History of Korean Americans in Greater Los Angeles

As of 2008, the sixty thousand ethnic Koreans in Greater Los Angeles constituted the largest Korean community in the United States. Their number made up 15 percent of the country's Korean American population.[1]

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Ethnicity in Los Angeles
Koreatown

History

A first wave of Korean immigrants settled at the foot of Bunker Hill and worked as truck farmers, domestic workers, waiters, and domestic help.[2] The Korean United Presbyterian Church was established on West Jefferson Boulevard in 1905. A Korean community developed around this church.[3]

The Chang Ho Ahn residence, which served as a community center and a guidance, lodging, and community support center for new Korean immigrants, housed grocery stores and the offices of the Korean National Association Los Angeles Branch and the Young Korean Academy.[4] In the 1930s the Korean population shifted to an area between Normandie and Vermont Streets in the Jefferson Boulevard area. This Korean area, which became known as the "Old Koreatown," was in proximity to the University of Southern California. By then the first generation of Korean immigrants had children, who lived around the Old Koreatown.[2]

In the 1950s, Los Angeles received a second wave of Korean immigrants resulting from the Korean War and the children of the first generation of immigrants gave birth to the next generation. After the passage of the Hart-Cellar Act in 1965, Korean immigration increased. After the Watts Riots in 1965, many Koreans began moving to suburban communities. In 1970, the Koreans in Los Angeles and Orange Counties made up 63% of the total number of Koreans in the United States. Around this period, the Korean community area moved to Olympic Boulevard, where the modern Koreatown is located.[2]

The Korean community was severely affected by the 1992 Los Angeles riots. One Korean American civilian, Edward Song Lee, died in the rioting.[5] Over $400 million worth of damages occurred, including the destruction of over 2,000 businesses owned by ethnic Koreans.[6] Most of the members of the Korean community refer to them in Korean as the 4-2-9 riot (Sa-i-gu p'oktong). This naming follows the integer naming schemes of political events in Korean history.[5] After the event, many Koreans moved to suburbs in Orange County and the two Inland Empire counties: Riverside and San Bernardino. Since then, investment occurring in Koreatown caused the community to rebuild.[6][7]

In 2014 a delegation of minor Japanese right-wing politicians[8] requested the removal of a memorial statue of the Korean comfort women in World War II from an area in Glendale, California, sparking controversy.[9] A federal judge dismissed the lawsuit for the statue's removal and was met with support from the Los Angeles City Council, Korea-Glendale Sister City Association, and the Korean American Forum of California as part of a "large-scale effort to raise international awareness of the comfort women's plight."[10][11][12][13] The Japanese American Citizens League and other Japanese-American organizations supported the statue and deplored the Japanese delegation's claim that it had led to racially motivated bullying of Japanese-Americans as propaganda.[8]

Geography

As of 2008, about 350,000 ethnic Koreans live in Los Angeles County.[14] As of 2008 the largest Korean ethnic enclave in Los Angeles is Koreatown and the majority of the Koreans have been concentrated around that area.[1]

By 2008 many ethnic Korean communities had appeared in the northwestern San Fernando Valley, including Chatsworth, Granada Hills, Northridge, and Porter Ranch. That year, the San Fernando Valley Korean Business Directory had a list of almost 1,500 Korean-owned businesses in the San Fernando Valley. Amanda Covarrubias of the Los Angeles Times stated that area Korean community leaders estimated that 50,000 to 60,000 Koreans lived in the San Fernando Valley in 2008.[14]

In addition, by 2008 Korean communities had appeared in Cerritos and Hacienda Heights in Los Angeles County, and Buena Park and Fullerton in Orange County.[14]

Demographics

As of 2008, 257,975 Korean Americans lived in Los Angeles, Orange, Ventura, San Bernardino, and Riverside counties, making up 25% of all of the Korean Americans. As of that year, over 46,000 Koreans lived in Koreatown, making up 20.1% of the residents there. Koreatown, in addition to Koreans, houses other ethnic groups.[6]

Economics

By 1988, in Los Angeles, many Korean stores had opened in African-American neighborhoods, and by then several boycotts by African-Americans of Korean businesses had occurred.[15] By that time many Korean garment manufacturers acted as middlemen by employing Hispanic workers and selling product to White-owned manufacturers of clothing.[16]

In 2014 the federal government ran a raid against business operations that it accused of being money laundering. By 2015 some Korean business owners stated that they may take their operations out of Los Angeles due to a reduction in Latin American customers, an increasing minimum wage, and stricter governmental enforcement of labor laws, all occurring after the 2014 raid.[17]

Culture
The Belfry of Friendship in San Pedro houses the Korean Bell of Friendship

The Korean Bell of Friendship is located in San Pedro.

Education

Day schools

The Wilshire Private School (formerly Hankook School, Wilshire Elementary School, and Wilshire School), a private day school, is located in Koreatown.[18] The Korean Institute of Southern California (KISC, 남가주한국학원/南加州韓國學院) operates this school.[19]

Schools which served the children of the first wave of Korean immigrants included Los Angeles High School, Manual Arts High School, and the James A. Foshay Learning Center.[2]

Weekend schools

The KISC and the Korean School Association of America (KSAA, 미주한국학교연합회/美洲韓國學校聯合會) operate weekend Korean language schools, with a combined total of 16,059 students. As of 2003 the KISC operated 12 schools, employing 147 teachers and enrolling 5,048 students.[20] In 1992 there were 152 schools in Greater Los Angeles registered with the KSAA.[21] In 2003 the KSAA had 244 schools, employing 1,820 teachers and enrolling 13,659 students.[20] The number of KSAA-registered schools increased to 254 in 2005.[21]

As of 1988 one of the KISC campuses was in Van Nuys.[22]

Notable people

References
  • Abelmann, Nancy and John Lie. Blue Dreams: Korean Americans and the Los Angeles Riots. Harvard University Press, June 30, 2009. ISBN 0674020030, 9780674020030.
  • Kim, Jongyun. Adjustment Problems Among Korean Elderly Immigrants in New York and Los Angeles and Effects of Resources on Psychological Distress and Status in the Family (dissertation). ProQuest, 2008. ISBN 0549566058, 9780549566052. UMI Number 3307607.
  • Kim, Katherine Yungmee. Los Angeles's Koreatown. Arcadia Publishing, 2011. ISBN 0738575526, 9780738575520.
  • Light, Ivan Hubert and Edna Bonacich. Immigrant Entrepreneurs: Koreans in Los Angeles, 1965–1982. University of California Press, 1988. ISBN 0520076567, 9780520076563.

Notes
  1. Kim, Jongyun, p. 75.
  2. Kim, Katherine Yungmee, p. 9.
  3. Holley, David. "Koreatown Suffering Growing Pains." Los Angeles Times. December 8, 1985. p. 2. Retrieved on March 7, 2014.
  4. Kim, Katherine Yungmee, p. 8.
  5. Abelmann and Lie, p. ix (Preface).
  6. Kim, Katherine Yungmee, p. 10.
  7. Bates, Karen Grigsby (2012-04-27). "How Koreatown Rose From The Ashes Of L.A. Riots". NPR. Retrieved 2014-05-03.
  8. http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/02/27/national/comfort-women-statues-spur-debate/
  9. Hamilton, Valerie. "A California statue stirs passions in South Korea and ire in Japan." PRI. January 29, 2014. Retrieved on February 1, 2014.
  10. Huang, Josie. "Glendale wins legal battle over monument to WW II 'comfort women'". Southern California Public Radio.
  11. Levine, Brittany; Wells, Jason (July 30, 2013). "Glendale unveils 'comfort women' statue, honors 'innocent victims'". Los Angeles Times.
  12. Levine, Brittany (February 22, 2014). "Lawsuit seeks removal of Glendale 'comfort women' statue". Los Angeles Times.
  13. Levine, Brittany (August 11, 2014). "Federal judge upholds 'comfort women' statue in Glendale park". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  14. Covarrubias, Amanda. "Koreatown finds suburban home." Los Angeles Times. February 23, 2008. Retrieved on February 25, 2014.
  15. Light and Bonacich, p. xii.
  16. Light and Bonacich, p. xiii.
  17. Kim, Victoria. "The fight to keep Korean businesses in L.A." Los Angeles Times. September 2, 2015. Retrieved on September 14, 2015.
  18. Park, Andrew. "The ABCs of Asian schools." Transpacific, Transpacific Media, Inc. 9.4 (June 1994): p46+. Available on General OneFile, Gale Group, Document ID: GALE|A15239827
  19. Boghossian, Naush. "SCATTERED PEOPLE STRIVE TO PRESERVE TRADITION." Los Angeles Daily News. October 5, 2005. Retrieved from The Free Library on March 8, 2014. "Charles Kim, who serves on the board of directors of the Korean Institute of Southern California, which operates the Korean Wilshire Elementary School and 13 Saturday schools, said losing the language is to be expected as new generations grow up in America. "
  20. Kim, Michael Namkil (Director, Korean Studies Institute, University of Southern California). "Some Problems of Korean Language Education in Southern California" (Archive). University of Southern California. 2003. Retrieved on March 8, 2014.
  21. Zhou, Min, & Kim, Susan S. (University of California, Los Angeles). "Community forces, social capital, and educational achievement: The case of supplementary education in the Chinese and Korean immigrant communities" (Archive). Harvard Educational Review, 2006. 76 (1), 1-29. -- Cited: p. 12
  22. Lingre, Michele. "Early Linguists : Private Foreign-Language Schools Give Bilingual Education a New Twist." Los Angeles Times. April 28, 1988. p. 3. Retrieved on June 29, 2015.

Further reading
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