List of main battle tanks by country

This is a list of main battle tanks, and other vehicles serving that role, in active military service with countries of the world. A main battle tank (MBT) is the type of powerful, heavily armoured and highly mobile tank which is the backbone of a mechanized land force.

Table of main battle tanks by country

A

Country	Type	Quantity (Estimated)	Origin	Notes
Afghanistan	T-55	601	Soviet Union
	T-62	170	Soviet Union
Albania	Albania retired its last operational T-54/T-55 and Type 59 MBTs in 2001. They were subsequently put up for sale.[1]
Algeria[2]	T-55	270	Soviet Union
	T-62	300	Soviet Union
	T-72	325	Soviet Union
	T-90A	300	Russia
Angola	T-55	200	Soviet Union
	T-62	50	Soviet Union
	T-72	50	Soviet Union
Argentina	Tanque Argentino Mediano (TAM)	231	Germany
Armenia	T-55	5	Soviet Union
	T-72	168	Soviet Union
	T-80	20	Soviet Union
Australia	M1A1 AIM Abrams	59	United States
Austria[3]	Leopard 2A4	56	Germany
Azerbaijan	T-90S	100	Russia
	T-72 Aslan	420	Russia
	T-55	100	Soviet Union

B

Country	Type	Quantity (Estimated)	Origin	Notes
Bahrain	M60 A3 Patton	180	United States
Bangladesh	Type 59G(BD) Durjoy	474	China	Only 174 tanks were upgraded to Type 59G(BD) Durjoy in 2014 but in 2019 there are 300 that are being upgraded as MK IIs. SIPRI[4] & IISS said.[5] The fate of the other Type 59 tanks is unknown.
	Type 69	58[4]	China
	MBT-2000	44[4]	China
	VT-5	44[4]	China
Belarus	T-72B Vitaz	446	Soviet Union
	T-80B	69	Soviet Union
Belgium	Belgium retired its last operational Leopard 1 MBTs in 2014. Some were kept in inventory for training and research purposes.[6]
Benin	Has no MBTs, but has 18 PT-76 light tanks.
Bolivia	In service 54 SK-105 Cuirassier light tanks.
Bosnia and Herzegovina	M-84	71	Yugoslavia
	AMX-30S	50	France
	M60A3	85	United States
	T-55	142	Soviet Union
Botswana	Only SK-105 light tanks.
Brazil[7]	EE-T1 Osório	2	Brazil	Two operational tanks with the Centro de Instrução de Blindados of the Brazilian Army[8]
	M60A3 TTS	91	United States
	Leopard 1A1	127	Germany
	Leopard 1A5	221	Germany
Bulgaria	T-72	181[9]	Soviet Union
Burkina Faso	Has no MBTs, but operates ACMAT Bastion APCs.[10]
Burundi	T-55	about 10[11]	Soviet Union

C

Country	Type	Quantity (Estimated)	Origin	Notes
Cambodia	T-55	103	Soviet Union
	Type 59	200	China
Canada[12]	Leopard 2A6MCAN	20	Germany	20 2A6M leased from Germany, 20 2A4M upgraded from Leopard 2A4 stocks.[13]
	Leopard 2A4+ and 2A4MCAN	80	Germany	15 purchased from Germany as parts stock[14] 12 purchased from Switzerland for use as armored engineering vehicles (AEV). Leopard 2A4MCAN  Germany 20
Cape Verde	T-55		Soviet Union
Central African Republic	T-55	4	Soviet Union
Chad	T-55	60	Soviet Union
Chile[15]	Leopard 2A4	172	Germany	8 to be used as spares, upgrades for Leopard 2A5 in 2015
	Leopard 1V	100	Germany
China	Type 99	1000	China
	Type 96	2500	China
	Type 88	300	China
	Type 69/79	200	China	Used by reserve and training units
	Type 59	2360	China	Reserve units. Retired from active service
Colombia	Defence force exists, but operates no MBTs in service. AFVs are used instead in service, such as the LAV III, EE-9 Cascavel, and M8 Greyhound. Only some M3 Stuart are used as gatekeepers.
Congo, Democratic Republic of	Type 59	30	China
	T-55	20	Soviet Union
Congo, Republic of	Type 59	20	China
Croatia	M-95 Degman	2	Croatia	2 prototypes, future unknown.
	M-84A4 Sniper	75	Croatia	All will be upgraded to M-84D standard
Cuba	T-55	1,100	Soviet Union
	T-62	400	Soviet Union
Cyprus[16]	AMX-30B2	52	France
	AMX-30G	30	France
	T-80U	82	Russia	Ordered January 2009
Czech Republic[17]	T-72M4 CZ	30	Czech Republic	Czech upgrade of T-72
	T-72	93	Soviet Union	In reserve

D

Country	Type	Quantity (Estimated)	Origin	Notes
Denmark	Leopard 2A4/2A5	57	Germany	57 Leopard 2A5DK (equal to Leopard 2A6 minus the L55 gun)
Dominican Republic	Operates 6 M41 Walker Bulldog light tanks, but not MBTs.

E

Country	Type	Quantity (Estimated)	Origin	Notes
Ecuador	Leopard 1	60	Germany	30 1V's and 30 1A5's models bought from Chile.[18][19][20]
	AMX-13	80	France	light tanks
	T-55	3	Soviet Union	Borrowed from Peru as war compensation (Cenepa War). Some sources establish that the T-55 are part of an unfinished weapons deal .[21]
Egypt	T-55E	340[22]	Soviet Union
	Ramses II	425	Egypt	A significantly upgraded T-54/55. Though the initial prototype (T-54E) was delivered in 1984, full production did not begin until 2004–2005, an additional 140–160 are to be converted from stored T-55.
	T-62E	500	Soviet Union
	T-80	34	Soviet Union	14 T-80UK and 20 T-80U purchased in 1997.[23]
	M60A3	1716[22]	United States	Out of 735 M60A3 + 700 M60A1 were brought up to A3 Standard from U.S. Army Europe surplus stocks in Germany between 1979–1988 + 173 M60A3 between 1992–2001[24] + 108 M60A3 from the Austrian Army Surplus in 2002,[25]
	M1A1 Abrams	1,130[26]	United States
Equatorial Guinea	T-55	3	Soviet Union
Eritrea	T-55A/AM2	300	Soviet Union	150 in service, 150 in storage.
	T-62	~	Soviet Union	Received a number from Ethiopia.
Estonia	Does not currently operate main battle tanks.[27] Uses IFVs like Combat Vehicle 90 and APCs like Patria Pasi and Mamba APC instead.
Ethiopia	T-55	170	Soviet Union
	T-62	50	Soviet Union
	T-72	~250[28]	Soviet Union

F

Country	Type	Quantity (Estimated)	Origin	Notes
Fiji	Small military force exists. Does not operate MBTs.
Finland	Leopard 2A4	139	Germany
	Leopard 2A6	100	Germany
France	Leclerc	406	France

G

Country	Type	Quantity (Estimated)	Origin	Notes
Gabon	Has no MBTs, but operates APCs like the Matador.[29]
Georgia[30]	T-72M1 SIM-1	120	Soviet Union  Israel
	T-55	23	Soviet Union
Germany	Leopard 2A5/A6/A6M/A7	1,000[31]	Germany	Leopard 1s in storage.
Greece[32]	Leopard 2A6 HEL	170	Germany	License built in Greece
	Leopard 2A4	183	Germany
	Leopard 1A4/5	501	Germany
	M60A3	101	United States
	M48A5 MOLF	390	United States	Upgraded with a new Fire Control System similar to the one found on the Leopard 1A5
Guatemala	Has no MBTs, but military uses AFVs such as Armadillo, Cadillac Gage Commando V-100, Dando 6x6 (Tapir), M8 Greyhound, M113, and RBY MK 1.
Guinea	T-55	8	Soviet Union
Guinea-Bissau	T-55	10	Soviet Union
Guyana	Has no MBTs. Defense force uses AFVs such as EE-11 Urutu, EE-9 Cascavel, Shorland, and Ford F-350.

H

Country	Type	Quantity (Estimated)	Origin	Notes
Haiti	Police force exists to maintain internal security, armed forces in the process of reactivation, but do not operate MBTs and uses AFVs like Cadillac-Gage V-100 instead.
Honduras	Has no MBTs, but military has AFVs and light tanks like FV101 Scorpion, FV107 Scimitar, FV105 Sultan, AM General Humvee M 998, RBY MK 1, and FV601 Saladin.
Hungary[33]	Leopard 2A7+	44	Germany	Ordered in 2018.
	Leopard 2A4	12	Germany	Ordered in 2018. Used units for training purposes.
	T-72M1	107, 30 in active service, rest in reserve.	Soviet Union  Poland	Only 30 units in active service. Another 42 T-72 in reserve, the rest are being used as targets for firing.

I

Country	Type	Quantity (Estimated)	Origin	Notes
India	Arjun MBT	370+	India	124 Arjun Mk1 MBTs in 2000 + 124 Arjun Mk1 MBTs and 124 Arjun Mk2 MBTs in 2010 (after Arjun tank had conclusively outperformed the T-90.)[34][35] + 124 Arjun Mk2 as follow on order[36] Army required nearly 3500 MBTs in future.[37]
	T-90	2011	Russia	Total of 2011 to be operated.
	T-72	2414[38]	Soviet Union  Poland	Upgraded to advanced Ajeya Mk1 and MK2 standard mainly based on Polish PT-91 Twardy Tank features developed by DRDO
Indonesia	Leopard 2A4	42	Germany	Already arrived all from Germany
	Leopard 2 Revolution	61	Germany	Already arrived all. Up-armored and up-rated version of Leopard 2A4
	AMX 13	325	France	Already retrofit, light tanks
Iran[39]
	M48 Patton	108	United States
	M60 Patton	150	United States
	Chieftain (tank) MK3	100	United Kingdom	Mobarez is domestically upgraded version.
	T-62	75	Soviet Union
	T-72S	480	Soviet Union  Poland
	Zulfiqar MBT	150	Iran
	Karrar	420	Iran	Additional 380 on order.
Iraq	T-55	72	Soviet Union
	T-72M1	125	Soviet Union
	M1A1 Abrams	146	United States	Further 175 on order. Yet to be delivered, Tank is equipped with Export Armor Package.
	T-90S/SK	73+	Russia	[40]
Israel[41]	Merkava Mk.1	180	Israel
	Merkava Mk.2	400	Israel
	Merkava Mk.3	780	Israel
	Merkava Mk.4	660	Israel
	Magach 6	560	United States/ Israel	Upgraded M60 tank
	Magach 7	1600	United States/ Israel	Upgraded M60 tank
Italy[42]	Ariete	200	Italy
Ivory Coast	T-55	10	Soviet Union	some donated by Angola

J

Country	Type	Quantity (Estimated)	Origin	Notes
Jamaica	Has no MBTs, but military uses AFVs like Bushmaster Protected Mobility Vehicle.
Japan[43]	Type 74	700	Japan
	Type 90	341	Japan
	Type 10	106	Japan
Jordan	Tariq	292	United Kingdom	Locally upgraded Centurion. Most of them were modified into Temsah heavy armoured personnel carriers.
	M60A3	250	United States	Modernized by KADDB
	Khaled	274	United Kingdom	Locally upgraded Chieftain
	Challenger 1	392	United Kingdom

K

Country	Type	Quantity (Estimated)	Origin	Notes
Kazakhstan	T-55	540	Soviet Union
	T-62	75	Soviet Union
	T-72	650	Soviet Union
Kenya[44]	Vickers Mk 3	78	United Kingdom
	T-72Av	76	Soviet Union
Korea, North	T-55	2,000	Soviet Union
	T-62	1,000	Soviet Union
	Type 59	1,000	China
	Chonma-ho	1,000	North Korea
	Pokpung-ho	500	North Korea
	T-14 Armata based tank	40 or more	North Korea
Korea, South	M48A3K	300	United States
	M48A5K1, M48A5K2	500	United States
	T-80U, T-80UK	35	Soviet Union	South Korea was given 133 T-80Us during 1996 and 1997 and 192 T-80UKs in 2005 as a partial interest payment of Russian debts incurred during the Soviet era.
	K1, K1A1, K1A2	1,511	South Korea	1027 K1, 2348 K1A1, 3490 K1A2 to be delivered.
	K2 Black Panther	206	South Korea	Put into service in June 2014. Total 206 to be delivered.
Kuwait	M-84D	150	Yugoslavia
	M1A2	218	United States	DU armor removed.
Kyrgyzstan	T-72	210	Soviet Union

L

Country	Type	Quantity (Estimated)	Origin	Notes
Laos[45]	T-54/55	15	Soviet Union
	T-34/85	10	Soviet Union	actually medium tanks
Latvia	T-55	3	Soviet Union	Exclusively for training
Lebanon	T-55	270	Soviet Union
	M48A5	81	United States
	M60A3	10	United States
Libya
	T-55	1,500	Soviet Union	Large numbers of tanks destroyed by NATO bombings and rebel actions during 2011 Libyan civil war
	T-62	350	Soviet Union
	T-72	315	Soviet Union
Lithuania	Military force does not use MBTs, but uses AFVs, such as Boxer, and APCs, such as M113 and M577 V2.
Luxembourg	Military force does not have MBTs.

M

Country	Type	Quantity (Estimated)	Origin	Notes
North Macedonia, Republic of	T-72	31	Soviet Union	20 scrapped. Only 10 are in fine condition.
	T-55	98	Soviet Union	all were military aid from Bulgaria during the 2001 KLA insurgency. Fate unknown.
Madagascar	Military force does not have MBTs, but has 12 PT-76 light tanks.
Malawi	T-55	1	Soviet Union	Medium tanks
Malaysia	PT-91M	48	Poland	Special variant, Commissioned in 2008.
Mali	T-34	30	Soviet Union	medium tanks, Retired as of 2020
	T-54		Soviet Union
	T-55	33	Soviet Union
Mauritania	T-55	35	Soviet Union
Mexico	Military force exists, but operates no MBTs. Uses AFVs, such as Sedena-Henschel HWK-11, AMX-VCI, Panhard ERC 90, Panhard VCR, M8 Greyhound, Véhicule Blindé Léger, Oshkosh Sand Cat, and DN-XI instead.
Moldova	T-64BV	3	Soviet Union
Monaco	Very small military force exists, however, the Compagnie des Carabiniers du Prince operate 2 Piranha Vs.[46]
Mongolia	T-54	200	Soviet Union
	T-55	170	Soviet Union
	T-62	250	Soviet Union
	T-72	100	Soviet Union
Montenegro	All scrapped in 2007. Has APCs like BOV VP М86, Achleitner RCV Survivor, LAPV Enok, Otokar Cobra, Humvee, and tank destroyers like BOV 1 POLO M-83 instead.
Morocco	M1A1	222	United States	M1A1SA "Special Armor".
	Al-Khalid	150	Pakistan/ China	VT-1A version, 54 received in 2011, 96 to be delivered.
	T-72	148	Soviet Union	T-72B/BV.
	M60A3	427	United States	260 M60A3TTS and 167 M60A3.
	M48	224	United States	224 M48A5 in active service.
Mozambique	T-55	80	Soviet Union
Myanmar	Type 59	280	China
	Type 69	190	China
	T-72	139	Soviet Union
	MBT-2000	50	China

N

Country	Type	Quantity (Estimated)	Origin	Notes
Namibia	T-55	1	Soviet Union
Netherlands	Leopard 2A6	18	Germany	Most MBTs retired in 2011, 100 Leopard 2 MBTs sold to Finland in 2014. 18 Dutch Leopard 2s are still in use in the German-Dutch tank battalion Panzerbataillion 414.[47]
New Zealand	Military force does not use MBTs, but uses IPVs, such as the NZLAV.
Nicaragua	T-55	31	Soviet Union
Niger	Military force does not use MBTs, but operates the Panhard AML armoured car.[48]
Nigeria	T-55	24	Soviet Union
	T-72	16	Soviet Union
	Vickers MBT	108	United Kingdom
	AMX-30	16	France
Norway	Leopard 2A4NO	52 (46 operational)	Germany	52 Leopard 2A4NLs were acquired from the Netherlands in 2001. 46 of these have been refurbished and brought up to Norwegian standards,[49] while the remaining 6 are being used for spare parts.[50] Furthermore, Norway is planning on upgrading 38 tanks to modern standards in the future.[51] Also has Leopard 1's in storage (unknown condition and quantity). Not in service.

O

Country	Type	Quantity (Estimated)	Origin	Notes
Oman	M60A3	73	United States
	Challenger 2	38	United Kingdom

P

Country	Type	Quantity (Estimated)	Origin	Notes
Pakistan	Type 85-IIAP	300	China
	T-80UD	320	Soviet Union
	Al-Zarrar	600	China / Pakistan	Pakistani-upgraded Type 59
	Al-Khalid	300+	China/ Pakistan	Pakistani variant of MBT-2000
	VT-4	300	China	Delivery in process MBT-3000
Paraguay	M4 Sherman	8–10	United States	medium tanks
Perú[52]	T-55	240	Soviet Union	50 operatives, 75 in store.
Philippines	Scorpion CVR 90	7	United Kingdom	Light tank and reconnaissance vehicle.
	ASCOD Sabrah	0 (+18 on order)	Austria  Spain  Israel	Medium tank. The Pandur II will serve as a tank destroyer.
Poland	T-72M1	584	Soviet Union  Poland	License built in Poland
	PT-91	232	Poland
	Leopard 2 A4, A5	247	Germany	142 Leopard 2 A4 and 105 Leopard A5.
Portugal	M-60 A3TTS	96	United States
	Leopard 2A6	37	Germany
	M48A5 Patton	86	United States	In storage. Replaced by M60A3 TTS and Leopard 2A6.

Q

Country	Type	Quantity (Estimated)	Origin	Notes
Qatar	Leopard 2	62	Germany

R

Country	Type	Quantity (Estimated)	Origin	Notes
Romania[53][54]	T-55	250	Soviet Union
	TR-580	42	Romania
	TR-85	227	Romania
	TR-85M1	54	Romania
Russia[55]	T-72	2,000 (active), 7,000 (in storage)	Soviet Union	Most upgraded to T-72B standard, ~1,000 upgraded to T-72B3 standard.[56][57]
	T-80	450 (active), 3,000 (in storage)	Soviet Union	3,000 being upgraded to T-80BV standard and redeployed.[58][59][60]
	T-90	350 (active), 200 (in storage)	Russia	350-400 being upgraded to latest T-90M standard.[61][62]
	T-14 Armata	20+	Russia
Rwanda	T-55	12	Soviet Union

S

Country	Type	Quantity (Estimated)	Origin	Notes
Saint Kitts and Nevis	Defence force exists, but operates no MBTs. Regional Security System is also responsible for defence affairs. Uses 3 Daimler Ferret FV-702 4x4 ARVs instead.
San Marino	Nominal military force exists. Italy is responsible for defence affairs
Saudi Arabia	AMX-30	145	France
	M60A3	450	United States
	M1A2	442	United States	DU armor removed. All will receive upgraded digital systems from US-standard M1A2SEP and will be designated M1A2S.
Senegal	Has no MBTs, but operates Panhard AML armoured cars.[63]
Serbia	M-84	232	Yugoslavia
	T-72	91	Soviet Union
	T-55	~250	Soviet Union	All kept in reserve and are being modified and sold to other nations.
Sierra Leone	T-72	2	Soviet Union	Purchased from Ukraine, delivered via Poland.[64]
Singapore[65]	Leopard 2SG	196 (30 tanks with additional feature)	Germany	Upgraded ex-German Leopard 2A4 / Leopard 2SG-1200
Slovakia	T-72	30	Soviet Union
Slovenia[66]	M-84	54	Yugoslavia	28 in active service
	M-55S	30	Soviet Union	Heavily modernized T-55 in cooperation with Israel, reserve status
Somalia	T-54/55	40	Soviet Union	Number in operable condition unknown
	M47 Patton		United States	Number in operable condition unknown
	Centurion	40	United Kingdom
	T-34	60	Soviet Union	medium tanks
South Africa	Olifant 1A/1B	167[67]	United Kingdom/ South Africa	Upgraded/modified Centurion
South Sudan	T-55		Soviet Union
	T-72	110	Soviet Union
Spain	Leopard 2A6E	219	Germany/ Spain	License built in Spain
	Leopard 2A4	108	Germany	54 reserve
	M60A3 TTS	17	United States	-	Sudan	T-55	250	Soviet Union
Suriname	Has no MBTs. Army uses AFVs like EE-9 Cascavel, EE-11 Urutu, and DAF YP-408.
Sweden	Leopard Strv.122	120	Germany/ Sweden	Leopard 2A5 modified to Swedish specifications. Sweden also previously leased and operated 160 Leopard 2A4s (locally designated Strv 121) from Germany, but most of these have been returned.[68]
Switzerland[69]	Leopard Pz 87	250	Germany/  Switzerland	Leopard 2A4; 134 upgraded to Pz87 Leopard WE with PERI-R17A2, driver rear view camera and electric Turret drive, produced in Thun/Switzerland
Syria[70]	T-55	<1,600	Soviet Union	Hundreds destroyed in civil war, exact numbers left unknown.
	T-62	740	Soviet Union
	T-72	1,000	Soviet Union	Includes 100+ upgraded T-72B3.
	T-90	200+	Russia[71]

T

Country	Type	Quantity (Estimated)	Origin	Notes
Taiwan[72]	M60A3	480	United States
	CM-11 Brave Tiger	450	Taiwan
Tajikistan	T-72	44	Soviet Union
Tanzania	Type 59	30	China
Thailand	M48A5	105	United States
	M60A1 and M60A3	178	United States
	BM Oplot	49	Ukraine	5 more reported en-route as of November 2017 and manufacture of the remaining 13 completed.[73]
	VT-4	28 (+21)	China
Togo	T-54/T-55	4	Soviet Union
Tunisia	M60A3	84	United States
Turkey[74]M60	Altay	10	Turkey	A 4th generation MBT designed and produced by Otokar. The Altay will enter serial production phase in 2016. It is expected that a total of 1000 Altays will be produced, in 4 batches of 250 for the Turkish Army.
	Leopard 2A4	354	Germany/ Turkey	Modernized in Turkey.
	Leopard 1A3/A4	397	Germany/ Turkey	Modernized in Turkey.
	M60T	170	United States/ Israel/ Turkey	The Sabra was initially developed as a further evolution of the Magach 7C. The ballistic profile of the appliqué armor was improved, and it incorporated the MG253 120 mm gun developed by Israel Military Industries. Some assembled in Turkey.
	Sabra_(tank)	650	United States/ Turkey
	M60A3 TTS	762	United States/ Turkey	Modernized in Turkey.
	M48A5T2	850	United States/ Turkey	Improved version of the M48A5T1 upgraded along similar lines to the M60A3 with thermal imaging, M60A3 fire control system and a laser rangefinder. In storage.
Turkmenistan	T-72	702	Soviet Union
	T-90	10	Russia

U

Country	Type	Quantity (Estimated)	Origin	Notes
Uganda	T-55	20	Soviet Union
	T-90	44	Russia
Ukraine	T-64	2,271	Soviet Union	(≈447 T-64B and T-64BV in service)
	T-72	180	Soviet Union	(stored as reserve)
	T-80UD	215	Ukraine	(Ukrainian diesel version)
	BM Oplot	10	Ukraine
United Arab Emirates	OF-40 Mk.2	36	Italy	Being withdrawn from service.
	AMX-30S	45	France
	Leclerc	388	France
United Kingdom	Challenger 2	227	United Kingdom
United States	M60A3	400	United States	In Reserve storage or Used Training Tank, and used by National Guard.
	M1/M1A1/M1A2[75]	7,970	United States	Army: 1,174 M1A2 and M1A2 SEP variants, 4,393 M1A1 variants Marines: 403 M1A1
Uruguay	Ti-67	15	Soviet Union/ Israel	T-55 significantly upgraded by Israel
Uzbekistan	T-55	80	Soviet Union
	T-62	170	Soviet Union
	T-64	100	Soviet Union
	T-72	70	Soviet Union

V

Country	Type	Quantity (Estimated)	Origin	Notes
Venezuela	AMX-30V	81	France
	T72M1M	92	Soviet Union/ Russia	Purchased in Sept, 2009; the deliveries started in January, 2011[76]
Vietnam	M48 Patton	20	United States
	Type 59	350	China
	T-55	900	Soviet Union
	T-62	200	Soviet Union
	T-90S/SK	64	Russia	[77]

Y

Country	Type	Quantity (estimated)	Origin	Notes
Yemen	M60A1	50	United States
	T-55	450	Soviet Union
	T-62	200	Soviet Union
	T-72	60	Soviet Union

Z

Country	Type	Quantity (Estimated)	Origin	Notes
Zambia	T-55	10	Soviet Union
Zimbabwe	T-54/55	32	Soviet Union
	Type 59	35	China
	Type 69	10	China

See also

• Armoured fighting vehicle classification
• List of main battle tanks by generation

References

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