Hatuqwai

The Hatuqwai[1] (Adyghe: Хьатыкъуай, romanized: Hatıqway; Turkish: Hatukay; Arabic: حتوقاي‎, romanized: Hatuqway; German: Hatkoj; Russian: Хатукай, romanized: Khatukai) are one of the 12 major tribes of the Circassian people.[2] They were known for their art of war as a warrior tribe that fought in wars constantly, against Tatars, Cossacks and Russians, other Circassians, and even themselves, by means of civil war. Because they refused to surrender during the Russo-Circassian War and fight until they couldn't anymore, their presence in the Caucasus was destroyed during the Circassian genocide, and today they exist only in small communities in various diasporas, as they do not exist in the Caucasus today, their names are not mentioned in Circassian dialectology.[3] One of the stars on the Adyghe (Circassian) flag, representing the 12 major Circassian tribes, refers to the Hatuqwai.

Hatuqwai
Хьатыкъуайхэр, Хьатыкъоехэр
Total population
5.650 (estimate)
Regions with significant populations
 Turkey5.000 (estimate)
 Syria200 (estimate)
 Germany200 (estimate)
 United States100 (estimate)
 Jordan100 (estimate)
 Israel50 (estimate)
Languages
Adyghe, Turkish, English, Arabic, Hebrew
Religion
Islam
Related ethnic groups
Other Adyghe tribes
Chechens-Ingush

History and etymology

History

The Hatuqwai were a western Circassian tribal princedom whose homeland lay along the banks of the Kuban River. The Hatuqwai people lived mostly in the mountains between the lower valleys of the Pshish River and the Belaya River.[4] Due to their small size and closeness to Temirgoy tribe, they were considered as one of the subgroups of Temirgoy. Their neighbours were Bzhedug (West), Abadzekhs (South) and, naturally, Temirgoys (East).

In the time before the Russian invasion, the Hatuqwai were known as a powerful and warlike tribe that fought many wars mostly against the Crimean Tatars.

Turkish explorer Evliya çelebi compiled the oldest detailed description of the Hatuqwai tribe, he wrote:

Approximate location of Circassian princedoms, Tsutsiev's Atlas

Hatuqwai: The name of their prince is Jangiray, or Janbe Giray. This Hatuqwai prince is rich, he owns many animals and 8 thousand armed soldiers. Since this province was a large, fertile and beautiful homeland, it's people slaughtered the son of the king of Moscow and bravely fought against the infidel Kalmyks. They are very loyal, savvy, armed and valiant soldiers. Even among the Circassian tribes, the villages are hostile to each other. So there is no shortage of constant internecine wars and strife. Nevertheless, they, communicate and trade with each other. And beyond the mountains live Abkhazians. In general, all the Abkhaz tribes are hostile towards these nomadic Circassian tribes. So, in the end, they do not have a single day free from battles and clashes - every day enemies come from different directions.

In the whole world, there are no such beauties worthy of praise and love like this people. Also there are purebred Arabian horses here. They are famous in the mountains: martens, similar to sables, wild cats, wild chickens, partridges.

They have no temples, no shopping malls and bazaars, no inns and baths. All wanderers and travelers stay with them for the night. And if you are staying as a guest in someone else's home, you will not be harmed. No matter how enemy you are for the owners, all the same, the owner of the camp, together with the neighbors living nearby, will do everything only for your well-being. You will not be blamed for a single mistake. If you ask your owner of the camp or the owner of the house for a chicken, he will show diligence, take a loan; if only he realizes that you need something, he will certainly do everything for you. If you are going to leave feeling embarrassed in something, he will give you, as if the whole world is in his hands.

I wrote and spoke very well in all one hundred and forty-seven languages, but I could not write this Circassian language, which is like a magpie shout.

— Evliya Çelebi, the Seyahatnâme

After Imperial Russia's conquest of the Caucasus in the 1860s the tribe's homeland was occupied, and its members were scattered among the other Circassian tribes, resulting in the Hatuqwai effectively ceasing to exist as a separate entity.

Today, the Hatuqwai have several villages in various diasporas. The Hatuqwai dialect is one of the Circassian languages in big danger of extinction.

Etymology

The widely accepted theory is that the names derives from Prince Inal the Great's son Temruk's son Hatko, who was prince of the Taman Peninsula. His principality is called Hatuqwai (Place of Hatko) and the people of the principality are described as "From Hatuqwai". Thus the name of the principality became the name of the tribe.

Another outdated theory about the origin of the name 'Hatuqwai' is that it is from Хьаты ("Hatti") + Къуэ ("son"); meaning "Hattic son". 'Hatti' is an ancient name, originally referring to a non-Indo-European people of ancient Anatolia. Some researchers have claimed there may be links between Circassians and Indo-European-speaking communities,[5] and some have argued that there are connections between Circassians and Hatti, who are from ancient Anatolian peoples,[6][7][8] but these theories have not been addressed further and is not widely accepted. This Circassian tribe may preserve this name. This name also occurs elsewhere in the Caucasus in an Ossetian Nart saga wherein the hero Batradz is said to speak in Hattic.

Culture and language

Culture

Traditional Hatuqwai culture is part of the Circassian culture. The Hatuqwai were engaged in agriculture, cattle and horse breeding. Before Islam, the Hatuqwais worshipped Jesus as well as the gods of Circassians such as Shibla (god of lightning and thunder), Sozeresh (god of fertility), Yamish, Ahin and Hakustash.

Language

The Hatuqwai speak the Hatuqwai dialect of Adyghe, which is in the Circassian language branch of the Northwest Caucasian Languages. Nowadays, the number of speakers of this language has decreased considerably and it could not find a place in the literary language as there is no Hatuqwai left in the Caucasus.

Hatuqwai village and families

Some Hatuqwai villages in Turkey

Some Hatuqwai villages (Adyghe: къуаджэ, romanized: quadje) in Turkey.

Province Adyghe name Romanisation Turkish name Source
Kayseri Къэйнэр Qəynər Kaynar [9][10]
Kayseri Чэчэнэй Çəçənəy Çeçenay [11][12]
Kayseri Лакхьэблэ Lakhəblə Tersakan [13]
Kayseri Лыбыйхьэблэ Lıbıyhəblə Kavak/Kavakkköy [14]
Kayseri Мэлак Məlak Malak/Malakköy [15]
Kayseri Пэдысэй Pedısəy Akören [16]
Kayseri Хаджыисхьакъ Xacıyishaq Demirciören [17]
Bolu Пэциехьэблэ Pətsiyeheblə Elmalık [18][19]
Bilecik Хьатыкъуае Hatıquaye Poyra [20]
Bilecik Адыгэчэпни Adıgəçəpni Çerkesçepni/Yeniçepni [21]

Some Hatuqwai clans in Turkey

Some of the Hatuqwai clans (Adyghe: лъакӀо, romanized: tlak'o) in Turkey.

Adyghe name Turkized Englishised Russianized
Бзадж (Bzadj) Bzac Bzaj Бзаджов (Bzadzhov)
Иуаныкъу (Yiwanıqu) Yivanuk Yiwaneqo Иваников (Ivanikov)
ЛӀымафэкъо (L'ımafəqo) Lımafko L'imafqo Тлимафов (Tlimafov)
МэфэшIукъо (Məfəṩ'uqo) Mafeşuko Mafesh'uqo Мафошов (Mafoshov)
Пэдыс (Pədıs) Pedıs Padis Падисов (Padisov)
Такъырыкъо (Taqırıqo) Takırıko Taqereqo Такириков (Takirikov)
Шэджэрыкъо (Ṩəcərıqo) Şacerıko Shajereqo Шегероков (Shegerokov)
Жьанэ (Janə) Jane Zhaney Жанев (Žanev)
Мастыр (Mastır) Mastır Master Мастиров (Mastirov)
Шъобае (Ş̂obaye) Şobaye Shobaye Собаев (Sobaev)
Хьатыкъо (Hatıqo) Hatıko Khateqo Хатиков (Khatikov)
Хьапае (Hapaye) Hapaye Khapaye Хапаев (Khapaev)
Утыж (Wutıɉ) Vutıj Wutij Утижов (Utijov)
Еутых (Yewtıx) Yevtıh Yewtekh Еутыхов (Eutykhov)
Брыдж (Brıc) Brıc Brej Бриджов (Bridzhov)
Чыназыр (Çınazır) Çınazır Chinazer Чиназиров (Chinazirov)
Нэжъ (Nəĵ) Nej Nazh Нажев (Nazhev)
ЛIышъхьакъо (L'ış̂haqo) Lışhako L'ishhaqo Тлишхаков (Tlishkhakov)
ЦIэгъош (Ts'əğoṩ) Tseğoş Ts'aghosh Цегошов (Tsegoshov)
Дэбракъыкъо (Dəbraqıqo) Debrakıko Dabraqiqo Дебракиков (Debrakikov)
Бэрзэдж (Bərzədj) Berzec Barzej Берзеков (Berzekov)
Иуныхь (Yiwnıh) Yivnıh Yiwnih Юнихов (Yunikhov)
Къалэбатэ (Qaləbatə) Kalebate Qalebate Калибатов (Kalibatov)

See also

References
  1. Peoples of the USSR: An Ethnographic Handbook. Taylor & Francis. 2017. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-315-47540-0. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
  2. Cunningham, B. (1977). The New Jersey ethnic experience. W. H. Wise. p. 108. Retrieved 20 July 2018. ... or Pontic branch, consisting of Abkhaz, Ubykh, and Circassian proper (or Adyghe). The Circassians themselves are divided into some fifteen different clans, including the Abadsakh, Besliney, Bjedoogh, Hatukay, Kabardey, Kamurggoi, Shapsoogh, and Ubykh.
  3. Papşu, Murat (2013-06-10). "Çerkes dillerine genel bir bakış Kafkasya ve Türkiye". web.archive.org. Retrieved 2021-01-17.
  4. Atlas of Caucasian languages (a pdf file) Archived 2006-03-10 at the Wayback Machine
  5. Serbes, Nahit (2012). Yaşayan Efsane Xabze. Phoneix Yayınları. ISBN 9786055738884.
  6. "Hititlerle Çerkezler Arasında Dil Benzerliği". 2003. Archived from the original on 8 December 2018.
  7. Çurey, Ali. Hatti-Hititler ve Çerkesler. Chiviyazıları Yayınevi. ISBN 9786055708399.
  8. Prof.Dr. ĞIŞ Nuh (yazan), HAPİ Cevdet Yıldız (çeviren). Adigece'nin temel sorunları-1. Адыгэ макъ,12/13 Şubat 2009
  9. "Kaynarlılar bir araya geliyor". Nart Ajans (in Türkçe). Archived from the original on 18 April 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2018.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  10. "Kaynar, Pınarbaşı", Vikipedi (in Türkçe), 2 May 2020, retrieved 3 October 2020CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  11. "Beserek, Pınarbaşı", Vikipedi (in Türkçe), 12 September 2020, retrieved 3 October 2020CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  12. "Beserek". April yanmap. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  13. "Tersakan, Pınarbaşı", Vikipedi (in Türkçe), 12 September 2020, retrieved 3 October 2020CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  14. "Kavak". Nisanyanmap.
  15. "Akören". Nisanyanmap.
  16. "Akören, Pınarbaşı", Vikipedi (in Türkçe), 21 June 2020, retrieved 3 October 2020CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  17. "Demirciören, Pınarbaşı", Vikipedi (in Türkçe), 12 September 2020, retrieved 3 October 2020CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  18. "TÜRKİYE'DEKİ ÇERKES KÖYLERİ". www.circassiancenter.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
  19. "Elmalık, Bolu", Vikipedi (in Türkçe), 4 April 2020, retrieved 3 October 2020CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  20. "Poyra, Bozüyük", Vikipedi (in Türkçe), 31 August 2020, retrieved 3 October 2020CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  21. "Yeniçepni, Bozüyük", Vikipedi (in Türkçe), 18 April 2020, retrieved 3 October 2020CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
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