEO (intended to depart under own power)	Zenit-2M
Yinghuo-1	8 November 2011	CNSA  China	Orbiter	Failure Lost with Fobos-Grunt	To have been deployed by Fobos-Grunt	Zenit-2M
Curiosity (Mars Science Laboratory)	26 November 2011	NASA  United States	Rover	Operational	Landed on 6 August 2012	Atlas V 541
Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan)	5 November 2013	ISRO  India	Orbiter	Operational	Entered orbit on 24 September 2014. Mission extended till 2020.[14]	PSLV-XL
MAVEN	18 November 2013	NASA  United States	Orbiter	Operational	Orbit insertion on 22 September 2014[15]	Atlas V 401
ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter	14 March 2016	ESA/Roscosmos  European Union/ Russia	Orbiter	Operational	Entered orbit on 19 October 2016	Proton-M/Briz-M
Schiaparelli EDM lander	14 March 2016	ESA  European Union	Lander	Spacecraft failure	Carried by the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. Although the lander crashed,[16][17] engineering data on the first five minutes of entry was successfully retrieved.[18][19]	Proton-M/Briz-M
InSight	5 May 2018[20][21]	NASA  United States	Lander	Operational	Landed on 26 November 2018.	Atlas V 401
MarCO	5 May 2018[20][21][22]	NASA  United States	Two CubeSats flyby supporting InSight	Successful	Flyby 26 November 2018. Last contact Feb 2019	Atlas V 401
Emirates Mars Mission	19 July 2020[23]	MBRSC  United Arab Emirates	Orbiter	En route	Arrives February 2021.	H-IIA
Tianwen-1 orbiter	23 July 2020[24]	CNSA  China	Orbiter	En route	Proposed orbit insertion: 11-24 February 2021	Long March 5
Tianwen-1 lander/rover	23 July 2020[24]	CNSA  China	Lander/rover	En route	Proposed landing: 23 April 2021	Long March 5
Tianwen-1 deployable camera[25]	23 July 2020[24]	CNSA  China	Satellite to image Tianwen-1	N/A	Photographed the Tianwen-1 spacecraft while en route to Mars. Will flyby Mars. Deployed from Tianwen-1	Long March 5
Perseverance rover	30 July 2020[26]	NASA  United States	Rover	En route	Proposed landing: 18 February 2021[27]	Atlas V 541
Ingenuity helicopter	30 July 2020[28]	NASA  United States	Helicopter	En route	Proposed landing: 18 February 2021[28] To be deployed from the Perseverance rover.	Atlas V 541

Mars landing locations

Interactive image map of the global topography of Mars, overlain with locations of Mars landers and rovers. Hover your mouse over the image to see the names of over 60 prominent geographic features, and click to link to them. Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations, based on data from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter on NASA's Mars Global Surveyor. Whites and browns indicate the highest elevations (+12 to +8 km); followed by pinks and reds (+8 to +3 km); yellow is 0 km; greens and blues are lower elevations (down to −8 km). Axes are latitude and longitude; Polar regions are noted.

(See also: Mars map, Mars Memorials, Mars Memorials map) (view • discuss)

(   Active Rover •   Active Lander •   Future )

← Beagle 2 (2003)

Curiosity (2012) →

Deep Space 2 (1999) →

Rosalind Franklin rover (2023) ↓

InSight (2018) →

←Perseverance rover (2021)

Mars 2 (1971) →

← Mars 3 (1971)

Mars 6 (1973) →

Polar Lander (1999) ↓

↑ Opportunity (2004)

← Phoenix (2008)

Schiaparelli EDM (2016) →

← Sojourner (1997)

Spirit (2004) ↑

↓Tianwen-1 rover (2021)

Viking 1 (1976) →

Viking 2 (1976) →

Mars Landing Sites (16 December 2020]

There are a number of derelict orbiters around Mars whose location is not known precisely; there is a proposal to search for small moons, dust rings, and old orbiters with the Optical Navigation Camera on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. [29] There should be 8 derelict Mars orbiters barring unforeseen events if they have not decayed as of 2016.[30] One example is Mariner 9, which entered Mars orbit in 1971 and is expected to remain in orbit until approximately 2022, when the spacecraft is projected to enter the Martian atmosphere and either burn up or crash into the planet's surface.[31] The Viking 1 orbiter is predicted not to decay until at least 2019.[32] One orbiter that is confirmed to have undergone Mars atmospheric entry is Mars Climate Orbiter.

Timeline

Future missions

In development

Mission	Organization	Launch	Type
ExoMars 2022	ESA  European Union SRI RAS  Russia	2022[33][34]	Lander, rover
Mars Terahertz Microsatellite[35]	NICT, ISSL  Japan	2022[36]	Orbiter, lander
Mars Orbiter Mission 2 (Mangalyaan 2)	ISRO  India	2024[37][38]	Orbiter and possibly a lander
Martian Moons Exploration (MMX)	JAXA  Japan	2024[39][40]	Orbiter
Psyche	NASA  United States	2023	Flyby En route to 16 Psyche
Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer	ESA  European Union	2025	Flyby En route to Jupiter

Proposals

Mission	Organisation	Proposed launch	Type
MELOS rover	JAXA  Japan	2022	Rover and aircraft
Next Mars Orbiter (NeMO)	NASA  United States	2022[41]	Telecomm orbiter[42] (originally proposed for 2022)
Starship Demo mission	SpaceX  United States	2022	Lander, cargo[43]
Biological Oxidant and Life Detection (BOLD)	Washington State University  United States	2022	Landing probes and Impactors
Mars-Grunt	Roscosmos  Russia	2024	Orbiter, lander, ascent vehicle, sample-return
Starship Crewed mission	SpaceX  United States	2024 or 2026	Lander, cargo, crew[44]
Icebreaker Life	NASA  United States	2026	Lander
Deimos and Phobos Interior Explorer (DePhine)	ESA  European Union	2030	Orbiter and moon flybys
Mars MetNet	FMI  Finland IKI  Russia INTA  Spain	TBD	Impactors
Mars Geyser Hopper	NASA  United States	TBD	Hopper
Mars Micro Orbiter (MMO)	NASA  United States	?	Orbiter
Phobos And Deimos & Mars Environment	NASA  United States	?	Orbiter
Mars Exploration Ice Mapper	NASA  United States Canadian Space Agency  Canada	2026	Orbiter

Missions to the moons of Mars

Phobos' Stickney Crater

Deimos (lower left) and Phobos (lower right) compared with the asteroid 951 Gaspra

Phobos by Mars Global Surveyor in 1998[45]

Missions dedicated to explore the two moons of Mars, Phobos and Deimos. Many missions to Mars have also included dedicated observations of the Moons, while this section is about missions focused solely on them. There have been three unsuccessful dedicated missions and many proposals. Because of the proximity of the Mars moons to Mars, any mission to them may also be considered a mission to Mars from some perspectives.

There have been at least three proposals in the United States Discovery Program, including PADME, PANDORA, and MERLIN.[46] The ESA has also considered a sample return mission, one of the latest known as Martian Moon Sample Return or MMSR, and it may use heritage from an asteroid sample return mission.[47]

Proposal	Target	Reference
Aladdin	Phobos and Deimos	[48]
DePhine	Phobos and Deimos	[49]
DSR	Deimos	[50]
Gulliver	Deimos	[51]
Hall	Phobos and Deimos	[52]
M-PADS	Phobos and Deimos	[53]
Merlin	Phobos and Deimos	[54]
MMSR (2011 ver.)	Phobos or Deimos	[47]
OSRIS-REx 2	Phobos or Deimos	[55]
Pandora	Phobos and Deimos	[46]
PCROSS	Phobos	[56]
Phobos Surveyor	Phobos	[57]
PRIME	Phobos	[58]
Fobos-Grunt 2	Phobos	[59]
Phootprint	Phobos	[60][61]
PADME	Phobos and Deimos	[62][63]

In Japan, the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) is developing a sample return mission to Phobos,[64][65] due to launch in 2024. This mission is called Martian Moons Exploration (MMX)[66] and is proposed as a flagship Strategic Large Mission.[67] MMX will build on the expertise the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) would gain through the Hayabusa2 and SLIM missions.[68] As of January 2018, MMX is set for launch in September 2024.[69]

Planned mission	Target	Reference
Martian Moons Exploration (MMX)	Phobos and Deimos	[66]

Three missions to land on Phobos have been launched; the Phobos program in the late 1980s saw the launch of Fobos 1 and Fobos 2, while the Fobos-Grunt sample return mission was launched in 2011. None of these missions were successful: Fobos 1 failed en route to Mars, Fobos 2 failed shortly before landing, and Fobos-Grunt never left low Earth orbit.

Launched mission	Target	Reference
Phobos 1	Phobos
Phobos 2	Phobos
Fobos-Grunt	Phobos

Missions sent to the Martian system have returned data on Phobos and Deimos and missions specifically dedicated to the moons are a subset of missions Mars that often include dedicated goals to acquire data about these moons. An example of this is the imaging campaigns by Mars Express of the Mars moons.

Osiris-Rex 2 was a proposal to make OR a double mission, with the other one collecting samples from the two Mars moons.[70] In 2012, it was stated that this mission would be the both quickest and least expensive way to get samples from the Moons.[71]

The 'Red Rocks Project', a part of Lockheed Martin's "Stepping stones to Mars" program, proposed to explore Mars robotically from Deimos.[72][73]

Undeveloped concepts

examples only

1970s

• Mars 4NM and Mars 5NM – projects intended by the Soviet Union for heavy Marsokhod (in 1973 according to initial plan of 1970) and Mars sample return (planned for 1975). The missions were to be launched on the failed N1 rocket.[74]
• Mars 5M (Mars-79) – double-launching Soviet sample return mission planned to 1979 but cancelled due to complexity and technical problems
• Voyager-Mars – USA, 1970s – Two orbiters and two landers, launched by a single Saturn V rocket.

1990s

• Vesta – the multiaimed Soviet mission, developed in cooperation with European countries for realisation in 1991–1994 but canceled due to the Soviet Union disbanding, included the flyby of Mars with delivering the aerostat and small landers or penetrators followed by flybys of 1 Ceres or 4 Vesta and some other asteroids with impact of penetrator on the one of them.
• Mars Aerostat – Russian/French balloon part for cancelled Vesta mission and then for failed Mars 96 mission,[75] originally planned for the 1992 launch window, postponed to 1994 and then to 1996 before being cancelled.[76]
• Mars Together, combined U.S. and Russian mission study in the 1990s. To be launched by a Molinya with possible U.S. orbiter or lander.[77][78]
• Mars Environmental Survey – set of 16 landers planned for 1999–2009
• Mars-98 – Russian mission including an orbiter, lander, and rover, planned for 1998 launch opportunity as repeat of failured Mars 96 mission and cancelled due to lack of funding

2000s

• Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander – October 2001 – Mars lander (refurbished, became Phoenix lander)
• Kitty Hawk – Mars airplane micromission, proposed for 17 December 2003, the centennial of the Wright brothers' first flight.[79] Its funding was eventually given to the 2003 Mars Network project.[80]
• NetLander – 2007 or 2009 – Mars netlanders
• Beagle 3 – 2009 British lander mission meant to search for life, past or present.
• Mars Telecommunications Orbiter – September 2009 – Mars orbiter for telecommunications

2010s

• Sky-Sailor – 2014 – Plane developed by Switzerland to take detailed pictures of Mars surface
• Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher – 2018 rover concept, cancelled due to budget cuts in 2011. Sample cache goal later moved to Mars 2020 rover.[81]
• Red Dragon – Derivative of a Dragon 2 capsule by SpaceX, designed to land by aerobraking and retropropulsion. Planned for 2018, then 2020. Canceled in favor of the Starship system.
• Tumbleweed rover, wind-propelled sphere[82]

See also

• Artificial objects on Mars
• Exploration of Mars
• Human mission to Mars
• Mars Exploration Rover
• Mars flyby
• Mars landing
• Mars rover
• Satellites of Mars
• Timeline of Solar System exploration

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