List of converts to Islam from Christianity

Contents

• A
• B
• C
• D
• E
• F
• G
• H
• I
• J
• K
• L
• M
• N
• O
• P
• Q
• R
• S
• T
• U
• V
• W
• X
• Y
• Z

A

• Kareem Abdul-Jabbar – retired basketball player & the NBA's all-time leading scorer[1]
• Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf – American former professional basketball player[2]
• Tariq Abdul-Wahad – French basketball coach and former player[3]
• Eric Abidal – French former professional footballer; played mainly for Lyon and Barcelona[4]
• Abdul-Karim al-Jabbar – former NFL player[5]
• Mahershala Ali – American actor and first Muslim actor to win an Oscar[6]
  

  Muhammad Ali, an Olympian and professional boxer, converted to Islam from Christianity.
• Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr., 1942–2016) – converted from Baptist[7][8] to The Nation of Islam to Sunni Islam;[9] American professional boxer (three-time world heavyweight champion), philanthropist and social activist
• Rowland Allanson-Winn, 5th Baron Headley – British soldier and peer[10][11]
• Vladimir Arutyunian – failed assassin of George W. Bush, converted to Islam in prison[12]
• Edoardo Agnelli – only son of Gianni Agnelli, the industrialist patriarch of Fiat, died at 46[13]

B

• Kristiane Backer - a German television presenter, television journalist and author residing in London[14]
• A. George Baker – American Protestant clergyman and medical doctor who converted to Islam.[15]
  

  French nobleman – Alexandre de Bonneval as "Humbaracı Ahmet Paşa"
• Abdullah Beg of Kartli – Georgian convert to Islam; served as a viceroy of Kartli for the Iranian Shah, Nadir in 1737;[16] claimant to the kingship of Kartli
• Mohammed Knut Bernstrom - Swedish ambassador to Venezuela (1963-1969), Spain (1973-1976) and Morocco (1976-1983)[17]
• Danny Blum – German footballer[18]
• Ibrahim Bey – Egyptian Mamluk of Georgian Christian origins[19]
• Józef Bem – Polish and Hungarian general; historically defined as a national hero within Poland and Hungary; escaped to the Ottoman Empire where he converted to Islam and took up the name Murad Pasha[20]
• Lauren Booth – English broadcaster, journalist and activist
• Omar Bongo – Gabonese, Ex-President of Gabon[21]
• Wojciech Bobowski – raised Protestant; Polish musician; translator of the Bible into Ottoman Turkish[22]
• Willie Brigitte – convicted criminal, who was deported from Australia in 2003[23]
• Dolores "LaLa" Brooks - American musician[24]

C

• Torquato Cardilli - Italian ambassador[25]
• André Carson - American politician serving as the U.S. Representative for Indiana's 7th congressional district since 2008[26]
• Count Cassius – Visigothic aristocrat who founded the Banu Qasi dynasty of Muwallad rulers[27]
• Dave Chappelle - comedian and television star[28]
• Chrisye – Indonesian singer; changed his name to Chrismansyah Rahadi from Christian Rahadi[29]
• Emilia Contessa – Indonesian actress, singer and politician (from Islam to Christianity back to Islam; known as Nur Indah Cintra Sukma Munsyi)[30]
• Zainab Cobbold – first Muslim woman born in Britain to perform the Hajj pilgrimage[31]
• Robert D. Crane – former adviser to President Richard Nixon, and is former Deputy Director (for Planning) of the U.S. National Security Council[32]

D

• Mujahid Dokubo-Asari – founder and leader of the Niger Delta People's Volunteer Force[33]

E

• Abdullah el-Faisal – Muslim cleric who preached in the United Kingdom until he was convicted of stirring up racial hatred and urging his followers to murder Jews, Hindus, Christians, and Americans[34][35]
• Wadih el-Hage – former Al-Qaeda member who was convicted for his part in the 1998 United States embassy bombings[36]
• Keith Ellison – American, Representative from Minnesota's 5th congressional district, first Muslim to be elected to the United States Congress, converted from Catholicism[37]
• Elpidius – Byzantine aristocrat and governor of Sicily[38]
• Erekle I of Kakheti – Georgian convert to Islam[39] who ruled the kingdoms of Kakheti and Kartli
• Yusuf Estes – former preacher and federal prison chaplain, converted from Protestantism[40]
• Gazi Evrenos – Byzantine convert to Islam[41]

F

• Shah Shahidullah Faridi – writer of German descent born to a Christian family[42]
• Firouz – Armenian Christian convert to Islam[43] who served as a spy for Bohemund during the Siege of Antioch[44]
• Myriam Francois-Cerrah – journalist who converted from Roman Catholicism in 2003[45]
• Franck Ribéry - Soccer player of French national soccer team converted to Islam after learning about Islam from his Algerian friend later whom he married after reverting to Islam. In respect to his reversion Bayern Munich gave him a small place to worship during his football career.[46]

G

• Roger Garaudy – French philosopher and writer [47]
• Ghazan – seventh ruler of the Ilkhanate division of the Mongol Empire[48]
• Khalid Gonçalves – Portuguese American actor and musician (born Paul Pires Gonçalves), converted from Catholicism[49]
• Cristian Gonzáles – Uruguayan-born Indonesian footballer[50]
• Abdur Raheem Green – presenter on Peace TV and the chairman of iERA, the Islamic Education & Research Academy.
• Charles Greenlee – American jazz trombonist[51]

H

Murad Wilfred Hofmann in Berlin

• Sir Archibald Hamilton, 5th Baronet – distinguished British convert to Islam[52][53][54]
• Omar Hammami – American-born member of the Somali Islamist paramilitary group al-Shabaab; known as Abu Mansoor Al-Amriki[55]
• Hatice Refia Hanım – mother of Tevfik Fikret[56]
• Joel Hayward – British scholar, author and poet[57]
• Muhammad Robert Heft – Canadian activist and writer[58]
• Murad Wilfred Hofmann – NATO official, converted from Catholicism[59]
• Knud Holmboe – Danish journalist and explorer who converted from Catholicism[60]
• Bernard Hopkins - American former professional boxer[61]

I

• Silma Ihram - Australian pioneer of Muslim education in the West, founder and former school Principal of the 'Noor Al Houda Islamic College', campaigner for racial tolerance[62][63][64]
• Yusuf Islam – musician born as Steven Demetre Georgiou and formerly known as Cat Stevens.[65]

J

• Ibn Jazla – 11th-century physician and Christian convert who later wrote to refute doctrines of Christianity[66]
• Sarah Joseph – commentator on women's issues and founder of emel magazine, converted from Catholicism[67]

K

• Abdul Kadir – former Guyanese politician, convicted of the 2007 John F. Kennedy International Airport attack plot[68]
• David Benjamin Keldani – former Catholic priest who converted to Islam and changed his name to Abd ul-Aḥad Dāwūd[69]
• Nuh Ha Mim Keller – Islamic scholar who converted from Catholicism to agnosticism to Sunni Islam[70]
• Allahverdi Khan – general and statesman of Georgian origin who was Christian[71]
• Mirza Malkam Khan – Iranian Armenian proponent of Freemasonry who was active during the period leading up to the Iranian Constitutional Revolution[72]
• John Tzelepes Komnenos – allied himself with the Seljuks against his uncle; Greek convert[73][74]

L

• Colleen LaRose – identifies herself as "Jihad Jane";[75] American citizen charged with terrorism-related crimes[76]
• Leo of Tripoli – Byzantine Greek renegade who freed 4000 Muslim prisoners while attacking the Byzantine city of Thessalonica[77]
• Samantha Lewthwaite – also known as Sherafiyah Lewthwaite or the White Widow, one of the United Kingdom's most wanted terrorism suspects[78]
• Germaine Lindsay – one of the suicide terrorists in the 7 July 2005 London bombings[79][80][81] in which 52 people were murdered
• John Walker Lindh – American insurgent, known as the "American Taliban"; converted from Catholicism[82][83]
• Alexander Litvinenko – former FSB officer; converted to Islam on his deathbed[84][85]
• Fernão Lopes – 16th-century Portuguese soldier; tortured and disfigured by Christians for siding with Muslims[86]
• Badr al-Din Lu'lu' – Armenian convert to Islam[87] and successor to the Zangid rulers of Mosul
• Vincenzo Luvineri – American rapper and the lyricist behind the Philadelphia underground hip-hop group Jedi Mind Tricks; converted from Catholicism[88]

M

Georgian mamluk Murad Bey by André Dutertre in Description de l'Egypte, 1809

• Daniel Maldonado – American Islamist convicted in the United States on charges of training with al-Qaida in East Africa; raised Catholic[89]
• Ingrid Mattson – Canadian scholar and current president of the Islamic Society of North America (2006); converted from Catholicism[90][91]
• Bruno Metsu – French footballer and football manager[92]
• Köse Mihal – Byzantine renegade; accompanied Osman al-Ghazi in his ascent to power and converted to Islam[93][94]
• Mleh, Prince of Armenia – Armenian convert to Islam from the Armenian Apostolic Church;[95] eighth lord of Armenian Cilicia
• Preacher Moss – American comedian who converted from Baptist Christianity;[96] American comedian and comedy writer
• John Allen Muhammad – convicted of perpetrating the Beltway sniper attacks with his partner, Lee Boyd Malvo, in which 17 people were murdered[97]
• Matthew Saad Muhammad – American professional boxer who was the WBC Light Heavyweight Champion of the World for two-and-a-half years[98][99]
• Peter Murphy – English singer, songwriter, and musician[100]
• Ibrahim Muteferrika (original name not known) – from Unitarian Christianity, an early example of a Muslim publisher and printer[101]

N

• Adam Neuser – German Lutheran pastor who criticized the doctrine of the trinity and was consequently imprisoned[102]
• Tech N9ne – American rapper born to a Christian mother who converted to Islam during adulthood[103]

O

• Öljaitü – ruler of the Ilkhanate dynasty[104]
• Occhiali – Italian convert[105]
• Sinéad O'Connor (Shuhada' Davitt) – Irish singer-songwriter; a former excommunicated Roman Catholic before becoming as Nondenominational Trinitarian Christian for several years and later [Sunni] Islam due of theological reasons[106][107]

P

Marmaduke Pickthall Portrait

• José Padilla – also known as Abdullah al-Muhajir or Muhajir Abdullah; US citizen from Brooklyn, New York; convicted in federal court of aiding terrorists; also known as "the dirty bomber"[108]
• Wayne Parnell – South African cricketer[109]
• Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha – born to a Christian Croatian[110]
• Sokollu Mehmed Pasha (1506–1578) – Ottoman statesman; born Orthodox, converted through devşirme[111]
• Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha – Ottoman Grand Vizier[112]
• Koca Yusuf Pasha – Georgian Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire who also served as the governor of Peloponnese[113]
• Damat Hasan Pasha – Ottoman Grand Vizier[114] He converted to Islam early on at the Enderun School through the Devşirme Christian child tax system.[114]
• Moralı Enişte Hasan Pasha – Greek Ottoman Grand Vizier[115]
• Judar Pasha – conqueror of the Songhai Empire[116]
• Raghib Pasha – Greek Ottoman politician who served as Prime Minister of Egypt;[117] converted to Islam from Christianity[118]
• Zağanos Pasha – one of the prominent military commanders of Mehmet II (Mehmet the Conqueror) and a lala, at once an advisor, mentor, tutor, councillor, protector, for the sultan[119]
• Marmaduke Pickthall – English Islamic scholar and translator of the Quran[120]
• Omar Pasha (1806–1871) – Ottoman general, born Orthodox[121]
• Bilal Philips - Canadian Muslim teacher, speaker, author, founder and chancellor of the Islamic Online University[122][123]

Q

• Abdullah Quilliam – English convert from Christianity to Islam, noted for founding England's first mosque and Islamic centre.[124]

R

• Ilie II Rareş – prince of Moldavia[125]
• Murat Reis or Jan Janszoon – Dutch Barbary pirate who was an admiral for the Republic of Salé; converted from Christianity; became a very active Muslim missionary who tried to convert Christian slaves[126]
• Yvonne Ridley – British journalist, from Anglicanism; converted after being kidnapped and released by the Taliban[127][128]
• Khadijah Rivera- Puerto Rican Muslim convert from Roman Catholicism, founder of PIEDAD[129]
• Robert of St. Albans – English templar knight who converted to Islam from Christianity in 1185 and led an army for Saladin against the Crusaders in Jerusalem[130]

S

• Stephen Jackson - American Professional Basketball player who played for the NBA
• Salman the Persian – convert from Christianity;[131] previously Zoroastrian
• Ahmed Santos – Filipino, fugitive, founder of the Rajah Solaiman Movement; converted from Catholicism[132][133][134]
• Ratna Sarumpaet – Indonesian stagewright, director, and actress[135]
• Betty Shabazz – wife of Malcolm X; former Methodist
• Zaid Shakir - Muslim American scholar  and co-founder of Zaytuna College in Berkeley, California[136][137]
• Mario Scialoja - Italian ambassador to Saudi Arabia from 1994 to 1996[138]
• Dolly Shahine (born 2 July 1980) – Lebanese former singer, actress, and fashion designer.[139]
• Ahmad Faris Shidyaq – Lebanese scholar, writer and journalist; Maronite convert to Islam[140]
• Mimar Sinan – Ottoman architect; converted to Islam and trained as an officer of the Janissary corps[141]
• Anthony Small – etired professional boxer and Islamic political activist[142]
• Daniel Streich – Swiss military instructor, community council member and a former member of Swiss People's Party [143][144]
• Kösem Sultan – born Anastasia, the daughter of an Orthodox priest, and later enslaved by Ottomans and sent to Istanbul, where she became one of the most powerful and influential women in the Ottoman Empire[145][146]
• Handan Sultan – mother of Ottoman sultan Ahmed I[147]

T

• Abu Tammam – 9th-century Arab poet born to Christian parents[148]
• Tekuder – Mongol leader of the Ilkhan empire; formerly a Nestorian Christian[149]
• Joe Tex - American singer and musician[150]
• Joseph Thomas – Australian convert, acquitted of terrorism charges, placed under a control order under the Australian Anti-Terrorism Act 2005, currently pending retrial[151][152]
• Danny Thompson – English multi-instrumentalist best known as a double bassist[153]
• Richard Thompson - British musician, best known for his guitar playing and songwriting[154]
• Mihnea Turcitul – Prince (Voivode) of Walachia; converted from Eastern Orthodox Christianity[155]
• Mike Tyson – American former professional boxer ;nicknamed "Iron Mike" and "Kid Dynamite" in his early career, and later known as "The Baddest Man on the Planet"[156][157]
• Hamza Tzortzis – British public speaker and researcher on Islam. British Muslim convert of Greek heritage, he converted from Christianity to Islam.

U

• Ismael Urbain – French journalist and interpreter[158]

V

• Bryant Neal Vinas – participated in and supported al-Qaeda plots in Afghanistan and the US, and helped al-Qaeda plan a bomb attack on the LIRR[159]
• Pierre Vogel – German Islamist preacher and former professional boxer.
• Rudolf Carl von Slatin – Anglo-Austrian soldier and administrator in the Sudan; later reverted to Catholicism[160]

W

• Siraj Wahaj – former Baptist,[161] African-American imam, noted for his efforts to eliminate Brooklyn's drug problems[162]
• Alexander Russell Webb – former Presbyterian,[163] American journalist, newspaper owner, and former Consul-General of the US in the Philippines[164][165]
• Suhaib Webb – American Islamic activist and speaker[166]
• Dawud Wharnsby-Ali) - Canadian singer/poet[167]
• Danny Williams – British boxer[168]
• Sonny Bill Williams - New Zealand professional rugby league player, and former professional rugby union footballer and heavyweight boxer[169][170]
• Timothy Winter – British Islamic scholar, lecturer in Islamic studies in the Faculty of Divinity at the University of Cambridge[171]

X

• Malcolm X - African-American Muslim minister, public speaker, and human rights activist. He converted from Christianity to The Nation of Islam and later to mainstream Sunni Islam[172][173]
• Abel Xavier - former Portuguese professional footballer and manager[174]

Y

• Khalid Yasin – Executive Director of the Islamic Teaching Institute, and a Shaykh currently residing in Australia[175]
• Felixia Yeap – former model and Catholic of Chinese heritage; converted to Islam in 2013[176]
• James Yee – previously Lutheran[177] and former US Army Muslim chaplain[178]
• Hamza Yusuf - American convert from Greek Orthodox to Sunni Islam; co-founder of the Zaytuna College[179][180]

Z

• Mohammed Zakariya - an American master of Arabic calligraphy, best known for his work on the popular Eid U.S. postage stamp[181][182]

See also

• List of converts to Islam

References

1. "Why the NBA's all-time leading scorer Kareem Abdul-Jabbar converted to Islam at 24". Face2Face Africa. 5 July 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
2. Maisonet, Eddie (25 March 2014). "Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf: Here, gone and quickly forgotten". SBNation.com. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
3. "Tariq Abdul-Wahad: "It is sometimes tough to have to explain that Muslims are not all indoctrinated fanatics"". HoopsHype. 16 January 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
4. "Muslim Football Player Eric Abidal Leaves Barcelona". Archive Islam. 2 June 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
5. "OPINION: Why I converted to Islam". america.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
6. Crum, Maddie (26 February 2017). "Mahershala Ali Becomes The First Muslim Actor To Win An Oscar". HuffPost.
7. On the Other Side of Oddville, by Dwight A. Moody, Ike Moody, pg. 122
8. Muhammad Ali and Company, by Thomas Hauser, pg. 18
9. Interview by Deborah Caldwell. "Muhammad Ali has embraced Sufi Islam and is on a new spiritual quest". Beliefnet.com. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
10. History of the London Central Mosque and the Islamic Cultural Centre 1910–1980, A. L. Tibawi, Die Welt des Islams, New Ser., Bd. 21, Nr. 1/4 (1981), pp. 193–208
11. Gilham, Jamie (2014), Loyal Enemies: British Converts to Islam, 1850–1950, p. 130, ISBN 9780199377251
12. Giant leap of faith for failed Bush assassin
13. Whittaker, Malcolm. "Fiat magnate Agnelli's only son found dead at Bridge of Suicides". The Independent.
14. "Ex-MTV presenter was not converted to Islam after Imran Khan became PM". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
15. Bowen, Patrick D. (2010). A History of Conversion to Islam in the United States, Volume 1: White American Muslims before 1975, Leiden: Brill, pp. 170–72
16. The Making of the Georgian Nation, by Ronald Grigor Suny, pg.56
17. Naaim, El Houssaine (18 October 2014). "Morocco Pays Tribute To Swedish Ambassador Who Converted to Islam". Morocco World News. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
18. German footballer Danny Blum converted to Islam, The News Tribe
19. Ezzat El Kamhaw (December 2013), House of the Wolf: An Egyptian Novel, p. 163, ISBN 9781617975578
20. The Islamic World and the West, Christoph Marcinkowski, pg. 99
21. "Bongo's 40 years of ruling Gabon" BBC News, 28 November 2007. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
22. Subjects of the Sultan: Culture and Daily Life in the Ottoman Empire, by Suraiya Faroqhi, pg. 92–93
23. "Willie Brigitte arrested in French terror crackdown". www.abc.net.au. 1 April 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
24. Chinen, Nate (9 August 2014). "Idris Muhammad, Drummer Whose Beat Still Echoes, Dies at 74 (Published 2014)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
25. Schneider, Howard (17 December 2001). "An Italian Envoy to Saudi Arabia, and to Islam". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
26. "Rep. André Carson To Become First Muslim On House Committee On Intelligence". NPR.org. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
27. Banu Kasi, Casius, Kasi and Qasi in the Spanish-language Auñamendi Encyclopedia.
28. "US comedian Dave Chappelle on conversion to Islam, visit to Saudi Arabia Zamzam well". Al Arabiya English. 28 October 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
29. Endah 2007, p. 221. sfn error: no target: CITEREFEndah2007 (help)
30. Bowen, John R.; Bowen, John Richard (29 May 2003). Islam, Law, and Equality in Indonesia: An Anthropology of Public Reasoning. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521531894 – via Google Books.
31. "Saudi Aramco World : Mayfair to Makkah". archive.aramcoworld.com.
32. Mary, John (18 December 2019). "Let Muslims be like Franciscans, espousing faith". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
33. Nigeria's oil militant
34. "Muslim cleric guilty of soliciting murder". Special report: Race in the UK. London: The Guardian. 4 February 2003. Archived from the original on 19 December 2007. Retrieved 23 December 2007.
35. Postcolonial melancholia, p. 130, Paul Gilroy, Columbia University Press, 2005, ISBN 978-0-231-13454-5. Retrieved 9 January 2010.
36. Whitlock, Craig (15 September 2007). "Converts To Islam Move Up In Cells". The Washington Post.
37. "Keith Ellison for U.S. Congress". Archived from the original on 3 January 2007.
38. Youval Rotman; Jane Marie Todd (2009), Byzantine Slavery and the Mediterranean World, President and Fellows of Harvard College, p. 41, ISBN 9780674036116, Hence, for example, Theophanes tells how Elpidios, the strategos of Sicily, took refuge in Africa, without mentioning his conversion to Islam.
39. Islamic Desk Reference, by E. J. van Donzel, pg.111
40. Elizabeth Omara-Otunnu (17 November 2003). "Ramadan Awareness Event Designed To Debunk Negative Images". Advance, University of Connecticut. Archived from the original on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
41. Erik J. Zurcher (16 May 2014), The Young Turk Legacy and Nation Building, p. 310, ISBN 9780857718075
42. Islamic Sufism Unbound: Politics and Piety in Twenty-First Century Pakistan, by Robert Rozehnal, pg.60
43. The Moslem World, Volume 58, pg.63, Samuel Marinus Zwemer, Christian Literature Society for India, Hartford Seminary Foundation, published for the Nile Mission Press by the Christian Literature Society for India, 1911
44. The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Crusades, by Paul L. Williams, pg. 73
45. "Myriam Francois Cerrah, Oxford University DPhil student in Middle East Politics, and regular contributor on current affairs, embraced Islam in 2003 aged 21". www.emel.com/. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
46. https://www.worldbulletin.net/islamic-world/franck-ribery-islam-has-strengthened-me-h121499.html
47. "Veteran of resistance who later became a holocaust denier". The Independent.
48. Atiya, Aziz Suryal (1 January 1965). The Crusade in the Later Middle Ages. Kraus. ISBN 9780527037000 – via Google Books.
49. Robbins, Christopher. "Bay Ridge Muslims Vs. The Trump Effect". The Gothamist. Gothamist LLC. Archived from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
50. Biography of Cristian Gonzales, Then right on 9th October 2003 Christian Gonzales decided to convert to Islam on the basis of their own accord in the presence of the Great Mosque cleric Mustafa al Akbar Surabaya
51. Bill Bole (17 September 2001), John Coltrane, ISBN 9780306810626, His cousin Mary's first husband, Charles Greenlee, had been a devout disciple...
52. "Some converts from 'The Islamic Review', Woking". www.wokingmuslim.org.
53. "Articles". Archived from the original on 16 February 2009.
54. Conversion: Islam, the growing religion
55. Elliott, Andrea (27 January 2010). "The Jihadist Next Door". New York Times Magazine. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
56. Mehmet Kaplan, Tevfik Fikret: Devir- Şahsiyet- Eser, Dergâh Yayınları, 1987, p. 63., (in Turkish) "Ana tarafına gelince: Fikret'in annesi Hatice Refia Hanım, annesi ve babası ihtida etmiş bir Sakızlı Rum ailesinden"
57. "Here's Hoping". Emel: Muslim Lifestyle. 28 September 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
58. About Muhammad Robert Heft, archived from the original on 21 August 2018, retrieved 24 April 2015
59. Journey to Islam – Diary of a German Diplomat, by Murad Hoffman
60. (PDF) https://web.archive.org/web/20060410044233/http://www.knud-holmboe.com/books/knud_biography.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2006. Retrieved 23 May 2020. Missing or empty |title= (help)
61. Bunce, Steve (11 November 2001). "Ex-champion Naseem Hamed's comeback battle". the Guardian. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
62. "Manly Daily | Daily Telegraph". www.dailytelegraph.com.au. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
63. "Muslims "embarrassed" after peak Islamic body met with One Nation". The Feed. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
64. "Islamic pioneer still battles for land, 20 years on". The Sydney Morning Herald. 24 June 2003. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
65. Fitzsimmons, Mick; Harris, Bob (5 January 2001). "Cat Stevens – A Musical Journey". Taped documentary interview synopsis. BBC2. Retrieved 20 December 2008.
66. A History of Arabic Literature, by Clément Huart, pg.311
67. "Putting a good glossy on the Muslim lifestyle," The Times
68. Moynihan, Colin (20 July 2010). "Abdul Kadir Denies Role in Kennedy Airport Plot". The New York Times.
69. The Muslim World League Journal – Volume 9, November 1981, p. 14
70. Keller, Nu Ha Mim. Becoming Muslim Archived 12 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
71. Shah ʹAbbas and the Arts of Isfahan, by Anthony Welch, pg. 17
72. The Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 1906–1911, by Janet Afary, pg. 26
73. Norwich, John Julius (1996). Byzantium: The Decline and Fall. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 81–82. ISBN 0-679-41650-1.
74. O city of Byzantium: Annals of Niketas Choniatēs, by Nicetas Choniates, Harry J. Magoulias, pg. xxiv
75. "'Jihad Jane' Colleen LaRose Became a Terrorist for Love". NBC News.
76. "Muslim convert Colleen LaRose, aka Jihad Jane, faces terror charges", The Guardian
77. Faith and Sword: A Short History of Christian-Muslim Conflict, by Alan G. Jamieson, pg.32
78. Brown, David (29 February 2012). "I just wanted to marry a Muslim and settle down". The Times. London. p. 6. Retrieved 29 September 2013.(subscription required)
79. "Al Qaeda exploits 'blue-eyed' Muslim converts". Financialexpress.com. 15 October 2005. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
80. "The Times & The Sunday Times". www.thetimes.co.uk. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008.
81. "404 Page Not Found". www.ict.org.il. Archived from the original on 12 February 2008. Cite uses generic title (help)
82. Tyrangiel, Josh (9 December 2001). "The Taliban Next Door" – via content.time.com.
83. "Transcript of John Ashcroft – February 5, 2002". Transcripts.cnn.com. 5 February 2002. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
84. Litvinenko converted to Islam, father says – Times Online Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
85. "Litvinenko's Father Says Son Requested Muslim Burial – RADIO FREE EUROPE / RADIO LIBERTY". Rferl.org. 5 December 2006. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
86. Yvette Christianse (1999), Castaway, ISBN 0822324210, ..Lopez and others had converted to Islam and sided with Moslem resistance to the Portuguese.
87. Islamic Art and Architecture 650–1250, by Richard Ettinghausen, Oleg Grabar, Marilyn Jenkins, pg. 134
88. "Vinnie Paz". Philaflava.com. Archived from the original on 25 March 2010. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
89. Cindy George (20 June 2007). "Houston man gets 10 years for al-Qaida training". Houston Chronicle.
90. ["Mattson, Ingrid", in Encyclopedia of Muslim-American History, Edward E. Curtis (Infobase Publishing, 2010) p362]
91. "A View from the Edge | Commonweal Magazine". www.commonwealmagazine.org.
92. (Agencies). "Bruno Metsu laid to rest in Senegal". Khaleej Times. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
93. The Last Great Muslim Empires, by H.J. Kissling, Bertold Spuler, F.R.C. Bagley, pg.3
94. American studies in altaic linguistics, By Denis Sinor, pg.5
95. Assassin!: The Deadly Art of the Cult of the Assassins, by Haha Lung, pg. 29
96. "Preacher Moss | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 29 June 2006.
97. "John Allen Muhammad". Biography.
98. "Matthew Saad Muhammad 'Miracle Matthew': Boxer and campaigner for the". The Independent. 30 May 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
99. Nark, Jason. "Matthew Saad Muhammad, a Philly warrior, gets his gravestone". www.inquirer.com. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
100. Mathieson, Craig (6 December 2013). "Peter Murphy is back from the undead". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
101. UU site Archived 5 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine
102. Lessing's Theological Writings: Selections in Translation, by Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Henry Chadwick, pg.12
103. "Tech N9ne: Deeper Than Rap". HipHopDX. 16 November 2009. Archived from the original on 15 October 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
104. Alizadeh, Saeed; Alireza Pahlavani; Ali Sadrnia. Iran: A Chronological History. p. 137.
105. H. J. Kissling; Bertold Spuler; N. Barbour; J. S. Trimingham; H. Braun; H. Hartel (August 1997), The Last Great Muslim Empires, p. 118, ISBN 9004021043
106. "Singer Sinead O'Connor converts to Islam and changes her name | I Am Birmingham". I Am Birmingham. 25 October 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
107. Lonergan, Aidan. "Sinead O'Connor renounces Catholicism and converts to Islam". The Irish Post. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
108. Ripley, Amanda (16 June 2002). "The Case of the Dirty Bomber" – via content.time.com.
109. "Parnell announces conversion to Islam". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
110. Klemenčić, Mladen (1993). A Concise atlas of the Republic of Croatia & of the Republic of Bosnia and Hercegovina. Michigan: Miroslav Krleža Lexicographical Institute (original from University of Michigan Press). p. 88.
111. Dvornik, Francis (1962). The Slavs in European History and Civilization. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 356. ISBN 0-8135-0799-5.
112. Walter G. Andrews, Najaat Black, Mehmet Kalpaklı.Ottoman lyric poetry: an anthology. University of Washington Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-295-98595-4, p. 230.
113. The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire, by Alan Palmer, pg. 52
114. Evg Radushev, Svetlana Ivanova, Rumen Kovachev – Narodna biblioteka "Sv. sv. Kiril i Metodiĭ. Orientalski otdel, International Centre for Minority Studies and Intercultural Relations, Research Centre for Islamic History, Art, and Culture (2003). Inventory of Ottoman Turkish documents about Waqf preserved in the Oriental Department at the St. St. Cyril and Methodius National Library. Narodna biblioteka "Sv. sv. Kiril i Metodiĭ. p. 224. ISBN 954-523-072-X. Hasan Pasa (Damad-i- Padisahi), Greek convert from Morea.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
115. Evg Radushev, Svetlana Ivanova, Rumen Kovachev – Narodna biblioteka "Sv. sv. Kiril i Metodiĭ. Orientalski otdel, International Centre for Minority Studies and Intercultural Relations, Research Centre for Islamic History, Art, and Culture (2003). Inventory of Ottoman Turkish documents about Waqf preserved in the Oriental Department at the St. St. Cyril and Methodius National Library. Narodna biblioteka "Sv. sv. Kiril i Metodiĭ. p. 224. ISBN 954523072X. Hasan Pasa (Damad-i- Padisahi), Greek convert from Morea.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
116. Davidson, Basil. Africa in History. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995.
117. Mohamed, Duse (1911). In the land of the pharaohs: a short history of Egypt from the fall of Ismail to the assassination of Boutros Pasha. D. Appleton and company. p. xii. OCLC 301095947. PRIME MINISTERS * Ragheb Pasha was Prime Minister from July 12, 1882
118. Schölch, Alexander (1981). Egypt for the Egyptians!: the socio-political crisis in Egypt, 1878–1882. Ithaca Press. p. 326. ISBN 0903729822. Isma'il Raghib was born in Greece in 1819; the sources differ over his homeland. After first being kidnapped to Anatolia, he was brought as a slave to Egypt in 1246 (1830/1), by Ibrahim Pasha, and there he was 'converted' from Christianity
119. The Genoese in Galata: 1453–1682, Louis Mitler, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 10, No. (Feb. 1979), pp. 71–91.
120. "A Brief Biography of Marmaduke Pickthall". www.masud.co.uk.
121. Andrew James McGregor (2006). A Military History of Modern Egypt: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-275-98601-8.
122. Science & Faith (9 January 2020). "My Revert Story – Dr. Bilal Phillips". Science & Faith. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
123. Alhassan, Amina (14 March 2014). "My journey to Islam, by Bilal Philips". Daily Trust. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
124. Geaves, R. (2010). Islam in Victorian Britain: The Life and Times of Abdullah Quilliam. Markfield, Kube Publishing
125. The Historians' History of the World, by Henry Smith Williams, p. 137, published 1907
126. Stephen Snelders (2005), The Devil's Anarchy: The Sea Robberies of the Most Famous Pirate Claes G. Compaen, p. 24, ISBN 9781570271618, After his conversion, Jansz. proselytized actively for his new faith, trying to convert Christian slaves...
127. "Yvonne Ridley: From captive to convert", by Hannah Bayman, BBC News (online), 21 September 2004
128. "BBC Inside Out – Yvonne Ridley". Bbc.co.uk. 6 October 2003. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
129. "The American Muslim (TAM)". theamericanmuslim.org.
130. Pirates and the Lost Templar Fleet, by David Hatcher Childress, pg. 94
131. Spellman, Kathryn (2004). Religion and nation: Iranian local and transnational networks in Britain. New York: Berghahn Books. p. 145. ISBN 9781571815767.
132. "In Philippines, watchful eye on converts". Csmonitor.com. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
133. "Militant Islamic Converts And Terrorism in the Philippines" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2008. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
134. "MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base". Tkb.org. Archived from the original on 15 April 2009. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
135. Winet, Evan Darwin (2007). "Sarumpaet, Ratna (1949 –)". In Cody, Gabrielle (ed.). The Columbia Encyclopedia of Modern Drama. 2. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 1190–1191. ISBN 978-0-231-14424-7.
136. "Imam Zaid Shakir". The Muslim 500. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
137. Affairs, Berkley Center for Religion, Peace and World. "Zaid Shakir". berkleycenter.georgetown.edu. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
138. "The Milli Gazette". www.milligazette.com. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
139. بالفيديو فنانة لبنانية شهيرة تعتنق الإسلام وتستعد للزواج من رجل أعمال مصري. www.alanba.com.kw (in Arabic).
140. The holy cities, the pilgrimage and the world of Islām: a history from the earliest traditions until 1925 (1344H), pg. 310, by Ghālib ibn ʻAwaḍ Quʻayṭī (al-Sulṭān), Sultan Ghalib al-Qu'aiti
141. Marshall Cavendish Reference (2011), Illustrated Dictionary of the Muslim World, p. 59, ISBN 9780761479291
142. 5Pillars (6 June 2018). "Former British boxing champion Anthony Small acquitted of terrorism charge". 5Pillars. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
143. "20 Minuten Online – Ex-SVPler: "Schweiz braucht mehr Moscheen" – Schweiz" (in German). 20 Minuten. 23 November 2009. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
144. Von Michael Scharenberg (11 November 2009). "Muslime in Uniform: Sicherheits-Risiko für unsere Armee? – Schweiz – News – Blick.ch" (in German). Blicko. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
145. Hogan, Christine (2006). The Veiled Lands: A Woman's Journey Into the Heart of the Islamic World. Macmillan Publishers Aus. p. 74. ISBN 9781405037013. Kosem was born on the Macedonian island of Tinos, where she was born as Anastasia, the daughter of a Macedonian Orthodox priest. Captured by slavers, she was sent to Istanbul by Bosna beylerbeyi
146. Freely, John (1996). Istanbul: the imperial city. Viking. p. 215. ISBN 0-14-024461-1. Then around 1608 Ahmet found a new favourite, a Macedonian girl named Anastasia, who had been captured on the island of Tinos and sent as a slave to the Harem, where she took the name of Kosem
147. Peirce, Leslie P. (1993), The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire, ISBN 9780195086775
148. Ibn Ab̄i Tahir Ṭāyfūr and Arabic writerly culture a ninth-century bookman in Baghdad Routledge Curzon Studies in Arabic and Middle-Eastern Literatures: A Ninth-century Bookman in Baghdad, by Shawkat M. Toorawa, pg. 94
149. A history of the Crusades, by Steven Runciman, pg. 397
150. "Soul singer's life filled with music and faith". www.austinweeklynews.com. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
151. Thomas convicted under terror laws, Four Corners, 27 February 2006
152. ABC staff (20 December 2006). "Thomas to face retrial on terrorism charges". ABC online. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 12 January 2007. Retrieved 20 December 2006.
153. "Danny Thompson". ABC Radio National. 12 June 2007. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
154. Denselow, Robin (30 September 2019). "Richard Thompson at 70: on love, loss and being a Muslim in Trump's US". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
155. Ştefan Ştefănescu, Istoria medie a României, Bucharest, Vol. I, 1991, p.164
156. ""Iron" Mike Tyson - At His Sharpest ⋆ Boxing News 24". Boxing News 24. 1 September 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
157. "Mike Tyson: Prison, Tupac, Boxing return, Conversion to Islam, Evander Holyfield". Fox Sports. 18 May 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
158. Michel Levallois, Ismaÿl Urbain (1812–1884) : une autre conquête de l'Algérie, ed. Maisonneuve & Larose, 2001, ISBN 2-7068-1533-7, pages, 33–36
159. Powell, Michael (23 July 2009). "U.S. Recruit Reveals How Qaeda Trains Foreigners". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
160. Slatin, Rudolf Karl, Baron von. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 3 July 2007.
161. Islam in America, by Jane I. Smith, pg. 196
162. Kohn, Rachael. The Black imam of Brooklyn
163. Islam in America, by Jane I. Smith, pg. 189
164. "Conversion: Islam, the growing religion". Salaam.co.uk. 1 October 1916. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
165. "The "Yankee Mohammedan": Alexander Russell Webb and the". Encyclopedia.com. 1 January 2007. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
166. https://web.archive.org/web/20061231154949/http://www.sunnipath.com/about/shaykhsuhaib.aspx. Archived from the original on 31 December 2006. Retrieved 15 March 2012. Missing or empty |title= (help)
167. "Biography of Dawud Wharnsby, the pioneer Nasheed artist". SoundVision.com. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
168. "Beds Herts and Bucks – Sport – Williams on boxing: I am not supposed to do it!". BBC. 18 July 2005. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
169. Land, Emma. "Sonny Bill Williams Opens Up About What Led Him To Finding Islam". Now To Love. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
170. "Rugby and religion: Sonny Bill Williams on how Islam has helped his career". Stuff. 15 November 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
171. "Feature Interview: Tim Winter (aka Abdul Hakim Murad) :: Sunday Nights". Abc.net.au. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
172. "Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam [ushistory.org]". www.ushistory.org. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
173. "Timeline of Malcolm X's Life | American Experience | PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
174. "Abel Xavier Quits Football And Converts To Islam | Goal.com". www.goal.com. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
175. "Transcript of Sheikh Khalid Yasin-07/09/2003: Sunday Nights With John Cleary". Abc.net.au. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
176. Alex Wellman (6 July 2014), Former Playboy bunny Felixia Yeap announces 'rebirth' following conversion to Islam
177. Parker, Laura (16 May 2004). "The Ordeal of Chaplain Lee". Usatoday.com. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
178. "CNN.com – U.S. Army Muslim chaplain arrested – 22 September 2003". Archived from the original on 5 September 2008.
179. The Columbia sourcebook of Muslims in the United States. Curtis, Edward E., 1970-. New York: Columbia University Press. 2008. ISBN 978-0-231-13956-4. OCLC 132582024.CS1 maint: others (link)
180. O'Sullivan, Jack (8 October 2001). "'If you hate the west, emigrate to a Muslim country'". the Guardian. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
181. Goodstein, Laurie (20 November 2001). "U.S. Muslims Push Stamp As Symbol of Acceptance (Published 2001)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
182. "Saudi Aramco World : The World of Mohamed Zakariya". archive.aramcoworld.com. Retrieved 10 January 2021.