List of English words of Old Norse origin

Words of Old Norse origin have entered the English language, primarily from the contact between Old Norse and Old English during colonisation of eastern and northern England between the mid 9th to the 11th centuries (see also Danelaw). Many of these words are part of English core vocabulary, such as egg or knife. There are hundreds of such words, and the list below does not aim at completeness.

Part of a series on
Old Norse
Dialects
Use
Literature
Ancestors
Descendants

To be distinguished from loanwords which date back to the Old English period are modern Old Norse loans originating in the context of Old Norse philology, such as kenning (1871),[lower-alpha 1] and loans from modern Icelandic (such as geyser, 1781). Yet another (rare) class are loans from Old Norse into Old French, which via Anglo-Norman were then indirectly loaned into Middle English; an example is flâneur, via French from the Old Norse verb flana "to wander aimlessly".

A
ado
influenced by Norse "at" ("to", infinitive marker) which was used with English "do" in certain English dialects[1]
aloft
  • á ("=in, on, to") + lopt ("=air, atmosphere, sky, heaven, upper floor, loft")[2]
  • English provenance = c 1200 AD
anger
  • angr ("=trouble, affliction"); root ang (="strait, straitened, troubled")[3]
  • English provenance = c 1250 AD
are
merger of Old English (earun, earon) and Old Norse (er) cognates[4]
auk
A type of Arctic seabird.
awe
  • agi ("=terror")[5]
  • English provenance = c 1205 AD (as aȝe, an early form of the word resulting from the influence of Old Norse on an existing Anglo-Saxon form, eȝe)
awkward
the first element is from Old Norse ǫfugr ("=turned-backward"), the '-ward' part is from Old English weard[6]

B
bag
baggi[7]
bairn
barn (="child")[8]
bait
beita[9]
band
band (="rope")[10]
bark
bǫrkr[11]
bask
baðask reflex. of baða "bathe" (baðast, baða sig)[12]
berserk
berserkr, lit. 'bear-shirt', (alt. berr-serkr, 'bare-shirt') frenzied warriors[13]
billow
bylgja[14]
birth
byrðr[15]
bleak
bleikr (="pale")[16]
blunder
blundra (="shut one's eye")[17]
both
baðir[18]
bug
búkr (="insect within tree trunks")[19]
bulk
bulki[20]
bull
boli[21]
bylaw
bylög ('by'=village; 'lög'=law; 'village-law')[22]

C
cake
kaka (="cake")[23]
call
kalla (="cry loudly")[24]
cast
kasta (="to throw")[25]
clip
klippa (="to cut")[26]
club
klubba (="cudgel")[27]
crawl
krafla (="to claw")[28]
creek
kriki ("corner, nook") through ME creke ("narrow inlet in a coastline") altered from kryk perhaps influenced by Anglo-Norman crique itself from a Scandinavian source via Norman-French[29]
crook
krokr (="hook-shaped instrument or weapon")[30]
cur
kurra (="to growl")[31]

D
die
deyja (="pass away")[32]
dirt
drit (="feces")[33]
dregs
dregg (="sediment")[34]

E
egg
egg (="egg")[35]
eider
a type of duck.
equip
skipa (="organize, arrange, place in order") through Middle French équiper, from Old French esquiper "fit out a ship, load on board",[36] itself from Norman-French esquipper, eschiper[37]

F
fellow
félagi[38]
flaneur
flana ("to wander aimlessly") + French suffix -eur through (19th cent.) French flâneur, itself from Norman-French flaner, flanner[39][40]
flat
flatr[41]
flit
flytja (="cause to fit")[42]
fog
from Old Norse fok through Danish fog, meaning "spray", "shower", "snowdrift"[43]
freckle
freknur (="freckles")[44]

G
gab
gabbnna (="to mock") through Northern England dialect, Scottish or Norman-French[45][46]
gad
gaddr (="spike, nail")[47][48]
gan
gangr (="act of going")[49]
gang
gangr (="a group of men")[49]
gap
gap (="chasm")[50]
gawk
from Middle English gawen, from Old Norse ga (="to heed")[51]
get
geta, gat (got), gittan (gotten)[52]
geyser
from Icelandic geysir, from Old Norse geysa (="to gush")[53]
gift
gift (="dowry")[54]
girth
gjörð (="circumference, cinch")[55]
give
gefa (="to give")[56]
glitter
glitra (="to glitter")[57]
glove
lofi (="middle of the hand")[58]
gosling
gæslingr" (="goose")[59]
guest
gestr (="guest")[60]
gun
from Old Norse Gunnhildr (female name, both elements of the name, gunn and hildr, have the meaning "war, battle")[61]
gust
gustr (="gust")[62]

H
haggle
haggen (="to chop")[63]
hail
heill (="health, prosperity, good luck")[64]
hap, happy
happ (="chance, good luck, fate")[65]
haunt
heimta (="to bring back home") through Anglo-Norman haunter (="to reside", "to frequent"), (Old) French hanter from Norman hanter.[66]
hit
hitta (="to find")[67]
how (or howe)
haugr (="barrow, small hill") Usage preserved mainly in place names[68]
husband
husbondi (="master of the house")[69]

I
ill
illr (="bad")[70]
irk
yrkja (="to work")[71]

J
jökulhlaup
from Icelandic jökulhlaup from Old Norse jǫkull and hlaup.
jolly
from Old French jolif "gay, joyful, lascivious", French joli, itself from jól "mid-winter feast" + French suffix -if[lower-alpha 2]

K
keel
kjölr[72]
kenning
a descriptive phrase used in Germanic poetry
kid
kið (="young goat")[73]
kindle
kynda[74]
knife
knífr[75]
knot
knutr[76]

L
lad
ladd (="young man (unlikely)")[77]
lathe
hlaða (="to load")[78]
law
*lagu[79]
leg
leggr[80]
likely
líkligr[81]
link
*hlenkr[82]
litmus
litmose (="lichen for dyeing", lita ="to stain")[83]
loan
lán (="to lend")[84]
loft
lopt (="an upper room or floor : attic, air, sky")[85]
loose
lauss (="loose/free")[86]
low
lagr[87]

M
mire
myrr (='bog')[88]
mistake
mistaka (="miscarry")[89]
muck
myki (="cow dung")[90]
mug
mugge[91]
muggy
mugga (="drizzle, mist")[92]

N
Norman, Normandy
from Old Norse through Old French, meaning "northman", due to Viking settlement in Normandy region[93]

O
oaf
alfr (="elf")[94]
odd
oddi (="third number", "the casting vote")[95]
ombudsman
from Old Norse umboðsmaðr through Swedish ombudsman, meaning "commissary", "representative", "steward"[96]
outlaw
utlagi[97]

P
plough, plow
plogr[98]

R
race
rás (="to race", "to run", "to rush", "to move swift")[99]
raft
raptr (="log")[100]
raise
reisa[101]
ransack
rannsaka (="to search the house")[102]
regret
gráta ("to weep, groan") + French prefix re- through Old French regreter, itself from Old Norman-French regrater, regreter, influenced by Old English grætan[103][40]
reindeer
hreindyri[104]
rib
rif (="a bone structure of the rib cage, reef, land or solid rock")[105]
rive
rífa (="to scratch, plow, tear")[106]
root
rót[107]
rotten
rotinn (="decayed")[108]
rugged
rogg (="shaggy tuft")[109]

S
saga
saga (="story, tale")[110]
sale
sala[111]
same
same, samr (="same")[112]
scale
(for weighing) from skal (="bowl, drinking cup", or in plural "weighing scale" referring to the cup or pan part of a balance) in early English used to mean "cup"[113]
scant
skamt & skammr (="short, lacking")[114]
scare
skirra (="to frighten)[115]
scarf
skarfr (="fastening joint") ("scarf" and "scarves" have possibly been reintroduced to modern Swedish in their English forms as slang, but Swedes almost always use the compound "neck-cloth" (hals-duk).[116]
scathe
skaða (="to hurt, injure")[117]
score
skor (="notch"; "twenty")[118]
scrape
skrapa (="to scrape, erase")[119]
scrap
skrap (="scraps, trifles") from skrapa[120]
seat
sæti (="seat, position")[121]
seem
sœma (="to conform")[122]
shake
skaka (="to shake")[123]
skate
skata (="fish")[124]
skid
probably from or related to Old Norse skið (="stick of wood") and related to "ski" (="stick of wood", or in this sense "snowshoe")[125]
skill
skil (="distinction")[126]
skin
skinn (="animal hide")[127]
skip
skopa (="to skip, run)[128]
skrike
skríkja (="to scream")[129]
skirt
skyrta (="shirt")[130]
skull
skulle (="head")[131]
sky
ský (="cloud")[132]
slant
sletta, slenta (="to throw carelessly")[133]
slaughter
*slahtr (="butchering")[134]
slaver
slafra (="slaver")[135]
sledge
sleggja (="sledgehammer")[136]
sleight
slœgð[137]
sleuth
sloð (="trail")[138]
sly
sloegr (="cunning, crafty, sly")[139]
snare
snara (="noose, snare")[140]
snub
snubba (="to curse")[141]
sprint
spretta (="to jump up")[142]
stagger
stakra (="to push")[143]
stain
steina (="to paint")[144]
stammer
stemma (="to hinder, dam up")[145]
steak
steik, steikja (="to fry")[146]
sway
sveigja (="to bend, swing, give way")[147]
sick
"syk" (= diseasing, ill)

T
take
taka[148]
tarn
tjǫrn, tjarn[149]
teem
tœma (="to empty")[150]
their
þeirra[151]
they
þeir[152]
though
from Old English þēah, and in part from Old Norse þó (="though")[153]
thrall
þræll[154]
thrift
þrift (="prosperity")[155]
thrust
þrysta (="to thrust, force")[156]
thwart
þvert (="across")[157]
tidings
tíðindi (="news of events")[158]
tight
þéttr (="watertight, close in texture, solid")[159]
till
til (="to, until")[160]
toom
tóm (="vacant time, leisure")
troll
troll (="giant, fiend, demon"; further etymology is disputed)[161]
trust
traust (="help, confidence")[162]

U
ugly
uggligr (="Dreadfull, repulsive")[163]
until
from Old Norse und (="as far as, up to") and til (="until, up to")[164]

V
viking
vikingr (="one who came from the fjords")[165]

W
wand
vondr (="rod")[166]
want
vanta (="to lack")[167]
weak
veikr (="weak, pliant")[168]
whirl
hvirfla (="to go around")[169]
whisk
viska (="to plait")[170]
wicket
vík (="bay") + French suffix -et through Anglo-Norman wicket, itself from Old Norman-French wiket, Norman-French viquet > French guichet[171][172]
wight
vigr (="able in battle") – the other wight meaning "man" is from Old English[173]
wile
vél (="trick, craft, fraud")[174]
windlass
window
vindauga (="wind-eye") – although gluggi was more commonly used in Old Norse[175]
wing
vængr (="a wing")[176]
wrong
rangr (="crooked, wry, wrong")[177]

See also

Notes
  1. There was a native Old English cenning "declaration" (in Middle English "cognition"), derived from the verb to ken The Old Norse kenning "set expression in early Germanic poetry" was loaned in 19th-century Germanic philology independently of the native word.
  2. Italian giulivo (rare) is itself from Old French. Late Latin *gaudivu is not attested (no cognate in any Romance language) and [d] cannot turn into [l] in such a context. The word first appears in Geoffrey Gaimar's Estoire des Engleis, a works much influenced by Scandinavian sagas.

References
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  134. "Slaughter". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
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  177. "Wrong". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
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