Kopu Bridge

The Historic Kopu Bridge (originally Hauraki Bridge and sometimes Waihou River Bridge)[2] is a single-lane swing bridge that spans the Waihou River, near its emergence into the Firth of Thames in the Thames-Coromandel District of New Zealand's North Island. The bridge was completed in 1928 and was part of State Highway 25. The swinging span in the middle of the bridge is 43 metres long and with an overall length of 463 metres, the bridge was the longest and oldest single lane bridge within the state highway network. It is also New Zealand's only remaining operational swing bridge.[2][1][4]

Historic Kopu Bridge
Looking east over the old bridge
Coordinates37°11′27″S 175°33′43″E
CarriesVehicles
CrossesWaihou River
LocaleHauraki Plains / Coromandel Peninsula
Maintained byNZ Transport Agency
Characteristics
DesignSwing bridge
MaterialTimber piling, concrete piers, steel plate girder spans[1]
Total length463 m[2]
Width4 m, with passing bays (use ceased after signalisation)
Longest span42.7 m (swing span), creating a 15.3 m wide shipping channel[2]
No. of spans23
History
DesignerJ. E. L. Cull[2]
Construction start1926
Construction end1928[3]
Statistics
Daily traffic9000[1]
Designated13 December 1990
Reference no.4681
Location
(New) Kopu Bridge
New bridge being built in early 2010. Working deck shown only, final bridge level much higher
Coordinates37°11′27″S 175°33′43″E
CarriesVehicles, bicycles & pedestrians
CrossesWaihou River
LocaleHauraki Plains / Coromandel Peninsula
Maintained byNZ Transport Agency
Characteristics
MaterialConcrete, steel girders
Total length587 m[1]
Longest span42.8 m[1]
No. of spans16[1]
Clearance below6.5 m above mean sea level[1]
History
Construction start2009
Construction end2011
Opened2011
Location

As the first available crossing of the Waihou River and the main link between the Hauraki Plains and Coromandel Peninsula, it sees a lot of traffic, especially during holidays. Due to a gradual increase in the traffic between Auckland and the Coromandel Peninsula, by the early 1990s the bridge became the most heavily used single lane bridge in the country, with traffic volumes of an average of 9,000 vehicles per day.[1] Traffic flow over the bridge was controlled by traffic lights and the bridge was notorious for queues which formed during peak times such as holiday weekends, when three hours delay were common.[3]

Rarely used as boat traffic declined (especially for shipping use, with the river once navigable all the way up to the town of Paeroa)[5] in the latter years before it was closed to traffic, the swing span could still be opened to provide a 15.3 m wide channel to passing vessels.[2]

The bridge is the only surviving road bridge of the swing span type in the country and Heritage New Zealand lists the bridge as a Category 1 historic place,[2][1][6] while it is also on the IPENZ Engineering Heritage Register.[5]

In December 2011 a new two-lane bridge opened directly to the south of the old bridge. The old bridge remains under active threat of demolition. However a local group, the Historic Kopu Bridge Society has been working since 2011 to retain the bridge into community ownership, so that it may remain as a pedestrian and cycleway and NZ's last remaining operational swingbridge.[7]

History

The original bridge was built in 1928, under the lead of the Main Highways Board after negotiations over its construction started in 1911, and planning begun in 1922. It was one of the largest such works of its time, with 23 spans and advanced deep piling for the soft ground of the river bed.[2][1]

It replaced the barges and ferries which had until then served to cross the Waihou River, connected Thames to the newly drained dairy farming grounds of the Hauraki Plains,[2] and was reckoned to have made a big difference to the local district,[8] having marked the local shift from river transport to road transport becoming dominant, and to Thames moving from a mining town towards a farming service community. It was also considered a project typical of the time and of New Zealand Prime Minister Gordon Coates quest to develop the rural economy.[2]

Up to the 1960s, traffic used the passing bays, but after angry confrontations between motorists had become more common, lights were installed.[5] Until that time, the bridge had still sometimes used for herding of livestock, but soon after the signalisation, further increasing traffic queues began causing calls for a replacement bridge.[8] In late 2009, a webcam was installed to allow online checking of queue lengths during the holiday periods, a feature that in New Zealand had so far been limited to urban areas.[9]

Replacement

In addition to the constrained traffic over the bridge (with flows projected to increase by 2% per year over the next 15 years),[1] investigations in 2001 had also found that the bridge was likely to be severely damaged or might even collapse in an earthquake stronger than that of a 300-500-year return period, and that it had failed to pass safety inspections which require the ability to withstand a 2,500-year return period quake.[10] In 2006, Transit New Zealand announced their intention to build a second bridge slightly upstream of the existing bridge and to route the State Highway over the new bridge. The start date was at that time set for no earlier than 2011,[10] but this was later brought forward to late 2009.[11]

The new bridge is 587 m long, and has 16 spans,[1] with its foundations being driven 36 m to 50 m deep into the riverbed, due to the soft swampy ground not providing good support otherwise.[3][12] Much of the ground also had to be forcibly compacted first.[8] The design incorporates images of waka and taniwha, and landscaping using native plants.[1] The cost was originally estimated at $32 million but this later rose to $47–48 million (including 2.5 km of new approach road as well as a new roundabout near Thames).[3][11][13]

The bridge's navigation channel at the central span is 42.8 m wide and 6.5 m above mean sea level, allowing larger vessels to pass under it, without the need for a swing bridge as for the old structure.[1]

Early reports suggested a completion date of mid-2012,[12] but in late 2011 it was announced that the bridge would be ready in time for the December 2011 holiday traffic.[7]

Due to its historical significance, it has been suggested that the existing bridge be retained and upgraded,[3] possibly to be integrated into the Kopu to Kaiaua cycleway along the coast - though the new bridge already provides access to cyclists and walkers.[13] The old bridge was transferred to a community trust on 19 March 2018.[14]

References
  1. "Construction starts for new Kopu Bridge". News & Media Releases. NZ Transport Agency. 29 July 2008. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
  2. "Kopu Bridge". Register of Historic Places. Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
  3. Davison, Isaac (17 February 2009). "Coromandel bridge on target for 2012". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
  4. "Kopu Bridge replacement" (PDF). Wellington: New Zealand Transport Agency. pp. Page 2. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
  5. "Kopu Bridge, SH25". Engineering Heritage Register. Institution of Professional Engineers New Zealand. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
  6. Thornton, Geoffrey (2001). "Introduction". In Susan Brierley, Evan Chan and Carolyn Lagahetau (ed.). Bridging the Gap: Early Bridges in New Zealand 1830-1939 (First ed.). Auckland: Reed Publishing. p. 14. ISBN 0-7900-0810-6.
  7. Dearnaley, Mathew (9 December 2011). "Temporary delays at Kopu Bridge celebrations". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
  8. Dearnaley, Mathew (30 July 2009). "Bridge project a case of deja vu for old-timer". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
  9. Dearnaley, Mathew (17 December 2009). "Camera will warn of bridge holdups". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
  10. Savage, Jared (20 July 2008). "Danger on Kopu Bridge". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
  11. Young, Audrey (11 February 2009). "Kopu Bridge tipped to be in $500m plan". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
  12. Dearnaley, Mathew (17 January 2011). "It's getting closer - $47m Kopu crossing starts to take shape". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
  13. Stone, Andrew (28 March 2009). "Old bridge could become haven for birdwatchers on wheels". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
  14. "Old Kopu Bridge". www.nzta.govt.nz. Retrieved 4 June 2018.

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