List of former Muslims

Former Muslims or ex-Muslims are people who were Muslims, but subsequently left the Islamic religion. Although their numbers have increased, ex-Muslims still face ostracism or retaliation from their families and communities due to beliefs about apostasy in Islam.[1]

Converted to an Abrahamic religion

Converted to Judaism

• Amina Dawood Al-Mufti – Jordanian Muslim of Circassian origin, converted to Judaism upon marrying an Israeli Jewish pilot in secret in Vienna. She later became a spy for Mossad. An Arabic TV series called An Eastern Girl (فتاة من الشرق) (Fatah min Asharq) was made about her starring Suzan Najm Aldeen as Amina.[2][3] The book (مذكرات أخطر جاسوسة عربية للموساد .. أمينة المفتي) was written about her.[4]
• Avraham Sinai – Lebanese former Shi'ite who converted to Judaism. He served as an informant for the Israelis while serving in Hezbollah, until his actions were uncovered. He fled to Israel and subsequently converted.[5]
• Dario Hunter – American politician. Became the first Muslim born individual to be ordained a rabbi.[6]
• Reza Jabari – Israeli of Iranian birth who hijacked a flight between Tehran and the Iranian resort island of Kish in September, 1995 while working as a flight attendant for Iranian carrier Kish Air flight 707.[7]

Converted to Christianity

• Abdul Rahman – Afghan convert to Christianity who escaped the death penalty because of foreign pressure.[8]
• Aben Humeya – (born Fernando de Valor) Morisco Chief who was crowned the Emir of Andalusia by his followers and led the Morisco Revolt against Philip II of Spain.[9]
• Abo of Tiflis – Christian activist and the Patron Saint of the city of Tbilisi, Georgia.[10]
• Abraham of Bulgaria – martyr and saint of the Russian Orthodox Church.[11]
• St. Adolphus – Christian martyr who was put to death along with his brother, John, by Abd ar-Rahman II, Emir of Córdoba for apostasy.[12]
• Akbar Gbaja-Biamila – American football player.[13][14]
• Al-Mu'eiyyad – Abbasid prince and third son of Abbasid caliph, Al-Mutawakkil. He was converted to Christianity along with his three confidants by St. Theodore of Edessa, accepting the name "John" upon baptism.[15][16] During Anarchy at Samarra period saw the rise of a legend that an Abbasid prince had converted to Christianity under the influence of Theodore of Edessa, taken the name "John" and been killed for his apostasy; Alexander Vasiliev speculates that Muayyad, who was killed in 866 by his brother Mu`tazz, may have been the convert. However, there is no Christian or Muslim record remotely associating Muayyad with Christianity or even, indeed, religious speculation. The motives for his murder seem to have been purely political; had he indeed converted, it would have given Mutazz an excuse to murder him for apostasy and been recorded.[17][16]

Albertus Soegijapranata, a National Hero of Indonesia, was the first native Indonesian Roman Catholic bishop in Indonesia.[18]

• Albertus Soegijapranata – born in Surakarta, to a Muslim courtier and his wife who later converted to Roman Catholicism; the first native Indonesian bishop; a National Hero of Indonesia; known for his pro-nationalistic stance, often expressed as "100% Catholic, 100% Indonesian".[18]
• Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky – Russian officer of Circassian origin who led the first Russian military expedition into Central Asia.[19]
• Alexander Kazembek – Russian Orientalist, historian and philologist of Azeri origin .[20]
• Ali Sina – owner of the Faith Freedom International website.
• Aman Tuleyev – Russian governor of Kemerovo Oblast.[21]

Born into a Muslim Batak family, Indonesian Prime Minister Amir Sjarifuddin converted to Christianity in 1931. He was one of the Indonesian Republic's first leaders.[22]

• Amir Sjarifuddin – Indonesian socialist leader who later became the second prime minister of Indonesia during its National Revolution.[22]
• Aslan Abashidze – former leader of the Ajarian Autonomous Republic in western Georgia.[23]
• Asmirandah – Indonesian actress of Dutch descent converted to Protestantism in December 2013. Zantman owes her conversion to an experience of having dreamed three times of Jesus Christ.[24][25][26][27]
• Aurelius and Natalia – Christian martyrs who were put to death during the reign of Abd ar-Rahman II, Caliph of Córdoba for apostasy.[28]
• Bahaa el-Din Ahmed Hussein el-Akkad – former Egyptian Muslim sheikh.[29]
• Begum Samru – powerful lady of north India, ruling a large area from Sardhana, Uttar Pradesh.[30]
• Bob Denard – French soldier and mercenary leader. Converted from Roman Catholicism to Judaism, then Islam and eventually back to Roman Catholicism.[31]
• Broery – Indonesian singer (from Christianity to Islam back to Christianity).[32][33]

Argentine president, Carlos Menem converted to Roman Catholicism due to his political aspirations[34]

• Brother Rachid – television presenter. He hosts a TV show called Daring Question which focuses on discussing and criticizing Islam.[35]
• Carlos Menem – former President of Argentina. Raised a Muslim but converted to Roman Catholicism, the majority religion of Argentina, due to his political aspirations (before the 1994 reform, the Argentine Constitution established that the President of the Nation had to be a Roman Catholic).[34][36]
• Casilda of Toledo – saint of the Roman Catholic Church.[37]
• Chamillionaire – (born Hakeem Seriki) American rapper.[38][39]
• Chulpan Khamatova – Russian actress.[40][41]
• Constantine the African – Baghdad-educated Muslim who died in 1087 as a Christian monk at Monte Cassino.[42][43]
• The Clan Yusupov – noble family of Tatar descent down the Khans of the Nogai Horde, convert to Eastern Orthodox Christianity in the 17th century.
• Daniel Bambang Dwi Byantoro – leader (and Archimandrite) of the Indonesian Orthodox Church.[44][45]
• Daveed Gartenstein-Ross – counter-terrorism expert and attorney (from Judaism to Islam to Christianity).[46][47]
• Descendants of Kuchum – former Muslim Genghisid family which converted to Russian Orthodox Christianity.
• Diana Nasution – Indonesian singer, converted to Protestantism after marriage.[48][49]
• Djibril Cissé – footballer for club and country.[50][51]
• Don Juan of Persia – late-16th- and early-17th-century figure in Iran and Spain, converted from Shia Islam to Roman Catholicism.[52]
• Donald Fareed – Iranian Christian tele-evangelist and minister.[53]
• Eldridge Cleaver – Conversions/Associations to Nation of Islam then Evangelical Christianity then Mormonism.[54][55]
• Emily Ruete – (born Sayyida Salme) Princess of Zanzibar and Oman.[56][57][58]

On St George's Day, 2005 Serbian film director Emir Kusturica left Islam and was baptised into the Serbian Orthodox Church[59]

• Emir Kusturica – Bosnian, Serbian and Yugoslavian filmmaker and actor.[59][60]
• Enrique de Malaca – Malay slave of Ferdinand Magellan, converted to Roman Catholicism after being purchased in 1511.[61][62]
• Ergun Caner – Swedish-American academic, author, and Baptist minister.[63][64]
• Estevanico – Berber originally from Morocco and one of the early explorers of the Southwestern United States.[65]
• Fadhma Aït Mansour – mother of French writers Jean Amrouche and Taos Amrouche.[66]
• Fathia Ghali – Egyptian princess and youngest daughter of Fuad I of Egypt and Nazli Sabri.[67]
• Fathima Rifqa Bary – American teenager of Sri Lankan descent who drew international attention in 2009 when she ran away from home and claimed that her Muslim parents might kill her for having converted to Christianity.[68]
• Fernão Lopes – Portuguese nobleman, soldier and the first known permanent inhabitant of the remote Island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean.[69]
• Francis Bok – Sudanese-American activist, convert to Islam from Christianity; but later returned to his Christian faith.[70]
• St. George El Mozahem – coptic saint[71][72][73]
• George Weah – Liberian soccer player (from Christianity to Islam back to Christianity).[74]
• Ghorban Tourani – former Iranian Sunni Muslim who became a Christian minister. Following multiple murder threats, he was abducted and murdered on November 22, 2005.[75]
• Gulshan Esther – Pakistani convert from Islam to Christianity.[76]
• Hakan Taştan and Turan Topal – two Turkish Christian converts who went on trial in 2006, on charges of "allegedly insulting 'Turkishness' and inciting religious hatred against Islam".[77]
• Hamid Pourmand – former Iranian army colonel and lay leader of the Jama'at-e Rabbani, the Iranian branch of the Assemblies of God church in Iran.[78]
• Hassan Dehqani-Tafti – Anglican Bishop of Iran from 1961 to 1990.[79]
• Hazem Farraj – Palestinian American minister, writer, evangelist[80]
• Hisn Jihan – Circassian wife of Bashir Shihab II. Muslim by birth, she was captured by Turkish slavers and converted to Maronite Catholicism after being released by Bashir and marrying him.
• House of Yusupov – former Muslim Genghisid family which converted to Russian Orthodox Christianity.
• Ibrahim Ben Ali – soldier, physician and one of the earliest American settlers of Turkish origin.[81]
• Ibrahim Njoya – Bamum people religion; back and forth conversions from Islam to Christianity.[82] Also created his own religion.[83]
• Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung – Indonesian evangelist and missionary.[84][85]
• Imad ud-din Lahiz – Prolific Islamic writer, preacher and Quranic translator.[86]
• Jabalah ibn al-Aiham – last ruler of the Ghassanid state in Syria and Jordan in the seventh century AD. After the Islamic conquest of Levant he converted to Islam in AD 638. He reverted to Christianity later on and lived in Anatolia until he died in AD 645.[87]
• Jacob Frank – 18th century Jewish religious leader who claimed to be the reincarnation of the self-proclaimed messiah Sabbatai Zevi, and also of King David. Frank publicly converted to Islam in 1757 and later to Christianity at Poland in 1759, but actually presented himself as the Messiah of a syncretic derivation of Shabbatai Zevi's Messianism now referred to as Frankism.[88]
• James Scurry – British soldier and statesman.[89]
• Jean-Bédel Bokassa – Central African Republic Emperor (from Roman Catholicism to Islam back to Roman Catholicism).[90][91]
• Jessica Iskandar – Indonesian actress and model (from Christianity to Islam back to Christianity).[92][93]
• Johannes Avetaranian – (born Muhammad Shukri Efendi), Christian missionary and Turkish descendant of Muhammad.[94]
• Josef Mässrur – (born Ghäsim Khan) missionary to Chinese Turkestan with the Mission Union of Sweden.[95]
• Josephine Bakhita – Roman Catholic saint from Darfur, Sudan.[96][97]
• Julia Volkova – Russian singer and actress best known as a member of the Russian pop duo, t.A.T.u.[98][99][100]
• Justinus Darmojuwono – first Indonesian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church; served as Archbishop of Semarang from 1963 to 1981, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1967; converted to Catholicism in 1932.[101]
• Kabeer Gbaja-Biamila – American football player.[13]
• Kassian Cephas – Indonesian photographer.[102][103]
• Kitty Kirkpatrick – daughter of James Achilles Kirkpatrick, British Resident in Hyderabad and Khair-un-Nissa, a Hyderabadi noblewoman.[104]
• Kyai Sadrach – Indonesian missionary.[105][106]
• Lakandula – Lakan of the pre-colonial Kingdom of Tondo
• Lina Joy – Malaysian former Muslim converted to Roman Catholicism. The desire to have her conversion recognized by law was the subject of a court case in Malaysia.[107][108]
• Lukman Sardi – Indonesian actor converted to Christianity after marriage.[109][110]
• Lyasan Utiasheva – Russian gymnast, convert to Eastern Orthodox Christianity.[111][112][113]

Italian journalist Magdi Allam converted to Roman Catholicism during the Vatican's 2008 Easter vigil service presided over by Pope Benedict XVI,[114] but left the church in 2013

• Magdi Allam – Italy's most famous Islamic affairs journalist.[114]
• Majeed Rashid Mohammed – Kurdish Christian convert from Islam. He established a network with former Kurdish Muslims with about 2,000 members today.[115]
• Malika Oufkir – author, activist and former prisoner of the Moroccan Royal Family.[116]
• Maria Aurora von Spiegel – (born Fatima) was a Turkish mistress of Augustus II the Strong and the wife of a Polish noble.[117]
• Maria Huberdina Hertogh – Dutch-Indonesian child kidnapped and forcibly converted to Islam during the World War II in 1943 by Malay Muslims but was eventually return to her Catholic family in 1950.[118][107][119]
• Maria Temryukovna – Circassian princess, and second wife to Ivan IV of Russia who was born in a Muslim upbringing, and baptised into the Russian Orthodox Church on August 21, 1561.[120]
• Mario Joseph – former Indian Muslim preacher & scholar.[121][122]
• Marina Nemat – Canadian author of Iranian descent and former political prisoner of the Iranian government. Born into a Christian family, she converted to Islam in order to avoid execution but later reverted to Christianity.[123]
• Mark A. Gabriel – Egyptian writer[124]
• Mark Huda Junayed Fino – A Bangladeshi raised as a Muslim but converted to Protestantism in 2010.
• Mary Fillis[125]
• Mathieu Kérékou – President of Benin (from Christianity to Islam back to Christianity).[126]
• Matthew Ashimolowo – Nigerian-born British pastor and evangelist.[127]
• Mehdi Dibaj – Iranian pastor and Christian activist.[128]
• Mehmet Ali Ağca – Turkish ultra-nationalist assassin, who shot and wounded Pope John Paul II on May 13, 1981. In early 2009, Ağca renounced Islam in prison and announced his intention to convert to the Catholic faith upon release.[129][130]
• Melissandra Sainte Jeanne d'Arc Groza - Trans woman, Human Rights and 2SLGBTQIA+ activist.
• Michał Czajkowski – Polish-Cossack writer and political emigre who worked both for the resurrection of Poland and the reestablishment of a Cossack Ukraine.[131]
• Mohammad Hymath – former Ahmadi Muslim and now founder of[132] Jesus Above All Ministries. He has given his testimony at churches and seminaries throughout South India.
• Mohammed Elewonibi – Nigerian-Canadian football player[133]
• Mohammed Hegazy – first Egyptian Muslim convert to Christianity to seek official recognition of his conversion from the Egyptian Government.[134]
• Momolu Dukuly – Liberian foreign minister.[135]
• Mosab Hassan Yousef – son of Sheikh Hassan Yousef, a Hamas founder and one of its leader.
• Moussa Dadis Camara – ex-officer of the Guinean army.[136][137]
• Muhsin Muhammad – football player for Carolina Panthers[138]
• Nabeel Qureshi – former Ahmadi Muslim and now co-director of Acts 17 Apologetics Ministries. He has given lectures at universities and seminaries throughout North America.
• Nafa Urbach – Indonesian singer, actress and model.[139][140][141]
• Nania Kurniawati Yusuf – Indonesian singer, finalist of the first season to Indonesian Idol, 2004.[142][143]
• Nasir Siddiki – Canadian evangelist, author, and business consultant.[144]
• Nazli Sabri – Queen consort of Egypt.[145]
• Nonie Darwish – Egyptian-American writer and public speaker.[146]
• Dr. Nur Luke – Uyghur Bible translator.[147]
• Olavo de Carvalho Brazilian polemicist, philosopher, political pundit, astrologer and journalist. [148]
• Omar ibn Sa'id Fula writer and Islamic scholar who was enslaved and transported to the United States in 1807. [149]
• Parveen Babi – Indian actress, converted to Christianity during her later life, but buried according to Muslim rites.[150][151][152][153][154][155]
• Patrick Sookhdeo – British Anglican canon[156]
• Paul Mulla – Turkish scholar and professor of Islamic Studies at the Pontifical Oriental Institute.[157]
• Pinkan Mambo – (born Pinkan Ratnasari Mambo) Indonesian singer converted in 2010. Decision taken after admitting she studied various religions of the world and eventually dropped in awe of Jesus Christ.[158][159][160]
• Qadry Ismail – former American football player.[161]
• Qasim Khanate – some Muslim begs and Khans of the Qasim Khanate converted to Russian Orthodox Christianity.[162]
• Raghib Ismail – former American football player.[163]
• Rajah Humabon – first Filipino Sultan convert to Roman Catholicism in the name of Carlos.[164][165]
• Rajah Matanda – sovereign of the Kingdom of Maynila
• Rashid Nurgaliyev – Russian politician and general convert to Russian Orthodoxy.[166][167]

Al Qaeda terrorist Ramzi Yousef claims to have embraced Christianity while in ADX Florence Supermax prison. However, the prison staff do not believe Yousef's conversion is sincere.[168][169]

• Rianti Cartwright – Indonesian actress, model, presenter and VJ. Two weeks before departure to the United States to get married, Rianti left the Muslim faith to become a baptized Catholic with the name Sophia Rianti Rhiannon Cartwright.[170][171]
• Rotimi Adebari – first Black mayor in Ireland.[172]
• Roy Marten – (born Wicaksono Abdul Salam) Indonesian actor whose family was converted to Roman Catholicism during his childhood but who converted later to Indonesian Orthodoxy in 1997.[173][174][175]
• Rudolf Carl von Slatin – Anglo-Austrian soldier and administrator in the Sudan.[176]
• Ruffa Gutierrez – Filipina actress, model and former beauty queen (from Christianity to Islam back to Christianity)[177]
• Sabatina James – Pakistani-Austrian former Muslim and now an Austrian Roman Catholic author.[178]
• Saeed and Nagmeh Abedini
• Saint Alodia and Saint Nunilo – Christian martyrs and confessors who were put to death during the reign of Abd ar-Rahman II, Caliph of Córdoba for apostasy.[179]
• Sarah Balabagan – Filipina who was imprisoned in the United Arab Emirates from 1994 to 1996 for murder. She was initially sentenced to death, but was later returned to the Philippines.
• Sayed Borhan khan – Khan of Qasim Khanate from 1627 to 1679.[180]
• Saye Zerbo – President of the republic of Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso).[181]
• Sheikh Deen Muhammad – (I.E. Sake Dean Mahomed) British Indian traveller, surgeon and entrepreneur who introduced shampooing and the Indian take-away curry house restaurant in Britain, and was the first Indian to have written a book in the English language.[182][183]
• Serdar Dedeoğlu – Turk who claims to be a descendant of Muhammad has converted to Christianity while living in Germany.
• Shams Pahlavi – Iranian princess and the elder sister of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran.[184]
• The Shihab family – prominent Lebanese noble family. The family originally belonged to Sunni Islam and converted to Maronite Catholicism at the end of the 18th century.[185][186]
• The Sibirsky family – foremost of many Genghisid (Shaybanid) noble families formerly living in Russia.[187]
• Sigi Wimala – Indonesian model and actress, converted to Catholicism after marriage.[188][189]
• Simeon Bekbulatovich – Khan of Qasim Khanate.[180]

Albanian monarch, Skanderbeg converted from Roman Catholicism to Islam but reverted to Roman Catholicism later in life upon his return in Albania

• Skanderbeg – Albanian monarch and military leader. Skanderbeg converted to Islam from Christianity but reverted to Christianity later in life.[190]
• Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiari – second wife and Queen Consort of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the late Shah of Iran who converted to Roman Catholicism.[191]
• Stefan Razvan – Gypsy prince who ruled Moldavia for six months in 1595.[192]
• Taysir Abu Saada – former member of the PLO and the founder of the christian ministry Hope For Ishmael after he converted to christianity. He was Yasir Arafat's personal driver.[193][194]
• Dr. Thomas Yayi Boni – President of Benin.[195]
• Tunch Ilkin – former American football player.[196]
• Ubayd-Allah ibn Jahsh – brother of Zaynab bint Jahsh, the wife of Muhammad and one of the male Sahaba (companions of the Prophet).[197]
• Udo Ulfkotte – German journalist who was born a Christian, became an atheist, then converted to Islam and finally converted back to Christianity.[198]
• Umar ibn Hafsun – leader of anti-Ummayad dynasty forces in southern Iberia. Hafsun converted to Christianity with his sons and ruled over several mountain valleys for nearly forty years, having the castle Bobastro as his residence.[199]
• Utameshgaray of Kazan – Khan of Kazan Khanate.[180]
• Walid Shoebat – American author and self-proclaimed former member of the PLO.[200]
• Wu'erkaixi – Uyghur dissident known for his leading role during the Tiananmen protests of 1989.[201][202]
• Yadegar Moxammat of Kazan (Yadegar Mokhammad of Kazan) – Last khan of Kazan Khanate.[180]
• Youcef Nadarkhani – Iranian Christian pastor who has been sentenced to death for apostasy.[203]
• Zachariah Anani – former Sunni Muslim Lebanese militia fighter[204]
• Zaida of Seville – refugee Andalusian Muslim princess who was a mistress and then perhaps queen of Alfonso VI of Castile.[205]

Converted to the Bábí and Baháʼí Faith

These were mostly people who were followers of the Bahá'u'lláh at the time he founded the Baháʼí Faith. They were formerly Muslims.

• 'Abdu'l-Karim Amín Khawja[206] – first native Algerian convert to the Baháʼí Faith.
• Hají Ákhúnd – eminent follower of Bahá'u'lláh. He was appointed a Hand of the Cause, and identified as one of the nineteen Apostles of Bahá'u'lláh.[207]^:265–266
• Ibn-i-Abhar – appointed a Hand of the Cause, and identified as one of the nineteen Apostles of Bahá'u'lláh.[207]^:245–256
• Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl – foremost Baháʼí scholar who helped spread the Baháʼí Faith in Egypt, Turkmenistan, and the United States. One of the few Apostles of Bahá'u'lláh who never actually met Bahá'u'lláh.[208]
• Mírzá Mahmúd – eminent follower of Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith.[207]^:290–310
• Mishkín-Qalam – prominent Baháʼí and one of the nineteen Apostles of Bahá'u'lláh, as well as a famous calligrapher of 19th century Persia.[207]^:270–271
• Nabíl-i-A'zam – Baháʼí historian and one of the nineteen Apostles of Bahá'u'lláh[207]^:268–270
• Núrayn-i-Nayyirayn – two brothers who were beheaded in the city of Isfahan in 1879.[207]^:335–350
• Sami Doktoroğlu – early and important member of the Baháʼí Faith in Turkey.[209]
• Somaya Ramadan[210] – 2001 winner of the Naguib Mahfouz Medal for Literature.
• Táhirih – Persian poet and theologian of the Bábí faith in Iran.[211]

Converted to an Indian religion

Converted to Hinduism

Harilal Gandhi converted to Islam, adopted the name "Abdullah Gandhi", but later converted to Hinduism.[212]

Happy Salma, Indonesian actress, writer, model, converted to Hinduism, became princess and member of the Lordship of Ubud after marriage.[213][214]

• Annapurna Devi (born Roshanara Khan) – surbahar (bass sitar) player and music teacher in the North Indian classical tradition. She converted to Hinduism upon marriage.[215]
• Anwar Shaikh – British author[216]
• Aashish Khan (born Ustad Aashish Khan Debsharma) – Indian musician[217]
• Asha Gawli – (born Ayesha) wife of Arun Gawli, notorious gangster turned politician from Mumbai, India. She converted to Hinduism upon marriage.[218]
• Bukka I – King of Vijayanagara empire who converted to Islam, then reverted to Hinduism. The early life of Bukka as well as his brother Hakka (also known as Harihara I) are relatively unknown and most accounts of their early life are based on theories.[219][220]
• Chander Mohan – former Deputy Chief Minister of Haryana State in India. He was born Chandra Mohan he converted to Islam after marriage and again reverted to Hinduism after his divorce.[221][222]
• Happy Salma – Indonesian actress, writer, model, became princess and member of the Lordship of Ubud after marriage.[213][214]
• Haridas Thakura – prominent Vaishnavite saint, instrumental in the early appearance and spread of Hare Krishna movement.[223]
• Harihara I – King of Vijayanagara Empire who converted to Islam, then reconverted.[220]
• Harilal Mohandas Gandhi – son of Mahatma Gandhi. Upon converting to Islam he adopted the name Abdullah Gandhi, but later again reverted to Hinduism.[212]
• Ifa Sudewi – Indonesian chief judge for the 2002 Bali bombing trials.[224][225]
• Khushboo Sundar – Tamil movie actress. She converted to Hinduism upon marriage.[226]
• Nargis – Bollywood film actress. Mother of Indian actor Sanjay Dutt.[227]
• Netaji Palkar – Maratha noble and commander-in-chief of the army of Chhatrapati Shivaji, 19 June 1676.[228][229][230]
• Sarmad – 17th-century mystical poet and sufi saint, arrived from Persia to India, beheaded for assumed heresy by the Mughal emperor, Aurungzebe. Sarmad renounced Judaism, briefly converting to Islam and then Hinduism. He later denounced all religions and rejected belief in god.[231][232]
• Zubeida – Hindi film actress, on whose life story the film Zubeidaa was based. She converted to Hinduism upon marriage.[233]
• Pandit Mahendra Pal Arya (b.1957)- Previously known as Mehboob Ali, a former imam in Uttar Pradesh, India, became an Arya Samaj preacher, Hindu apologist and leader of Arya Kendriya Sabha.[234][235][236]

Converted to Buddhism

• Bunnag family – Thai family of Persian descent.[237]
• Kenneth Hsien-yung Pai – Chinese American writer of Hui descent[238]
• Sri Sulalai – princess of the royal family of the Sultanate of Singora. Rama II of Siam took her as a concubine.
• Suraj Randiv – Sri Lankan cricketer
• Tillakaratne Dilshan – Sri Lankan cricketer[239]

Converted to Sikhism

• Kuldip Manak – deceased Punjabi folk singer [240]

Part of an unorganized religion or no religion

Became atheists

Javed Akhtar is a noted Indian writer and lyricist.

Maryam Namazie, cofounder of the Council of Ex-Muslims of Britain.

Mina Ahadi, founder of the Central Council of Ex-Muslims.

Salman Rushdie, author of The Satanic Verses.[241]

Sarah Haider, cofounder of Ex-Muslims of North America.

• Afshin Ellian – Iranian-Dutch professor of law, philosopher, poet[242][243]
• Ahmed Harqan – Egyptian human rights activist and outspoken atheist.[244]
• Ahmed Sharif – Bangladeshi humanist book seller, human rights activist and secular humanist.[245]
• Al-Ma'arri – blind Arab philosopher, poet and writer.[246]
• Alexander Aan – Indonesian atheist and ex-Muslim of Minang descent, who was attacked by a mob and arrested in 2012 for posting "God does not exist" and other antireligious writings on Facebook, attracting international attention.[247]
• Ali A. Rizvi – Pakistani-born Canadian physician, writer and ex-Muslim activist[248]
• Ali Soilih – Comorian socialist revolutionary; president of the Comoros[249]
• Ali Dashti – Iranian rationalist and member of Iranian Senate.[250]
• Aliaa Magda Elmahdy – Egyptian internet activist and women's rights advocate.
• Aliyah Saleem – British secular education campaigner, writer and market researcher, activist and co-founder of advocacy group Faith to Faithless.
• Anwar Shaikh – British author of Pakistani descent.[251]
• Armin Navabi – Iranian-born atheist and secular activist, author, podcaster and vlogger, founder of Atheist Republic
• Aroj Ali Matubbar – self-taught Bangladeshi philosopher
• Arzu Toker – German-speaking writer, journalist, publicist, translator of Turkish descent, cofounder of the Central Council of Ex-Muslims in Germany.
• As'ad Abu Khalil – Lebanese professor of political science at California State University, Stanislaus. He describes himself as an "atheist secularist".[252][253]
• Asif Mohiuddin – Bangladeshi blogger and secularist[254]
• Ayaan Hirsi Ali – Somali-born Dutch feminist, writer, and politician.[255]
• Ayaz Nizami – Pakistani Islamic Scholar became atheist, Founder of realisticapproach.org.[256] an Urdu website about atheism, and Vice President of Atheist & Agnostic Alliance Pakistan[257] He is currently detained under the charges of blasphemy and could face the death penalty.[258][259]
• Ayman Odeh – Israeli politician
• Aziz Nesin – popular Turkish humorist and author of more than 100 books.[260]
• Barack Obama Sr. – Kenyan senior governmental economist, and the father of 44th U.S. President Barack Obama[261]
• Bisi Alimi – Nigerian gay rights activist based in the United Kingdom
• Bonya Ahmed – Bangladeshi-American author, humanist activist and blogger, wife of Avijit Roy; hacked to death after receiving threats related to his promotion of secular views.[262]
• E. A. Jabbar – Indian ex-Muslim, orator, writer, retired school teacher of Kerala. Editor of Yukthiyugam Malayalam Magazine [263][264]
• Ebru Umar – Dutch columnist of Turkish descent, critic of Islam and of Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
• Enver Hoxha – Communist dictator who declared Albania the first atheist state, and who has been identified as an "arch-atheist."[265]
• Faik Konitza – Albanian stylist, critic, publicist and political figure that had a tremendous impact on Albanian writing and on Albanian culture at the time.[266]
• Faisal Saeed Al Mutar – Iraqi-born satirist, human rights activist, writer, founder of the Global Secular Humanist Movement (GSHM).[267]
• Farhan Akhtar – Indian actor, singer, songwriter, playback singer, producer and television host.[268][269]
• Fauzia Ilyas – founder of Atheist & Agnostic Alliance Pakistan
• Fazıl Say – Turkish pianist, sued for having expressed his atheism publicly.
• Hafid Bouazza – Moroccan-Dutch writer.[270][271]
• Hamed Abdel-Samad – German-Egyptian political scientist, historian and author.
• Hassan Bahara – Moroccan-Dutch writer.[272]
• Humayun Azad – Bangladeshi author, poet, scholar and linguists.[273][274]
• Inkulab – Tamil rationalist poet/writer and Marxist activist. Born as Sakul Hameed.[275][276]
• Irfan Habib – Indian Historian.[277]
• Ismael Adham – Egyptian writer and philosopher.[278]
• Ismail Kadare – world-renowned Albanian writer.[279]
• Ismail Mohamed (activist) – Egyptian atheist human rights activist, host of The Black Ducks programme.[280]
• Javed Akhtar – noted Indian writer and lyricist.[281][278]
• Kacem El Ghazzali – Moroccan-Swiss writer and activist.[282]
• Kareem Amer – Egyptian blogger.[283][284]
• Kumail Nanjiani – Pakistani American stand-up comic and actor.[285]
• Lounès Matoub – Algerian Berber Kabyle singer.[286]
• Maryam Namazie – Iranian communist, political activist and leader of the British apostate-organization Council of Ex-Muslims of Britain[287]
• Mina Ahadi – Iranian-born pacifist, founder of the German apostate-organization "Zentralrat der Ex-Muslime"[288]
• Mirza Fatali Akhundov – 19th century Azerbaijani playwright and philosopher.[289]
• Muhammad Syed – Pakistani American speaker and political activist. Co-founder of Ex-Muslims of North America.
• Nahla Mahmoud – Sudanese-born British writer, secularist, environmentalist, and human rights activist, and spokesperson for the Council of Ex-Muslims of Britain.[290]
• Parvin Darabi – Iranian born American activist, writer and woman's rights activist.[291]
• Pelin Batu – Turkish actress and television personality[292][293]
• Rahaf Mohammed – Saudi Arabian refugee in Canada whose January 2019 flight attracted international attention and involved diplomatic intervention.[294]
• Ramiz Alia – Albanian communist leader and former president of Albania.[295]
• Rana Ahmad – Saudi Arabian refugee in Germany, author, women's rights activist and founder of the Atheist Refugee Relief[296]
• Sagopa Kajmer - Turkish rap musician, songwriter, record producer and DJ [297]
• Salman Rushdie – British-Indian novelist and essayist.[241]
• Sam Touzani – Belgian actor, TV presenter, choreographer and comedian with Moroccan roots, critic of both the far-right and Islamism.[298]
• Sarah Haider – American writer, speaker, political activist and co-founder of Ex-Muslims of North America.[299]
• Sarmad Kashani – seventeenth-century mystical poet and sufi saint, arrived from Persia to India, beheaded for assumed heresy by the Mughal emperor, Aurungzebe. Sarmad renounced Judaism, briefly converting to Islam and then Hinduism. He later denounced all religions and rejected belief in gods.[300][301]
• Sibel Kekilli – German actress of Turkish origin, known for her role as 'Shae' in Game of Thrones. Kekili was raised as a Muslim, but does not belong to any religion anymore, and although she stated she respects all religions,[302] has criticised the physical mistreatment of women in Islam.[303]
• Sherif Gaber – Egyptian political activist and blogger.
• Sofia Ashraf – Indian rapper and singer.
• Taslima Nasrin – Bangladeshi author, feminist, human rights activist and secular humanist.[304]
• Turan Dursun – Turkish author and Islamic scholar. He was once a Turkish mufti and later authored many books critical of Islam.[305]
• Valon Behrami – Kosovo-born Swiss professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for English club Watford.[306]
• Waleed Al-Husseini – Palestinian philosopher, essayist, writer, blogger and co-founder of Council of Ex-Muslims in France (CEMF).
• Yasmine Mohammed - Canadian born human rights activist, founder of Free Hearts, Free Minds and author of Unveiled: How Western Liberals Empower Radical Islam.[307]
• Zackie Achmat – South African anti-HIV/AIDS activist; founder of the Treatment Action Campaign.[308]
• Zara Kay – Tanzanian-Australian activist, founder of Faithless Hijabi.[309]
• Zineb El Rhazoui – Moroccan-born French journalist and former columnist for Paris-based satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo.[310]
• Zoya Akhtar – Indian director and screenwriter.[311][312]

Became agnostics

• Abdullah al-Qasemi – one of the most controversial intellectuals in the Arab world because of his radical change from defending Salafism to defending atheism and rejecting organized religion.[313]
• Cenk Uygur – Main host of the liberal talk radio show The Young Turks. He is an agnostic.[314]
• Fareed Zakaria – Indian-American CNN host. He is a self described secular and non practicing Muslim. He added: "My views on faith are complicated—somewhere between deism and agnosticism. I am completely secular in my outlook."
• Ibn al-Rawandi – early skeptic of Islam.[315]
• Ibn Warraq – British Pakistani secularist author and founder of the Institute for the Secularisation of Islamic Society[316]
• Seema Mustafa – Indian journalist, Political Editor and Delhi Bureau Chief of The Asian Age newspaper.[317][318]
• Wafa Sultan – Syrian-born American psychiatrist and controversial critic of Islam. She describes herself as a "Secular Humanist"[319][320]
• Dr. Younus Shaikh – Pakistani medical doctor, human rights activist, rationalist and free-thinker.[321]
• Zohra Sehgal – Indian actress who has appeared in several Hindi and English language films.[322]

Became deists

• Ahmad Kasravi – notable Iranian linguist, historian, and reformer.[323]
• Ehsan Jami – former politician and founder of Central Committee for Ex-Muslims.[324]

Became non-religious

Atatürk, founder of the Republic of Turkey

• Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Turkish field marshal, statesman, secularist reformer, and author. Sources point out that Atatürk was a religious skeptic and a freethinker. He was a non-doctrinaire deist[325][326] or an atheist,[327][328][329] who was antireligious and anti-Islamic in general.[330][331] According to Atatürk, the Turkish people do not know what Islam really is and do not read the Quran. People are influenced by Arabic sentences that they do not understand, and because of their customs they go to mosques. When the Turks read the Quran and think about it, they will leave Islam.[332] Atatürk described Islam as the religion of the Arabs in his own work titled Vatandaş için Medeni Bilgiler by his own critical and nationalist views.[333]
• Nyamko Sabuni – politician in Sweden[334]
• Sajid Javid – British politician[335]
• Zayn Malik – English singer of Pakistani and English-Irish descent.[336]
• Md Tipu Sultan – Bangladeshi Writer, Activist.[337] [338]

Other

Religious founders

Mughal emperor Akbar proclaimed that no single religion possessed the absolute truth. This inspired him to create the Dīn-i Ilāhī in 1581.[339]

• Akbar the great – Mughal emperor and founder of Dīn-i Ilāhī, a religious movement whose followers never numbered more than 19 adherents.[339]
• Ariffin Mohammed – founder of the Sky Kingdom who claimed a unique connection to God. In spite of renouncing Islam in 2001, he stated that there was no restriction on practising your own faith and at the same time belonging to the Sky Kingdom.[340]
• Báb – founder of Bábism. Most of his followers later accepted Bahá'u'lláh and thus joined the Baháʼí Faith.[341]
• Bahá'u'lláh – after the Bab's death, claimed to be the prophet the Báb spoke of, thereby founding the Baháʼí Faith.[342]
• David Myatt – founded the Numinous Way[343]
• Dwight York – African American author, black supremacist leader, musician, convicted child molester and founder of the religious doctrine called Nuwaubianism.[344]
• Kabir – 15th-century mystical poet and founder of the Kabirpanthi. Born to a Hindu Brahmin widow but adopted and raised as Muslim by a childless Muslim couple, later denouncing both Hinduism and Islam.[345][346]
• Musaylimah – self proclaimed prophet of the Banu Hanifa tribe who lived during and after the lifetime of Muhammad.[347]
• Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi – founder of the spiritual movements Messiah Foundation International and Anjuman Serfaroshan-e-Islam.[348][349]
• Ṣāliḥ ibn Tarīf – second king of the Berghouata. He proclaimed himself a Prophet/Mahdi and came out with his own Qur'an.[350]
• Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir – founder of Yazidism
• Sultan Sahak – founded Ahl-e Haqq

Undetermined current belief system

U.S. actor Wesley Snipes converted from Christianity to Islam in 1978, but left in 1988.[351]

Zayn Malik, English singer-songwriter.

• Charles Bronson – British criminal and self-styled "most violent prisoner in Britain".[352]
• David Hicks – Australian-born Guantanamo Bay detainee who converted to Islam[353] and was notorious in his homeland for his once support of radical Islam and for the circumstances surrounding his incarceration, is believed to have renounced Islam whilst incarcerated at Guantanamo Bay.[354]
• Khalid Duran – specialist in the history, sociology and politics of the Islamic world.[355]
• Lex Hixon – not raised religious; Conversions to Hinduism, Sufism. Eastern Orthodox Christianity, and possibly Zen.[356]
• Linda Thompson – British folk singer who, along with her husband Richard, converted to Sufism in the 1970s. The couple have since divorced and she has left the religion.[357]
• Trie Utami – Indonesian singer who after a stormy divorce is known to have left Islam after 2005, but she refuses to declare to what religion she converted.[358][359]
• Wesley Snipes – American actor, film producer, and martial artist.[351]
• Zayn Malik – English singer and songwriter.[360]

See also

• Apostasy
• Apostasy in Islam
• Criticism of Islam
• List of converts to Islam
• Religious conversion

Other apostasy-related lists

• List of ex-Muslim organisations
• List of former Jews
• List of former atheists and agnostics
• List of former Protestants
• List of former Roman Catholics
• List of former Latter Day Saints
• List of former Christians

References

1. "The number of ex-Muslims in America is rising". The Economist. 15 March 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
2. "Suzan Najm Addeen is the Most Famous Jordanian Spy!". Al Bawaba.
3. "أمينة المفتي أشهر جاسوسة للموساد - ديوان العرب". www.diwanalarab.com.
4. فريد الفالوجي. "Nobody (Saudi Arabia)'s review of مذكرات أخطر جاسوسة عربية للموساد .. أمينة المفتي". Goodreads.
5. Avni, Idan (September 14, 2006). "A righteous man from Hizbullah land". YNetNews. Retrieved December 17, 2006.
6. "NYC: Ex-Muslim to be ordained as rabbi". Ynetnews. 2012-07-07. Retrieved 2020-10-05.
7. "Iranian Muslim converts to Judaism". Daily Times. Pakistan. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
8. "News". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on July 30, 2011. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
9. L. P. Harvey, Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614: 1500 to 1614, University of Chicago Press, 2005, ISBN 0-226-31963-6, M1 Google Print, pp. 223 Various Christian sources including the Christian historian, Marmol claim that with his dying breath Aben Humeya declared himself a Christian and said that what he had done was in the prosecution of a family feud.
10. Birdsall, Neville. Collected Papers in Greek And Georgian Textual Criticism, pg. 174.; January 8 Saints Archived 2014-08-07 at the Wayback Machine.
11. Michael Walsh, A New Dictionary of Saints: East and West, Liturgical Press, 2007, ISBN 0-8146-3186-X, Google Print, p. 3.
12. Holweck, F. G. (1924). A Biographical Dictionary of the Saints. St. Louis: B. Herder Book Co. p. 84.
13. "Kabeer Gbaja-Biamila". Thegoal.com. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
14. Akbar Gbaja-Biamila Keeps the Faith Archived September 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine – ("In college, Akbar converted to Christianity, while his father remains a Muslim.")
15. "A History of Orthodox Missions Among the Muslims". Yurij Maximov, Russian author and religious studies teacher in the Religious Studies at the Moscow Orthodox Seminary. Retrieved August 17, 2007.
16. Joseph Patrich, The Sabaite Heritage in the Orthodox Church, Peeters Publishers, 2001, ISBN 90-429-0976-5, Google Print, p. 157.
17. "A History of Orthodox Missions Among the Muslims". Yurij Maximov, Russian author and religious studies teacher in the Religious Studies at the Moscow Orthodox Seminary. Retrieved 2007-08-17.
18. Aritonang, Jan S.; Steenbrink, Karel A., eds. (2008). A History of Christianity in Indonesia. Studies in Christian Mission. 35. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-17026-1.
19. Massie, Robert K. (1981). Peter the Great. Soviet Union: Ballantine Books. p. 469. ISBN 0345298063.
20. (in Russian) Alexander Kazembek: Light from the East by Alexei Pylev. April 13, 2003. Retrieved October 9, 2006.
21. "Apostasy and Prophet Muhammad". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-04-08.
22. Vickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. p. 86.
23. George Sanikidze and Edward W. Walker (2004), Islam and Islamic Practices in Georgia. Berkeley Program in Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies., p. 12, University of California, Berkeley Institute of Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies.
24. SlideGossip, Diposting oleh. "Asmirandah Pindah Agama Demi Bisa Menikah Lagi Dengan Jonas Rivanno?".
25. "Asmirandah - Soal Foto Ibadah di Gereja, Asmirandah: Agamaku Adalah Hakku". KapanLagi.com.
26. "KKR Pendeta Gilbert di Manado, OC KAligis dan Asmirandah 'Bersaksi'". Tribun Manado.
27. "Kesaksian: Kesaksian Asmirandah "Artis Indonesia"". April 3, 2014.
28. Kenneth Baxter Wolf. "Christian Martyrs in Muslim Spain". Libro.uca.edu. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
29. "Egypt: Christian convert from Islam jailed – Compass Direct News, October 18, 2006". Archived from the original on November 3, 2018. Retrieved January 16, 2009.
30. The Indian Mutiny and the British Imagination by Gautam Chakravarty · Cambridge, 242 pp ISBN 0-521-83274-8.
31. "Robert Young Pelton's The World's Most Dangerous Places: 5th Edition", Robert Young Pelton, Collins Reference, 2003, p.270: "Denard has seven wives and has at various times converted to Judaism (in Morocco) and Islam (in the Comoros) and then back to Catholicism."
32. "pesulima". www.geocities.ws.
33. "Biografi Broery Pesulima - Foto, Video, Riwayat Hidup - Putra Ambon Bersuara Emas - Selebriti - Biografi Tokoh Indonesia". Tokoh Indonesia - Ensiklopedi Tokoh Indonesia - Biografi Profil Tokoh - TokohIndonesia.com.
34. Encyclopædia Britannica- Carlos Menem. Britannica.com. July 2, 1930. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
35. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-12-07. Retrieved 2014-12-19.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
36. ["Carlos S. Menem", National Geographic, December 1994. He was raised Muslim but converted to the Catholic faith, as did his son. Until its 1994 reform, the Argentine constitution used to require that all Presidents be Roman Catholic. He and his son left Sunni Islam to become Roman Catholics. This may have been partly due to Argentine law that required the president to be a Roman Catholic. His wife Zulema did not convert and remained a Muslim. This too reveals that his conversion was for reasons of expediency.]
37. St. Casilda Archived 2008-12-24 at the Wayback Machine – Americancatholic.org
38. "Chamillionaire Biography". OLDIES.com.
39. "On religion: "I go to church every Sunday I'm in Houston. Now I have people asking for autographs in church. It's crazy, but yeah, I still do that and I still pay tithes and all that stuff."". Archived from the original on 2014-10-02.
40. "Чулпан Хаматова - Потребность быть настоящей".
41. "Форум о Чулпан Хаматовой • Просмотр темы - "Кино в деталях" на СТС (05.11.2005)". Archived from the original on 2014-03-08.
42. "Constantine the African". Uh.edu. August 1, 2004. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
43. "Constantine the African, or Constantinus Africanus (medieval medical scholar)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
44. "Interview with Archimandrite Daniel". Archived from the original on 2014-05-31.
45. "Orthodox Research Institute". Orthodox Research Institute.
46. Prison Radicalization: Are Terrorist Cells Forming in U.S. Cell Blocks? Archived 2008-02-28 at the Wayback Machine Government testimony (PDF).
47. Daveed Gartenstein-Ross Archived 2011-05-08 at the Wayback Machine biography on his website.
48. "Pesan Terakhir Diana Nasution: Jangan Lupa Pelayanan Gereja". Tribun Manado.
49. PT. VIVA MEDIA BARU - VIVA.co.id. "Rita Nasution dan Minggus Tahitoe Berduet di Depan Peti Diana".
50. "Djibril Cisse Biography". Netglimse.com. Archived from the original on February 17, 2012. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
51. Mondial : ces joueurs de foot ont la foi !, Benoît Fidelin, Pèlerin N° 6654, June 10, 2010 Archived October 2, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
52. Guerreiro, Fernāo; Payne, Charles Herbert (2005). Don Juan of Persia: A Shi'ah Catholic 1560–1604 (book review). ISBN 9780415344821. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
53. "Donald Fareed's testimony on the Persian ministries website". Persianministries.org. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
54. Kifner, John (May 2, 1998). "New York Times obituary". The New York Times. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
55. Africana Online Archived April 28, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
56. Emily Ruete, (1888): Memoirs of an Arabian Princess from Zanzibar.
57. Emily Ruete, Ulrich Haarmann (Editor), E. Van Donzel (Editor), Leiden, Netherlands, (1992): An Arabian Princess Between Two Worlds: Memoirs, Letters Home, Sequels to the Memoirs, Syrian Customs and Usages. Presents the reader with a picture of life in Zanzibar between 1850–1865, and with an intelligent observer's reactions to life in Germany in the Bismarck period. Emily Ruete's writings describe her attempts to recover her Zanzibar inheritance and her homesickness. ISBN 90-04-09615-9.
58. Publisher's review for Memoirs of an Arabian Princess from Zanzibar – ("Despite strictures confining Islamic women, she trysted with a German who is thought to have impregnated her, fled to Germany where she converted to Christianity").
59. "Article about Kusturica's religion on". Pionirovglasnik.com. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
60. "News of Kusturica's baptism on passagen.se". Hem.passagen.se. Archived from the original on September 27, 2012. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
61. "The Slave Who Circumnavigated The World". The Awl. Archived from the original on 2016-05-11. Retrieved 2015-04-08.
62. "Sejarawan Universitas Harvard: Penjelajah Bumi Pertama adalah Putera Melayu". VOA Indonesia.
63. "The Ergun Caner Controversy". Archived from the original on 2015-04-17.
64. "'Broken' Ergun Caner Resigns as President of Brewton-Parker College". Gleanings – ChristianityToday.com.
65. "Estevanico (aka Estevan, Esteban, Estebanico, Black Stephen, Stephen the Moor)". Elizabethan-era.org.uk. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
66. Majumdar, Margaret (2002). Francophone Studies: The Essential Glossary. United States of America: Oxford University Press. p. 4. ISBN 0340806966.
67. Soref. "The Death of a Forgotten Princess". SOREF.TV.
68. "Fla. police: No credible threat to runaway convert, AP". The Miami Herald. Nov 14, 2009. Archived from the original on March 14, 2020. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
69. Fernão Lopes – the first Robinson Archived 2009-11-21 at the Wayback Machine – The St Helena Foundation.
70. "Beale, Lewis. "Precious Freedom. USA Weekend Magazine. November 9, 2003". Archived from the original on September 13, 2012. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
71. "19 Paonah - Coptic Synaxarium". St-Takla.org. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
72. IoMati. "St. George El-Mozahem". Wiscopts.net. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
73. "الشهيد مار جرجس المزاحم". St-takla.org. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
74. You quizzed George Weah – BBC
75. "Diplomats Concerned About Killing of Iranian Pastor". Iranvajahan.net. December 6, 2005. Archived from the original on December 5, 2008. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
76. Gulshan Esther, Alistair Mark Dean, Thelma Sangster, The Torn Veil: The Best-selling Story of Gulshan Esther, Zondervan (1992), pg.46, ISBN 0-551-01153-X.
77. TURKEY: CONVERTS SUBJECTED TO OFFICIAL HARASSMENT Archived 2009-01-13 at the Wayback Machine.
78. "Hamid Pourmand: Imprisonment due to religious belief". Retrieved February 16, 2012.
79. "The Rt Rev Hassan Dehqani-Tafti, Bishop of Iran who survived an assassination attempt and had to continue his ministry in exile". The Daily Telegraph. London. May 5, 2008. Retrieved May 11, 2008.
80. Linda Gradstein (April 2, 2013), "'Ex-Muslim' preaches the Gospel", The Jerusalem Post, retrieved June 13, 2013
81. J.S. Clarke. "History". Linda Haggin Peck. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved September 30, 2008.
82. "African Studies Quarterly". Africa.ufl.edu. Archived from the original on February 6, 2012. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
83. "Welcome dubois.fas.harvard.edu - BlueHost.com". dubois.fas.harvard.edu. Archived from the original on October 14, 2008.
84. "Pendiri Gereja Kristen Jawa" – via Scribd.
85. "Karangjoso revisité: aux origines du christianisme à Java central - Persée". 24 March 1979.
86. Heirs of the Prophets: An account of the clergy and Priests of Islam, Samuel Marinus Zwemer, Moody press, 1946, p. 127 – "There are some examples which could easily be multiplied. Dr. Imad-ud-Din was a leading sufi and theologian in the Punjaub. He was appointed to preach against Dr. Pfander in the royal mosque at Agra; he read the Scriptures, believed and was baptised, and with another great theologian and sufi, Safdar Ali, became a missionary to his people. Afterwards he received a doctorate from Oxford University. His baptism took place New Year's Day, 1868, together with his aged father and brother. Other distinguished converts in the Punjab, such as Imam Shah, were also from the clergy."
87. "The Human Side In The Hajjah Of The Messenger of Allah". Archived from the original on 2011-07-15.
88. Gershom Scholem, 'Shabtai Zvi (1626–1676)', 'Frank, Jacob, and the Frankists' Archived 2009-01-16 at the Wayback Machine, from Encyclopedia Judaica.
89. Prabhu, Alan Machado (1999). Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians. p. 196.
90. I Love Jeddah in the Springtime Time.
91. Titley, Brian (2002). Dark Age. ISBN 9780773524187.
92. Redaksi. "Artis Pesbukers 'Lecehkan' Islam …". KoranNonstop.com. Archived from the original on 2016-06-05. Retrieved 2015-04-08.
93. "Kata Keluarganya, Jessica Iskandar Sudah Menikah Setahun Lalu". Tribunnews.com.
94. Biography of Johannes Aveteranian. Archived from the original on March 12, 2012. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
95. In Tibet and Chinese Turkestan: Being the Record of Three Years' Exploration, Henry Hugh Peter Deasy, p. 284.
96. Hutchison, Robert A. (1999). Their Kingdom Come: Inside the Secret World of Opus Dei. St. Martin's Press. p. 7. ISBN 0312193440. – Sister Josephine Bakhita had been converted by force to Islam and then, freedom restored, had chosen Christianity.
97. "Mother Josephine Bakhita". www.vatican.va.
98. "Публикация Julia Volkova | Юля Волкова в Instagram • Фев 26 2017 в 4:26 UTC" (in Russian). Instagram. 26 February 2017.
99. Юля Волкова вернулась в православие (in Russian). Woman.ru. 27 February 2017.
100. Бывшая "татушка" Юлия Волкова вернулась из ислама в православие (in Russian). News.ru. 28 February 2017.
101. "Romo Jost Kokoh: "Djamin alias Imin alias Darmoyuwono"".
102. "Kassian Cephas".
103. "Un exemple d'assimilation à Java : le photographe Kassian Cephas (1844-1912) - Persée". 24 March 1981.
104. "White mischief". The Guardian. December 9, 2002.
105. "Kyai Sadrach, Dari Pesantren Menuju Gereja". KOMPASIANA. 25 December 2010. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014.
106. "Kiai Sadrach | Bio-Kristi". biokristi.sabda.org.
107. "Doing the Impossible: Quitting Islam in Malaysia". Asia Sentinel.
108. Beech, Hannah (May 30, 2007). "Malaysia's Crisis of Faith". Time. Archived from the original on 2007-06-01. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
109. "Bukti Hanung Berjiwa Labil dan Sebarkan Virus Menggoyang Iman". Eramuslim.
110. "Antara Hanung Bramantyo dan Muhammad Syarif".
111. "Мусульманская община Ярославля встретилась со знаменитой спортсменкой Ляйсан Утяшевой — Муслим-пресс, 21/05/2006".
112. Роман ПРЯНИКОВ - АО ИД «Комсомольская правда». "Ляйсан Утяшева пишет стихи". Роман ПРЯНИКОВ - АО ИД «Комсомольская правда».
113. "Ляйсан Утяшева, рожденная в раю". Советский Спорт. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2015-04-08.
114. "Pope baptizes one of Italy's most prominent Muslims at Easter vigil service". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on December 5, 2008. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
115. Norge IDAG – Norwegian language newspaper – Friday May 7, 2010.
116. "Malika Oufkir: the American Making of a Moroccan Star". Wafin.com. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
117. "Fatima Maria Anna von Spiegel".
118. National Library Board, Singapore. "Maria Hertogh riots".
119. Kamari, Isa (March 2008). Tragedi Nadra. ISBN 9789791141604.
120. Troyat, Henri Ivan le Terrible. Flammarion, Paris, 1982.
121. "Dr. Mario Joseph". Archived from the original on 2016-06-18.
122. "Former imam: God saved me from torture after Christian conversion". Catholic News Agency.
123. Ottawa, The (April 15, 2007). "Flight from Iran". Canada.com. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
124. Against the Tides in the Middle East, International Academic Centre for Muslim Evangelism in South Africa, 1997 (published under the name "Mustafa").
125. "The first Muslims in England". March 20, 2016 – via www.bbc.com.
126. Okanla, Karim (August 20, 2003). "Benin's 'magical' leader". BBC News.
127. Petre, Jonathan (October 8, 2005). "'Wealth' church leader practised what he preached". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2016-10-20. Retrieved August 4, 2007. the charismatic Mr Ashimolowo, a Nigerian-born convert from Islam
128. The Written Defense of the Rev. Mehdi Dibaj Delivered to the Sari Court of Justice – Sari, Iran December 3, 1993 Archived September 7, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
129. Pope Gunman: I Want to Convert to Christianity – ABC News, May 13, 2009.
130. "Late pope's would-be killer wants Vatican baptism lawyer". The Vancouver Sun. May 2009.
131. Rudnytsky, Peter L.(1987). Essays in modern Ukrainian history. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. p. 186.
132. "Jesus Prayer House page". Facebook.
133. "Elewonibi best among lineman prospects". Arizona Republic. 18 April 1990.
134. Threats force Egyptian convert to hide, MAGGIE MICHAEL, Associated Press Writer Sat Aug 11, "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-08-15. Retrieved 2017-01-14.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
135. Religion And Power in Liberia – The Perspective, June 17, 2005.
136. "Mariage de Dadis à la Patte d'Oie : Et Moussa devint Moïse - leFaso.net, l'actualité au Burkina Faso". lefaso.net.
137. "Burkina Faso- Guinée: Dadis Camara devient chrétien au " Pays des hommes intègres "". Paperblog.
138. Brad Biggs (May 20, 2005 Friday). "Muhammad all about giving as well as receiving". Chicago Sun-Times: p. 148.
139. "Nafa Urbach, Karirnya Meredup Gara-Gara Pindah Agama? - KapanLagi.com".
140. "Nafa Urbach Pindah Agama". liputan6.com. 2003-09-30.
141. "Al Murtadin Nafa Urbach".
142. "Nania Kurniawati Yusuf". Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2015-04-08.
143. "Jawaban.com : Berita Kesaksian, Kisah Nyata, Hubungan, Kesehatan, Hiburan, Life Style, dan Olahraga". Archived from the original on 2014-07-14.
144. "Is the 'prosperity gospel' prospering?". Religionlink.org. February 27, 2006. Archived from the original on January 12, 2009. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
145. Hugh Montgomery-Massingberd, Burke's Royal Families of the World: Africa & the Middle East, Burke's Peerage, 1980, p. 36.
146. Friedman, Lisa. "Ex-Muslim calls on her people to reject hatred", Los Angeles Daily News, June 5, 2005. (reproduced).
147. Cryer, Neville Barker (1979). Bibles Across the World. United States of America: Mowbrays. p. 94. ISBN 0264664175.
148. https://www.epoca.globo.com/olavo-chegou-ter-tres-esposas-muculmanas-ao-mesmo-tempo-diz-filha-23582761%3fversao=amp. Missing or empty |title= (help)
149. "About this Collection | Omar Ibn Said Collection | Digital Collections | Library of Congress". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 2020-02-23.
150. Parveen Babi – Memories". Cineplot.com. 3 July 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
151. Snehal Fernandes. "She said we were her only family". Express India. Archived from the original on 2016-01-10. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
152. "Church completes 125 years". The Times of India. 20 November 2007. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
153. "Parveen Babi – Memories". Cineplot.com. 3 July 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
154. "'Parveen Babi wanted Christian last rites'". The Times of India. 23 January 2005. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
155. "Babi will leaves relatives high and dry". The Times of India. 28 April 2005. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
156. "Islam, the West and the need for honesty". The Age. Melbourne. October 16, 2004. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
157. Jarrett-Kerr, Martin (1972). Patterns of Christian Acceptance. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 196.
158. "Zakat Pinkan Mambo Pindah ke Gereja". Tribunnews.com.
159. "Pinkan Mambo married in a church in Los Angeles". Archived from the original on 2013-10-10.
160. "metrotangsel.com". Archived from the original on 2014-06-07.
161. "Qadry Ismail's bio on". Thegoal.com. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
162. Vlacheslav Shpakovsky; David Nicolle; Gerry Embleton (20 October 2013). Armies of the Volga Bulgars & Khanate of Kazan. Osprey Publishing. pp. 19–. ISBN 978-1-78200-081-5.
163. Tom Wright (April 15, 2007). "Article on Raghib Ismail: Rocket shows strong path". Greeleytrib.com. Archived from the original on February 21, 2008. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
164. "HugeDomains.com - markmaranga.com is for sale (markmaranga)". www.hugedomains.com. Cite uses generic title (help)
165. "Magellan's Cross". www.hawaii.edu.
166. art_dev. "Какие традиции продолжает глава МВД Рашид Нургалиев". Ислам и мусульмане в России и в мире. Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2015-04-08.
167. "The priests said Interior Minister Nurgaliyev — Encyclopedia of safety". survincity.com.
168. James Gordon Meek (October 12, 2007). "Jailed '93 WTC bomber claims he's now a Christian". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on August 8, 2009.
169. "My Trip to SuperMax". CBS News. October 14, 2007. Retrieved May 31, 2009.
170. KapanLagi.com: Rianti Cartwright: JOMBLO Dekat Dengan Realitas"
171. "perkawinan katolik".
172. Grammy awards (August 25, 2007). ""All hail The chieftain", Independent News". The Irish Independent. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
173. Saya juga minta maaf kepada seluruh komunitas Gereja Ortodok diakses 3 February 2006
174. Roy Marten, who said that he has been a follower of the Church for three years Archived 2016-07-01 at the Wayback Machine diakses 3 February 2006
175. Roy Marten Main Sinetron Edisi Natal diakses 12 December 2006
176. Schwaner, Birgit (June 1, 2007). "Der Abenteurer aus Ober St. Veit". Weiner Zeitung (in German). Archived from the original on September 9, 2007. Retrieved January 19, 2008. He was absolved by the Pope for his conversion, which he reversed
177. Noel Orsal. "Ruffa Gutierrez reaffirms her Christian faith". Pep.ph. Archived from the original on October 28, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
178. SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg, Germany (2011-12-17). "RELIGION: Das Model Gottes". Spiegel Online. 51.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
179. St. Alodia – Catholic.org
180. "Үтәмешгәрәй". Tatar Encyclopaedia (in Tatar). Kazan: The Republic of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences. Institution of the Tatar Encyclopaedia. 2002.
181. Saye Zerbo, président of the republic from 1980 to 1982 (article in French) "At once stopped, Saye Zerbo is thrown in prison. Since his imprisonment, the deposed president contemplates and reads the Qu'ran through whole nights. He also asks so that the Bible be brought to him that the archbishop of Ouagadougou, the cardinal Paul Zoungrana, had offered to him at the time of first Christmas following his takeover. At this point in time it will have the revelation which will change its life. In a mystical dash, Saye Zerbo is brought to his knees, returns thanks to God and converts to Christianity. His entire family will do the same thing thereafter."
182. The Travels of Dean Mahomet Archived 2008-10-26 at the Wayback Machine – University of California press.
183. "Deen Mahomed [1759–1851]: soldier, writer, businessman". Indianmuslims.info. February 25, 2006. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
184. Hussein Fardust, The Rise and Fall of the Pahlavi Dynasty:, Motilal Banarsidass, 1999, ISBN 81-208-1642-0, Google Print, pp. 122–123.
185. Ivan Mannheim, Syria & Lebanon handbook, Footprint Travel Guides, 2001, ISBN 1-900949-90-3, Google Print, p. 567.
186. Moosa, Matti (2005). The Maronites in History. ISBN 9781593331825.
187. Michael Khodarkovsky, Russia's Steppe Frontier, Indiana University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-253-21770-9, M1 Google Print, p. 265.
188. "Sigi Wimala Dinikahi Sutradara Film di Gereja". detikhot.
189. "Nikah Diam-Diam, Sigi Wimala Digosipkan Hamil". celebrity.okezone.com.
190. Rendina, Claudio (2000). La grande enciclopedia di Roma. Rome: Newton Compton, 1136. ISBN 88-8289-316-2.
191. Paul Hofmann, Pope Bans Marriage of Princess to Shah, The New York Times, 24 February 1959, p. 1.
192. Istoria şi tradiţiile minorităţii rromani, p.28, 2005, Sigma, Bucharest, Delia Grigore, Petre Petcuţ and Mariana Sandu – "Born to a Rom Muslim slave father and a free Romanian Christian mother, Razvan converted to Christianity, thereby, attracting the wrath of the Ottomans."
193. "سائق عرفات السابق : الرب أعطى الأرض لليهود | Radio Netherlands Worldwide". Rnw.nl. Archived from the original on 2012-07-20. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
194. "اŮ"هؿů‡Řż: ŘľřŮšů Řš اŮ"ŮšůƒřşřąůˆŮ†Ůšřš Řšřąř¨Ůšřš بسřąř¨Řš Ů"Řşř§Řş Řšř§Ů"Ů…Ůšřš". Hdhod.com. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
195. "Benin's new president announced". Archived from the original on November 16, 2011. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
196. "Faith in Sports". Onmission.com. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
197. "Marriages of the Holy Prophet". Al-islam.org. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
198. 'Muslims won't win against the West'. 24 October 2010 – via YouTube.
199. Damien Simonis, Sarah Andrews, Spain, Lonely Planet, 2005, ISBN 1-74059-700-1, Google Print, pp. 743.
200. "Biography of Walid Shoebat". Shoebat.com. Archived from the original on September 9, 2012. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
201. "Where Are the Tiananmen Leaders Now? (Part 1)". asia! through Asian Eyes. Archived from the original on 2015-01-09. Retrieved 2015-04-08.
202. "Tiananmen Square: the long shadow". Financial Times. June 2014.
203. Merica, Dan (October 1, 2011). "Iranian pastor faces death for rape, not apostasy – report". CNN.
204. "CBC Radio – The Current – Whole Show Blow-by-Blow". CBC News. July 21, 2015. Archived from the original on November 30, 2009.
205. Canal Sánchez-Pagín; Montaner Frutos; Palencia; Salazar y Acha.
206. Cameron, G.; Momen, W. (1996). A Basic Bahá'í Chronology. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. pp. 309, 316, 330, 373, 380. ISBN 0-85398-404-2.
207. Balyuzi, H.M. (1985). Eminent Bahá'ís in the time of Bahá'u'lláh. The Camelot Press Ltd, Southampton. ISBN 0853981523.
208. Momen, Moojan (March 4, 2002). "Abu'l-Fadl Gulpaygani, Mirza". Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. Retrieved February 19, 2007.
209. Baháʼí World volume 18, http://bahai-library.com/memoriam_bw_18#sd
210. Lucy Provan (October 14, 2012). "Baha'is in Egypt – The 25 January revolution gave everyone hope for change, and the Baha'i hope for acceptance". Daily News Egypt. Egypt. Archived from the original on December 16, 2014. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
211. 'Abdu'l-Bahá (1997) [1915]. Memorials of the Faithful (Softcover ed.). Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. ISBN 0877432422.
212. Watching 'Gandhi my Father' was painful: Tushar Archived 2008-05-28 at the Wayback Machine.
213. "Happy Salma Memeluk Agama Hindu". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02.
214. "Happy Salma Hamil Anak dari Suaminya yang Keturunan Raja Ubud Bali". Archived from the original on 2017-06-22. Retrieved 2015-04-08.
215. Unveiling the mystique of a reclusive artiste The Hindu,, 28 June 2006.
216. Hindu response to the demographic challenge Archived 2017-07-13 at the Wayback Machine – Koenraad Elst.
217. Indian musician goes back to roots Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine OneIndia, 23 August 2006.
218. Daddy in jail, Mummy seeks votes for both Archived 2008-05-28 at the Wayback Machine – The Indian Express.
219. Bukka I
220. Chopra, P.N. T.K. Ravindran and N. Subrahmaniam.History of South India. S. Chand, 2003. ISBN 81-219-0153-7.
221. Chand Mohammed is Chander Mohan again – Tribune News Service, July 28, 2009.
222. Chand Mohammed converts back to Hinduism – July 28, 2009, The Times of India.
223. Haridasa Thakura.
224. Five bombers were prepared to die in Bali – The Sunday Telegraph – Australia – Newstext.
225. Five bombers were prepared to die Archived 2015-01-12 at the Wayback Machine The Australian, 25 May 2003.
226. Southern siren Namitha has a temple NDTV, 10 July 2008.
227. "Conversions: Famous personalities who converted, and some who almost did". The Economic Times. 2015-01-05. Retrieved 2020-02-05.
228. "Hindu History - National revival under the Marathas". Archived from the original on 2000-09-30.
229. Admin. "Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, A Hero for Modern India".
230. "Religion : It's Indiatime". indatime.com. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
231. Sarmad, the mystic poet Archived 2012-03-20 at the Wayback Machine.
232. Hazrat Sarmad Shaheed: The Naked Sufi Martyr Archived April 13, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
233. Zubeidaa's secret The Times of India, 11 July 2003.
234. Singh, Rohinee (December 29, 2014). "A journey from maulvi to Pandit". DNA India.
235. Gandhi, Jatin (December 26, 2014). "No let-up by Hindu groups on ghar vapsi" – via www.thehindu.com.
236. Gandhi, Jatin (December 26, 2014). "Former Imam leads call for ghar vapsi at Delhi rally" – via www.thehindu.com.
237. Woodhouse, Leslie (Spring 2012). "Concubines with Cameras: Royal Siamese Consorts Picturing Femininity and Ethnic Difference in Early 20th Century Siam". Women's Camera Work: Asia. 2 (2). Retrieved 8 July 2015.
238. "Peony Dreams". Retrieved August 14, 2013.
239. Sri Lanka profiles BBC News – November 9, 2003.
240. "Kuldeep Manak".
241. Interview with Rushdie by Gigi Marzullo; Sottovoce, RAIUNO, March 31, 2006.
242. Craig Whitlock (November 11, 2005). "For Public Figures in Netherlands, Terror Becomes a Personal Concern". The Washington Post.
243. R.A.Berman, Freedom or Terror: Europe Faces Jihad (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press 2010.
244. "Raising Questions Within Islam After France Shooting". The New York Times. 9 January 2015.
245. "I was born in a very much conservative Muslim family wherein my parents, kith and kin are very strict followers of Islam., but later I became an atheist." Owner of Society Of Asian Freethinkers Archived 2013-01-21 at the Wayback Machine, Sharif Ahmed, Listed activist of Amnesty International's megazine.
246. Freethought Traditions in the Islamic World Archived February 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine by Fred Whitehead.
247. Kate Hodal (3 May 2012). "Indonesia's atheists face battle for religious freedom". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
248. Abdul-Jubbar, Kareem. "Kareem Abdul-Jabbar on Two Books About Muslim Identity". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
249. "Comoros & Mayotte". Statraveluk.lonelyplanet.com. Archived from the original on August 19, 2006. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
250. "DAŠTĪ, ʿALĪ – Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org.
251. The Rushdie Affair: The Novel, the Ayatollah, and the West by Daniel Pipes, p. 283.
252. The Angry Arab News Service comments from her blog
253. Between disparate worlds: On California State University professor As'ad AbuKhalil Archived 2008-03-21 at the Wayback Machine (1: "...who is also an atheist..." 2: "My Sunni family of my mother taught me how to pray").
254. (www.dw.com), Deutsche Welle. "'I have to help the people of Bangladesh' | Globalization | DW | 22.04.2014". DW.COM. Retrieved 2017-06-01.
255. "Dutch article link: 'Ik geloof niet meer'". Elsevier.nl. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
256. "جراتِ تحقیق - ہمتِ کفر ملے جراتِ تحقیق ملے". Archived from the original on 2015-08-29.
257. "Atheist & Agnostic Alliance Pakistan".
258. "Blasphemy crackdown: FIA arrests 2 suspects from Karachi". 2017-03-24.
259. "42 Christians told 'to convert to Islam or face death penalty'". 31 March 2017.
260. Pace, Eric (July 7, 1995). "Aziz Nesin of Turkey Dies at 80; Writer Escaped Militants' Arson". The New York Times. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
261. Obama, Barack (October 16, 2006). "My Spiritual Journey". Time. Retrieved September 26, 2008. My father was almost entirely absent from my childhood, having been divorced from my mother when I was 2 years old; in any event, although my father had been raised a Muslim, by the time he met my mother he was a confirmed atheist, thinking religion to be so much superstition.
262. US-Bangladesh blogger Avijit Roy hacked to death, BBC News, 27 February 2015.
263. "Ex Muslim atheist leader faces death threat in India". 2016-09-17.
264. E. A. Jabbar Blogs
265. Kamm, Henry (1993, June 10). 'Hallelujah' is heard in the arch-atheist's temple. The New York Times (Late Edition (East Coast)), p. A4. Retrieved August 27, 2007, from National Newspaper Abstracts
266. Gazeta Shqip (11 September 2014). "Myslimanët shqiptarë, "në anën e gabuar të historisë"".
267. Borenstein, David (October 2, 2015). "Crowdsourcing for Human Rights". The New York Times.
268. "10 Self-Proclaimed Celebrity Atheists | Entertainment | iDiva.com | Page 4". iDiva.com. 3 June 2013. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
269. "Celebs who are atheist". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 4 October 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
270. Humanistische Omroep, Link to video interview with Hafid Bouazza Quote: (Translation) "Believers live behind a fence, and non-believers live in a pasture and they know there are believers out there behind the fence." "It [religion] is a matter of conditioning, of brainwashing." "I know that when I die, it's over with me." (Dutch) "Gelovigen leven achter een hek, en ongelovigen in een weiland, waarin ze weten dat er gelovigen zijn die achter hekken wonen." "Het [religie] is een kwestie van conditionering, van hersenspoeling" "Ik weet dat het moment dat ik ter aarde word besteld, dat het afgelopen is met mij."
271. Verdonschot, Leon (May 8, 2008). ""Ik kan niet leven zonder roes." Interview met Hafid Baouzza, gepubliceerd in Dif nr.1" (in Dutch). Leonverdonschot.nl. Archived from the original on 2018-06-30. Retrieved May 9, 2008. Quote: (Translation) "Look, I'm an atheist. I do not believe that God exists, I do not believe there is an afterlife. How terrible it may be: Hitler isn't in hell getting pinched in his ass with a trident. I'm fine with the fact there are people who do believe that and get comfort from it, like my mother. I just hope the influence of religion on policy makers will diminish, because my freedom is precious to me." (Dutch) "Kijk, ik ben atheïst. Ik geloof niet dat God bestaat, ik geloof niet dat er een hiernamaals is. Hoe gruwelijk ook: Hitler wordt op dit moment niet in de hel met een drietand in zijn reet geprikt. Dat er mensen zijn die dat wél geloven en daar troost uit putten, mensen als mijn moeder: prima. Als de invloed van religies op beleidsmakers maar steeds kleiner wordt, want mijn vrijheid is me dierbaar."
272. Kranenberg, Annieke (August 11, 2007). "Als dit niet werkt, beledig ik Wilders wel". De Volkskrant (in Dutch). Retrieved May 9, 2008. Quote: (Translation) "In interviews he calls himself an atheist, but until now he has been left alone by beardmonkeys (referring to Muslims). Perhaps I have to make myself heard just a little bit better, I should be more explicit in my aversion to Islam and religion in general." (Dutch) "In interviews noemt hij zichzelf atheïst, maar tot nog toe 'ben ik ongemoeid gelaten door de baardapen. Misschien moet ik een hardere toon aanslaan en wat explicieter zijn in mijn afkeer van de islam en religies in het algemeen.'"
273. "Dr. Humayun Azad laid to rest". Mukto-mona.com. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
274. Bangladesh: Protecting the Human Rights of Thought, Conscience, and Religion: U.A.B. Razia Akter Banu Prepared Testimony Archived December 24, 2007, at the Wayback Machine – ("Dr. Azad is a Muslim by birth and by name ... He is an atheist.")
275. "மக்கள் பாவலர் இன்குலாப்". ingulab.blogspot.com.
276. Padma, V. (September 2000). "Re-presenting protest and resistance on stage: Avvai". Indian Journal of Gender Studies. 7 (2): 217–230. doi:10.1177/097152150000700205.
277. "Great values come from secular thought: Irfan Habib - Times of India".
278. Re-drawing the line Archived October 23, 2012, at the Wayback Machine – Al Ahram Weekly, August 9, 2000.
279. Muslim Identity and the Balkan State,Hugh Poulton, Suha Taji-Farouki, 1997, ISBN 1-85065-276-7, google print p. 133.
280. Thomas L. Friedman (6 December 2014). "How ISIS Drives Muslims From Islam". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
281. "Eye on England". The Telegraph. Kolkota. 15 July 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
282. "Case in pointArab, not muslim". Freearabs.com. Archived from the original on 2013-04-05. Retrieved 2013-03-13.
283. Kareem Amer. (2006). "تنويه هام جدا بخصوص موقع الأقباط متحدون ومقالى الأخير" (A Very Important Notice Regarding the Copts United Web Site and My Last Article) كريم عامر (Kareeem Amer's Arabic blog). Retrieved January 28, 2007.
284. Abdelkareem Nabil Soliman (Kareem Amer), Political prisoner Archived 2012-03-20 at the Wayback Machine Submitted on Mon, 2007-01-29.
285. Wolinsky, David. "Kumail Nanjiani | The A.V. Club Chicago". Avclub.com. Archived from the original on February 5, 2012. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
286. "interview with Lounès Matoub". Archived from the original on September 29, 2007.
287. "It's time to take a stand against Islam and Sharia". The Times. January 27, 2012. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
288. "Founder of ex-Muslim group threatened". United Press International. February 23, 2007. Archived from the original on 2008-07-09.
289. "Ахундов Мирза-Фатали". Mirslovarei.com. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
290. "No God, not even Allah". The Economist. 24 November 2012. Archived from the original on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
291. Darabi, Parvin Rage Against the Veil: The Courageous Life and Death of an Islamic Dissident ISBN 1-57392-682-5.
292. "Pelin Batu "Kısa Devre" yaptı!". Haber Türk (in Turkish). November 2, 2008. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
293. Pelin Batu - "Bayrak taşır gibi din taşımıyorum, ateistim" (in Turkish)
294. Catherine Porter (14 January 2019). "Saudi Teenager Who Fled Family Embraces All Things Canadian. (O.K., Maybe Not Winter.)". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
295. Europe since 1945: An encyclopedia, Bernard A Cook, Taylor & Francis, 2001, ISBN 0-8153-4057-5, p. 31.
296. Astrid Prange (20 December 2018). "Germany's atheist refugees: When not believing is life-threatening". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
297. "Sagopa Kajmer 'dini inancım yok' dedi!". Milliyet. 28 May 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
298. Lode Delputte (9 March 2017). "De 21ste eeuw moet weer leren lachen". De Morgen (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 October 2017.
299. "Islam's Ex Factor: An Interview with Sarah Haider and Muhammad Syed". 2016-08-30.
300. "Sarmad, the mystic poet". Crda-france.org. Archived from the original on March 20, 2012. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
301. "Hazrat Sarmad Shaheed: The Naked Sufi Martyr". Chowk.com. July 23, 2005. Archived from the original on April 13, 2010. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
302. Claus Christian Malzahn & Anna Reimann (6 March 2007). "Ich bin mir sicher, dass ich irgendwann aus Deutschland wegziehe". Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved 15 April 2018.
303. "Eklat um Sibel Kekilli in Berlin", Der Tagesspiegel (in German), 4 December 2006
304. "I was born in a Muslim family, but I became an atheist." For freedom of expression, Taslima Nasreen, November 12, 1999 – Taslima Nasreen took the floor during Commission V of UNESCO's General Conference, as a delegate of the NGO International Humanist and Ethical Union (Accessed December 23, 2006).
305. "Turan Dursun Website". Turandursun.com. Archived from the original on 2012-02-10. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
306. "I am an atheist". Archived from the original on April 4, 2019. Retrieved June 12, 2016.
307. Gal, Hannah. "Ex-Muslim to 'Post': Trying to teach 'naive West' about true nature of Islam". The Jerusalem Post. The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on August 18, 2019. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
308. John Carlin (August 5, 2005). "Zackie's story: The man who took on Mbeki – and won". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on October 1, 2007. Retrieved August 27, 2007. A homosexual, an atheist, and a militant anti-apartheid campaigner whose political ideas were forged on an intense reading of Marx, Lenin, and Trotsky...
309. Caroline Overington (14 January 2019). "Women pay heavy price for ditching Islam". The Australian. News Corp Australia. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
310. Anne Penketh, Matthew Weaver, Charlie Hebdo: first cover since terror attack depicts prophet Muhammad, The Guardian, 13 January 2015
311. "10 Self-Proclaimed Celebrity Atheists | Entertainment | iDiva.com | Page 4". iDiva.com. 2013-06-03. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
312. "Celebs who are atheist". Times of India. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
313. "Meet the accused Arab agnostic who went his own way in the 1940s". english.alarabiya.net.
314. "Six Degrees of Barack Obama". HuffPost. April 29, 2008. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
315. On Ibn al-Rawandi, from the Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1971, Volume 3, E J Brill, Leiden, p. 905.
316. "Warraq, 60, describes himself now as an agnostic..." Dissident voices, World Magazine, June 16, 2007, Vol. 22, No. 22.
317. "Pakistan: Appeasing the Mullahs". Mail-archive.com. September 13, 2006. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
318. "The Communalisation of Kargil". Archived from the original on September 27, 2007.
319. Time Magazine- Interview with Wafa Sultan.
320. There is No Clash of Civilizations but a Clash between the Mentality of the Middle Ages and That of the 21st century Feb. 2006.
321. Younus Shaikh Archived 2007-04-30 at the Wayback Machine- short biography.
322. Ninety and spunky Archived December 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
323. V. Minorsky. Mongol Place-Names in Mukri Kurdistan (Mongolica, 4), Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 58–81 (1957), p. 66. JSTOR.
324. Arjan Visser (22 June 2007). "Ehsan Jami / Ik wil geen evolutie, ik wil een revolutie". Trouw (in Dutch). Retrieved 13 April 2018.
325. Reşat Kasaba, "Atatürk", The Cambridge history of Turkey: Volume 4: Turkey in the Modern World, Cambridge University Press, 2008; ISBN 978-0-521-62096-3 p. 163; accessed 27 March 2015.
326. Political Islam in Turkey by Gareth Jenkins, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, p. 84; ISBN 0230612458
327. Atheism, Brief Insights Series by Julian Baggini, Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2009; ISBN 1402768826, p. 106.
328. Islamism: A Documentary and Reference Guide, John Calvert John, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008; ISBN 0313338566, p. 19.
329. ...Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder of the secular Turkish Republic. He said: "I have no religion, and at times I wish all religions at the bottom of the sea..." The Antipodean Philosopher: Interviews on Philosophy in Australia and New Zealand, Graham Oppy, Lexington Books, 2011, ISBN 0739167936, p. 146.
330. Phil Zuckerman, John R. Shook, The Oxford Handbook of Secularism, Oxford University Press, 2017, ISBN 0199988455, p. 167.
331. Tariq Ramadan, Islam and the Arab Awakening, Oxford University Press, 2012, ISBN 0199933731, p. 76.
332. "Atatürk İslam için ne düşünüyordu? - Türkiye Haberleri - Radikal". July 22, 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-07-22.
333. Afet İnan, Medenî Bilgiler ve M. Kemal Atatürk'ün El Yazıları, Türk Tarih Kurumu. 1998. p. 364. Even before accepting the religion of the Arabs, the Turks were a great nation. After accepting the religion of the Arabs, this religion, didn't effect to combine the Arabs, the Persians and Egyptians with the Turks to constitute a nation. (This religion) rather, loosened the national nexus of Turkish nation, got national excitement numb. This was very natural. Because the purpose of the religion founded by Muhammad, over all nations, was to drag to an including Arab national politics.
334. Lyall, Sarah (January 12, 2007). "Swedish politician's advice to immigrants? Try to fit in – Europe – International Herald Tribune". The New York Times.
335. Farley, Harry (30 April 2018). "Sajid Javid: What has the new home secretary said about faith?". Christian Today. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
336. "Zayn Malik Reveals Why He No Longer Identifies as Muslim". 2018-11-17.
337. "CEMB". www.councilofexmuslims.com.
338. "Sultan's Blog". Sultan's Blog.
339. Dīn-i Ilāhī. Britannica.com. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
340. The Telegraph.
341. Shoghi Effendi, introduction to The Dawn-breakers, p. xxx.
342. Balyuzi, Hasan (2000). Bahá'u'lláh, King of Glory.
343. "The Promethean Peregrinations of David Myatt". Archived from the original on 2012-07-28. Retrieved 2011-04-21.
344. "Cult Fighting in Middle Georgia". Trincoll.edu. Archived from the original on March 21, 2012. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
345. "Rare Literary Gems: The Works of Kabir and Premchand at CRL". Archived from the original on September 25, 2006.
346. V.Jayaram (January 9, 2007). "The songs of Kabir". Hinduwebsite.com. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
347. A short biography of Musaylimah Archived 2000-12-10 at the Wayback Machine "He was one of those persons, who came to Madina in the tenth year of migration and embraced Islam. However, after his return to his birthplace he himself claimed to be a prophet and some simple-minded and also some fanatical persons responded to his call".
348. "Messiah Foundation International Site about Shahi". Messiah Foundation International. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
349. "Website from Pakistan Sector". goharshahi.pk. Archived from the original on October 22, 2010. Retrieved March 12, 2010.
350. "U of Massachusetts". Archived from the original on July 14, 2012. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
351. Wesley Snipes, Hollywood's hottest new star talks about: his divorce, his days on the streets and why he doesn't have 'jungle fever. Ebony Magazine. Sept, 1991 by Laura B. Randolph.
352. Loonyology: In My Own Words. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
353. "David Hicks: 'Australian Taleban'". BBC News. May 20, 2007. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
354. "Hicks drops Islamic faith". News.com.au. February 28, 2007. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
355. Duran, KhalidChildren of Abraham : An Introduction to Islam for Jews Ktav Publishing House ISBN 0-88125-724-9.
356. Sufi Review (Pir Publications, Spring 1997), pp. 5–8.
357. "British folk singer Linda Thompson reflects back on her life as a Sufi". Public Radio International.
358. "Trauma Dipoligami, Trie Utami Pindah Agama? - SlideGossip".
359. "Indonesian Legend Trie Utami Making Her Encore". Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 2015-05-27. Retrieved 2015-05-27.
360. "Zayn: The Vogue Interview". British Vogue. 13 November 2018.

External links

Media related to Former Muslims at Wikimedia Commons