List of extinction events

This is a list of extinction events, both mass and minor:[1]

  Major extinction events (see graphic)
Marine extinction intensity during the Phanerozoic
%
Millions of years ago
The blue graph shows the apparent percentage (not the absolute number) of marine animal genera becoming extinct during any given time interval. It does not represent all marine species, just those that are readily fossilized. The labels of the traditional "Big Five" extinction events and the more recently recognised Capitanian mass extinction event are clickable hyperlinks; see Extinction event for more details. (source and image info)
Period or supereon Extinction Date Probable causes[2]
QuaternaryHolocene extinctionc. 10,000 BCE – OngoingHumans[3]
Quaternary extinction event640,000, 74,000, and
13,000 years ago		Unknown; may include climate changes, massive volcanic eruptions and human overhunting[4][5][6]
NeogenePliocene–Pleistocene boundary extinction2 MaPossible causes include a supernova[7][8] or the Eltanin impact[9][10]
Middle Miocene disruption14.5 Ma Climate change due to change of ocean circulation patterns. Milankovitch cycles may have also contributed[11]
PaleogeneEocene–Oligocene extinction event33.9 MaMultiple causes including global cooling, polar glaciation, falling sea levels, and the Popigai impactor[12]
Cretaceous Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 66 Ma Chicxulub impactor; the volcanism which resulted in the formation of the Deccan Traps may have contributed.[13]
Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event94 MaMost likely underwater volcanism associated with the Caribbean large igneous province, which would have caused global warming and acidic oceans[14]
Aptian extinction117 MaUnknown, but may be due to volcanism of the Rajmahal Traps[15]
Jurassic End-Jurassic (Tithonian) extinction145 MaImpactor and/or Volcanism?[16]
Toarcian turnover183 MaKaroo-Ferrar Provinces[17]
Triassic Triassic–Jurassic extinction event 201 Ma Central Atlantic magmatic province;[18] impactor?[19]
Carnian Pluvial Event230 MaWrangellia flood basalts[20]
Permian Permian–Triassic extinction event 252 Ma Siberian Traps;[21] Wilkes Land Crater;[22] Anoxic event;[23] Ice age[24]
End-Capitanian extinction event260 MaEmeishan Traps?[25]
Olson's Extinction 270 Ma
CarboniferousCarboniferous rainforest collapse305 MaSkagerrak-Centered Large Igneous Province?[26]
Devonian Late Devonian extinction 375–360 Ma Viluy Traps;[27] Woodleigh Impactor?[2]
Silurian Lau event420 MaChanges in sea level and chemistry?[28]
Mulde event424 MaGlobal drop in sea level?[29]
Ireviken event428 MaDeep-ocean anoxia;[30] Milankovitch cycles?[31]
Ordovician Ordovician–Silurian extinction events 450–440 Ma Global cooling and sea level drop, possibly caused by a Gamma-ray burst,[32] or global warming related to volcanism and anoxia[33]
Cambrian Cambrian–Ordovician extinction event488 MaKalkarindji Large Igneous Province?[34]
Dresbachian extinction event502 Ma
End-Botomian extinction event517 Ma
Precambrian End-Ediacaran extinction542 MaAnoxic event[35]
Great Oxygenation Event2400 MaRising oxygen levels in the atmosphere due to the development of photosynthesis

Timeline


References
  1. Partial list from Image:Extinction Intensity.png
  2. Bond, David P. G.; Grasby, Stephen E. (2017-07-15). "On the causes of mass extinctions". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. Mass Extinction Causality: Records of Anoxia, Acidification, and Global Warming during Earth's Greatest Crises. 478: 3–29. Bibcode:2017PPP...478....3B. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.11.005. ISSN 0031-0182.
  3. Ripple WJ, Wolf C, Newsome TM, Galetti M, Alamgir M, Crist E, Mahmoud MI, Laurance WF (13 November 2017). "World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice". BioScience. 67 (12): 1026–1028. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix125. Moreover, we have unleashed a mass extinction event, the sixth in roughly 540 million years, wherein many current life forms could be annihilated or at least committed to extinction by the end of this century.
  4. Sandom, Christopher; Faurby, Søren; Sandel, Brody; Svenning, Jens-Christian (4 June 2014). "Global late Quaternary megafauna extinctions linked to humans, not climate change". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 281 (1787): 20133254. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.3254. PMC 4071532. PMID 24898370.
  5. Vignieri, S. (25 July 2014). "Vanishing fauna (Special issue)". Science. 345 (6195): 392–412. Bibcode:2014Sci...345..392V. doi:10.1126/science.345.6195.392. PMID 25061199. Although some debate persists, most of the evidence suggests that humans were responsible for extinction of this Pleistocene fauna, and we continue to drive animal extinctions today through the destruction of wild lands, consumption of animals as a resource or a luxury, and persecution of species we see as threats or competitors.
  6. Oppenheimer, Clive (2002-08-01). "Limited global change due to the largest known Quaternary eruption, Toba ≈74kyr BP?". Quaternary Science Reviews. 21 (14): 1593–1609. doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00154-8. ISSN 0277-3791.
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  13. Brusatte, Steve (2018). The Rise and Fall of the Dinosaurs. London: Picador. pp. 328–35. ISBN 978-1-5098-3009-1.
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  15. Singh, A. P.; Kumar, Niraj; Singh, Bijendra (2004). Magmatic underplating beneath the Rajmahal Traps:Gravity signature and derived 3-D configuration.Proc. pp. 759–769. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.501.4945.
  16. Tennant, Jonathan P.; Mannion, Philip D.; Upchurch, Paul; Sutton, Mark D.; Price, Gregory D. (2017). "Biotic and environmental dynamics through the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous transition: evidence for protracted faunal and ecological turnover". Biological Reviews. 92 (2): 776–814. doi:10.1111/brv.12255. ISSN 1469-185X. PMC 6849608. PMID 26888552.
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  19. Onoue, Tetsuji; Sato, Honami; Yamashita, Daisuke; Ikehara, Minoru; Yasukawa, Kazutaka; Fujinaga, Koichiro; Kato, Yasuhiro; Matsuoka, Atsushi (8 July 2016). "Bolide impact triggered the Late Triassic extinction event in equatorial Panthalassa". Scientific Reports. 6 (29609): 29609. Bibcode:2016NatSR...629609O. doi:10.1038/srep29609. PMC 4937377. PMID 27387863.
  20. Dal Corso, J.; Mietto, P.; Newton, R.J.; Pancost, R.D.; Preto, N.; Roghi, G.; Wignall, P.B. (2012). "Discovery of a major negative δ13C spike in the Carnian (Late Triassic) linked to the eruption of Wrangellia flood basalts". Geology. 40 (1): 79–82. Bibcode:2012Geo....40...79D. doi:10.1130/g32473.1.
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  23. Wignall, P; Twitchett, R (2002). "Extent, duration, and nature of the Permian-Triassic superanoxic event". In Christian Koeberl; Kenneth G. MacLeod (eds.). Catastrophic events and mass extinctions: impacts and beyond. Geological Society of America. p. 396. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2356-6.395. ISBN 978-0813723563.
  24. Ice age, not warming, explains Permian-Triassic extinction event - UPI.com
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  35. Extensive marine anoxia during the terminal Ediacaran Period - Science Advances
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