John Faucheraud Grimké

John Faucheraud Grimké (December 16, 1752 – August 9, 1819) was an American jurist who served as Associate justice and Senior Associate Justice of South Carolina's Court of Common Pleas and General Sessions from 1783 until his death. He also served in the South Carolina state legislature from 1782 until 1790. He was intendant (mayor) of Charleston, South Carolina, for two terms, from 1786 to 1788.[1]

John F. Grimké
Associate justice, South Carolina's Court of Common Pleas and General Sessions
In office 1783–1819
Intendant (mayor) of Charleston, South Carolina
In office 1786–1788
South Carolina state legislature
In office 1782–1790
Personal details
Born	December 16, 1752
Died	August 9, 1819 (aged 66) Long Branch, New Jersey
Nationality	American
Political party	Federalist
Spouse(s)	Mary Smith
Children	Thomas Smith Grimké, Sarah Moore Grimké, Angelina Grimké Weld, Henry, Frederick
Alma mater	Trinity College, Cambridge; Princeton University
Occupation	judge

Life, education and war service

Grimké's maternal grandparents were Huguenots who left France in the 17th century after the Edict of Fontainebleau stripped Protestants of their rights. They emigrated to South Carolina; other Huguenots went to New York and Virginia. His paternal grandparents were German merchants from Alsace-Lorraine,[2] who came to South Carolina in the 17th century. Their name was originally "Grimk" until changed by Grimké's grandfather, John Paul Grimké. He was a silversmith whose work was said to rival that of Paul Revere.[2]

Grimké was tutored as a boy and did his undergraduate work at Princeton University. He went to England to study law at Trinity College, Cambridge, and at the Inns of Court of the Middle Temple. After his return to the colonies, he became increasingly caught up as a young man in the movement for independence. Together with Benjamin Franklin and others, he signed a 1774 petition to King George III and the British government protesting against the Boston Port Act.

After the 1776 outbreak of hostilities in the American Revolutionary War, Grimké returned to South Carolina and joined the Continental Army; he was commissioned as a Captain in Charleston's Regiment of Artillery. He was promoted to Major in 1778, and later that year became Deputy Adjutant General, holding the rank of Colonel. He was taken prisoner by the British in the Siege of Charleston in 1780. He was released in a prisoner exchange and paroled. Arrested the next year on a flimsy pretext, he was imprisoned by the British for five weeks, which he considered to have nullified his parole.

Grimké joined the army of Nathanael Green, serving until the end of the war.[3] He served as an officer under Colonel Samuel Elbert, under the extended Georgia command of Major General Robert Howe. He fought in several famous battles, such as Eutaw Springs and Yorktown which ended the war.

Political career

Grimké was elected a judge of the superior court in 1783 under the new government of the state and United States. In 1799 he became senior associate. He was elected as a representative to the state house, and then as speaker of the South Carolina House of Representatives in 1785-86. He served as a member of the state convention of 1788 that reviewed and adopted the Federal constitution.[3]

In 1811, political enemies in the South Carolina legislature attempted to remove Judge Grimké from his position by impeachment. He was easily acquitted of the charges but his health suffered from the experience.[4]

Grimké was described by John Belton O'Neall[5] as a "stern, unbending judge" who tolerated nothing. Grimké held a high opinion of the abilities of women; he believed his daughter Sarah Grimké would have made a good lawyer had she been born a man and allowed to practice. He also believed that women should be allowed to be executrixes of estates.

Publications

In 1785, Grimké served as a member of a three-man commission designated to revise, digest and publish the state laws. While the commission’s final report was not adopted by the state, some recommendations were adopted into law. Grimké’s research resulted in the publication of Public Laws of the State of South Carolina (Philadelphia, 1790). It served for several decades as a standard legal reference. The book contains information on the English statutes which extended to or were generally received in the American Colonies; and includes references to English cases and decisions on those statutes.

He also published the following texts:

• Revised Edition of the Laws of South Carolina to 1789,
• Law of Executors for South Carolina,
• Duty of Justices of the Peace (2nd ed., 1796), and,
• Duties of Executors and Administrators of Estates (anonymously) (New York, 1797)[3] This was in the period when he was breaking his father's will in the Charleston Equity Courts.

Family

Mary Moore Smith

John Faucheraud Grimké was a member of Charleston’s upper class and was well known in society. His uncle Frederick Grimké (1705-1778) was the father of Elizabeth Grimké (1742-1792) the wife of John Rutledge. In 1784, he married Mary Smith, known as "Polly", a descendant of Thomas Smith, whose extended Charleston family was wealthy and influential. The couple maintained a large slave population at Belmont, their rice plantation, and their other up-countries properties, as well as in their house in Charleston at 321 East Bay Street.[6] Mary Grimké was particularly strict with the slaves, often to the distress of her daughters, Sarah and Angelina. Grimké may have had questions about slavery, but he never publicly took a stand against the system under which he became a rich man, nor did he take any action to oppose it.[7]

John and Mary Grimké had fourteen children, three of whom died in infancy. Their children included Sarah Moore Grimké and Angelina Grimké Weld, who found living in a slaveowning family intolerable, moved to Philadelphia, and became influential abolitionist activists and speakers, drawing on their first-hand knowledge of slavery's horrors. Other children were attorney and reformer Thomas Smith Grimké and Henry W. Grimké. Another son, Frederick (born 1 September 1791; died 8 March 1863), a graduate of Yale, moved to Chillicothe, Ohio. He became a judge and state supreme court justice.

As a widower, their son Henry W. Grimké lived in a common-law relationship with Nancy Weston, an enslaved woman of color. They had three mixed-race sons whom he recognized fully (but did not free or introduce to his family): Archibald Grimké, who became a journalist and diplomat; Francis J. Grimké, a Presbyterian minister; and John Grimké, born just a few months after Henry's death in 1852. In 1868, Henry's sisters Sarah and Angelina learned about his to-them unknown sons, then in college at Lincoln University outside Philadelphia. They helped the boys through college and opened their homes to them.

Death

After the attempted impeachment, Grimké's health deteriorated. When the leading doctors in Charleston could find no cure, they advised the judge to go to Philadelphia to consult an expert physician. He took his daughter Sarah with him as nursemaid and companion. The doctor could not determine the cause or nature of Grimké's affliction, and suggested that sea air might help. Grimké and his daughter moved to a boardinghouse at the Atlantic shore in Long Branch, New Jersey. A short time later, he died of his unknown wasting disease. He was buried in Long Branch.[8]

References

Notes

1. "John Faucheraud Grimke" Archived 2010-12-17 at the Wayback Machine on the Preservation Society of Charleston website
2. Perry, p.17
3. "Order Book of John Faucheraud Grimké" The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine v.13 n.1 (January 1912)
4. Perry, pp.31-32
5. O'Neall, John Belton. Biographical Sketches of the Bench and Bar of South Carolina. Vol 2. Charleston, 1859.
6. Poston, Jonathan H. The Buildings of Charleston: A Guide to the City's Architecture, University of South Carolina Press, 1997. ISBN 1-57003-202-5. p.557
7. Perry, pp.43-44
8. Perry, p.34

Bibliography

• Lerner, Gerda, The Grimké Sisters From South Carolina: Pioneers for Women's Rights and Abolition. New York, Schocken Books, 1971 and The University of North Carolina Press, Cary, North Carolina, 1998. ISBN 0-19-510603-2
• O'Neall, John Belton. "Biographical Sketches of the Bench and Bar of South Carolina. Vol 2." Charleston, 1859.
• Perry, Mark. Lift Up Thy Voice: The Grimké Family's Journey from Slaveholders to Civil Rights Leaders. New York: Viking Penguin, 2001
• Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). "Grimké, John Faucheraud" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.