Hyaenodon

Hyaenodon ("hyena-tooth") is the type genus of the Hyaenodontidae, a family of extinct carnivorous fossil mammals from Eurasia, North America, and Africa, with species existing temporally from the Eocene until the middle Miocene, existing for about 26.1 million years .[1]

Hyaenodon Temporal range: Late Eocene to Middle Miocene, 42–15.9 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
H. horridus, Royal Ontario Museum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	†Hyaenodonta
Family:	†Hyaenodontidae
Genus:	†Hyaenodon
Type species
†Hyaenodon leptorhynchus Laizer and Parieu, 1838
Species
List †H. americanus Bravard, 1858 †H. andrewsi Savage, 1965 †H. bavaricus Dehm, 1935 †H. brevirostris Macdonald, 1970 †H. brachycephalus Osborn, 1909 †H. cayluxi Filhol, 1876 †H. chunkhtensis Dashzeveg, 1985 †H. crucians Leidy, 1853 †H. cruentus Leidy, 1853 †H. dubius Filhol, 1873 †H. eminus Matthew and Granger, 1925 †H. exiguus Stock, 1933 †H. filholi Schlosser, 1877 †H. gigas Dashzeveg, 1985 †H. horridus Leidy, 1853 †H. incertus Dashzeveg, 1985 †H. leptocephalus Scott, 1888 †H. leptorhynchus Laizer and Parieu, 1838 (type) †H. matthewi Savage, 1965 †H. megaloides Mellett, 1977 †H. microdon Mellett, 1977 †H. mongoliensis (Dashzeveg, 1964) †H. montanus Douglass, 1902 †H. mustelinus Scott, 1894 †H. neimongoliensis Huang and Zhu, 2002 †H. pervagus Matthew and Granger, 1924 †H. pilgrimi Savage, 1965 †H. pumilus Lavrov, 2019 †H. raineyi Gustafson, 1986 †H. venturae Mellet, 1977 †H. vetus Stock, 1933 †H. weilini Wang, Qiu, and Wang, 2005 †H. yuanchensis Young, 1937

The various species of Hyaenodon competed with each other and with other hyaenodont genera (including Sinopa, Dissopsalis, and Hyainailurus), and played important roles as predators in ecological communities as late as the Miocene in Africa and Asia and preyed on a variety of prey species such as primitive horses like Mesohippus and early camels.[2] Species of Hyaenodon have been shown to have successfully preyed on other large carnivores of their time, including a nimravid ("false sabertooth cat"), according to analysis of tooth puncture marks on a fossil Dinictis skull found in North Dakota.[3]

Life reconstruction of Hyaenodon horridus

Description

Reconstruction by Heinrich Harder, around 1920

Some species of this genus were among the largest terrestrial carnivorous mammals of their time; others were only of the size of a marten. Remains of many species are known from North America, Europe, and Asia.[4]

Typical of early carnivorous mammals, individuals of Hyaenodon had a very massive skull, but only a small brain. The skull is long with a narrow snout - much larger in relation to the length of the skull than in canine carnivores, for instance. The neck was shorter than the skull, while the body was long and robust and terminated in a long tail.

The average weight of adult or subadult H. horridus, the largest North American species, is estimated to about 40 kg (88 lb) and may not have exceeded 60 kg (130 lb). H. gigas, the largest Hyaenodon species, was much larger, being 378 kg (833 lb) and around 10 feet (3.0 m).[5] H. crucians from the early Oligocene of North America is estimated to only 10 to 25 kg (22 to 55 lb). H. microdon and H. mustelinus from the late Eocene of North America were even smaller and weighed probably about 5 kg (11 lb).[6]

H. horridus skull

Compared to the generally larger (but closely related) Hyainailouros, the dentition of Hyaenodon was geared more towards shearing meat and less towards bone crushing.[2]

Tooth eruption

Studies on juvenile Hyaenodon specimens show that the animal had a very unusual system of tooth replacement. Juveniles took about 3–4 years to complete the final stage of eruption, implying a long adolescent phase. In North American forms, the first upper premolar erupts before the first upper molar, while European forms show an earlier eruption of the first upper molar.[7]

Range and species

H. horridus and Leptomeryx

In North America the last Hyaenodon, in the form of H. brevirostris, disappeared in the late Oligocene. In Europe, they had already vanished earlier in the Oligocene.[4]

See also

References

1. PaleoBiology Database: Hyaenodon, basic info
2. Wang, Xiaoming; and Tedford, Richard H. Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.p17
3. Hoganson, John W; and Person, Jeff. "Tooth puncture marks on a 30 million year old Dinictis skull." Geo News. July 2011. p12-17.
4. Wang, Xiaoming, Qiu, Zhanxiang, and Wang, Banyue, 2005. Hyaenodonts and Carnivorans from the Early Oligocene to Early Miocene of Xianshuihe Formation, Lanzhou Basin, Gansu Province, China, Palaeontologia Electronica Vol. 8, Issue 1; 6A: 14p, online
5. WANG X. & TEDFORD R. H. 2008. — Dogs, their fossil relatives and evolutionary history. Columbia University Press: 1-219.
6. Naoko Egi (2001) Body Mass Estimates in Extinct Mammals from Limb Bone Dimensions: the Case of North American Hyaenodontids _Palaeontology 44 (3) , 497–528 doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00189
7. Katharina Anna Bastl, First evidence of the tooth eruption sequence of the upper jaw in Hyaenodon (Hyaenodontidae, Mammalia) and new information on the ontogenetic development of its dentition, Paläontologische Zeitschrift (Impact Factor: 1.1). 10/2013; 88:481-494. DOI: 10.1007/s12542-013-0207-z