Google Lunar X Prize

The Google Lunar XPRIZE (GLXP), sometimes referred to as Moon 2.0,[2][3] was a 2007–2018 inducement prize space competition organized by the X Prize Foundation, and sponsored by Google. The challenge called for privately funded teams to be the first to land a robotic spacecraft on the Moon, travel 500 meters, and transmit back to Earth high-definition video and images.[4]

For the visual phenomenon created on the Moon by lunar craters, see Lunar x.

Google Lunar XPRIZE
Awarded for"landing a robot on the surface of the Moon, traveling 500 meters over the lunar surface, and sending images and data back to the Earth."[1]
CountryWorldwide
Presented byX Prize Foundation (organizer),
Google (sponsor)
Reward(s)US$20 million for the winner,
US$5 million for second place,
US$4 million in technical bonuses,
US$1 million diversity award
Websitelunar.xprize.org
Part of a series on
Private spaceflight
Active companies
Active vehicles
Contracts and programs
  •  Spaceflight portal

The original deadline was the end of 2014, with enhanced prize money for a landing by 2012. In 2015, XPRIZE announced that the competition deadline would be extended to December 2017 if at least one team could secure a verified launch contract by 31 December 2015.[5] Two teams secured such a launch contract, and the deadline was extended.[6] In August 2017, the deadline was extended again, to 31 March 2018.[7]

Entering 2018, five teams remained in the competition: SpaceIL,[8] Moon Express, Synergy Moon, Team Indus, and Team Hakuto,[9] having secured verified launch contracts with Spaceflight Industries, Rocket Lab, Interorbital Systems, and ISRO (jointly for the last two teams).[6][10][11]

On 23 January 2018, the X Prize Foundation announced that "no team would be able to make a launch attempt to reach the Moon by the [31 March 2018] deadline... and the US$30 million Google Lunar XPRIZE will go unclaimed."[12][13][14] On 5 April 2018, the X Prize Foundation announced that the Lunar XPRIZE would continue as a non-cash competition.[15]

On 11 April 2019, the SpaceIL spacecraft crashed while attempting to land on the moon. The SpaceIL team was awarded a $1 million "Moonshot Award" by the X Prize Foundation in recognition of touching the surface of the Moon.[16]

Competition summary

The Google Lunar XPRIZE was announced at the Wired Nextfest on 13 September 2007.[17] The competition offered a total of US$30 million in prizes to the first privately funded teams to land a robot on the Moon that successfully travels more than 500 meters (1,640 ft) and transmits back high-definition images and video. The first team to do so would have claimed the US$20 million grand prize; while the second team to accomplish the same tasks would have been awarded a US$5 million second prize.[18] Teams also earned additional money by completing additional tasks beyond the baseline requirements required to win the grand or second prize, such as traveling ten times the baseline requirements (greater than 5,000 meters (3 mi)), capturing images of the remains of Apollo program hardware or other man-made objects on the Moon, verifying from the lunar surface the recent detection of water ice on the Moon, or surviving a lunar night. Additionally, a US$1 million diversity award was to be given to teams that make significant strides in promoting ethnic diversity in STEM fields.

To provide an added incentive for teams to complete their missions quickly, it was announced that the prize would decrease from US$20 million to US$15 million whenever a government-led mission lands on and explores the lunar surface.[1] However, in November 2013, the organizers and the teams agreed to drop this rule, as the launch of the Chinese Chang'e 3 probe—which landed on the Moon in December 2013—approached.[19]

In 2015, XPRIZE announced that the competition deadline would be extended to December 2017 if at least one team could secure a verified launch contract by 31 December 2015.[5] Two teams secured such a launch contract, and the deadline was extended.[6]

XPRIZE announced 5 finalists on 24 January 2017.[20] SpaceIL, Moon Express, Synergy Moon, Team Indus, and Hakuto having secured verified launch contracts for 2017 (with SpaceX, Rocket Lab, Interorbital Systems and ISRO respectively).[6][10][11] All other teams had until the end of 2016 to secure a verified launch contract, but failed to meet this deadline.[21]

The Google Lunar XPRIZE expired on 31 March 2018 as none of the five final teams were able to launch their vehicles by the deadline. Another extension of the deadline was ruled out by Google,[22] and the prize went unclaimed.[23]

Overview

Peter Diamandis, the project founder, wrote on the official web page in 2007:

It has been many decades since we explored the Moon from the lunar surface, and it could be another 6–8 years before any government returns. Even then, it will be at a large expense, and probably with little public involvement.[24]

The goal of the Google Lunar X Prize was similar to that of the Ansari X Prize: to inspire a new generation of private investment in hopes of developing more cost-effective technologies and materials to overcome many limitations of space exploration that are currently taken for granted.

History
Carnegie Mellon University lunar rover

The Google Lunar XPRIZE was announced in 2007.[25] Similar to the way in which the Ansari XPRIZE was formed, the Google Lunar XPRIZE was created out of a former venture of Peter Diamandis to achieve a similar goal. Diamandis served as CEO of BlastOff! Corporation, a commercial initiative to land a robotic spacecraft on the Moon as a mix of entertainment, internet, and space. Although it was ultimately unsuccessful, the BlastOff! initiative paved the way for the Google Lunar X Prize.[26]

Initially, NASA was the planned sponsor and the prize purse was just US$20 million. As NASA is a federal agency of the United States government, and thus funded by US tax money, the prize would only have been available to teams from the United States. The original intention was to propose the idea to other national space agencies, including the European Space Agency and the Japanese space agency, in the hope that they would offer similar prize purses.[27]

However, budget setbacks stopped NASA from sponsoring the prize. Peter Diamandis then presented the idea to Larry Page and Sergey Brin, co-founders of Google, at an XPRIZE fundraiser. They agreed to sponsor it, and also to increase the prize purse to US$30 million, allowing for a second place prize, as well as bonus prizes.[27]

Extensions of the deadline

The prize was originally announced in 2007 as "a contest to put a robotic rover on the Moon by 2012,"[3] with a $20 million prize to the winner if the landing was achieved by 2012; the prize decreased to $15M until the end of 2014, at which point the contest would conclude. The five-year deadline was optimistic about schedule. Jeff Foust commented in Space Review that as the end of 2012 approached, "no team appeared that close to mounting a reasonable bid to win it."[28] In 2010, the deadline was extended by one year, with the prize to expire at the end of December 2015, and the reduction of the grand prize from $20 million to $15 million changed from originally 2012 to "if a government mission successfully lands on the lunar surface."

On 16 December 2014, XPRIZE announced another extension in the prize deadline from 31 December 2015 to 31 December 2016.[29] In May 2015, the foundation announced another extension of the deadline. The deadline for winning the prize was now December 2017, but contingent on at least one team showing by 31 December 2015 that they have a secured contract for launch. On 9 October 2015, team SpaceIL announced their officially verified launch contract with SpaceX, therefore extending the competition until the end of 2017.[6]

On 16 August 2017, the deadline was extended again, to 31 March 2018.[7] [30] None of the remaining teams were be able to claim the Google X-Prize money due to the inability to launch before the final deadline.

Objections to the Heritage Bonus Prizes

Some observers have raised objections to the inclusion of the two "Heritage Bonus Prizes," particularly the Apollo Heritage Bonus Prize, which was to award an additional estimated US$1 million to the first group that successfully delivers images and videos of the landing site of one of the Apollo Program landing sites, such as Tranquility Base, after landing on the lunar surface.[31] Such sites are widely regarded as archaeologically and culturally significant, and some have expressed concern that a team attempting to win this heritage bonus might inadvertently damage or destroy such a site, either during the landing phase of the mission, or by piloting a rover around the site.[32] As a result, some archaeologists went on record calling for the Foundation to cancel the heritage bonus and to ban groups from targeting landing zones within 100 kilometers (62 mi) of previous sites.[33]

In turn, the Foundation noted that, as part of the competition's educational goals, these bonuses fostered debate about how to respectfully visit previous lunar landing sites, but that it does not see itself as the appropriate adjudicator of such an internationally relevant and interdisciplinary issue. This response left detractors unsatisfied.[34] The Foundation pointed to the historical precedent set by the Apollo 12 mission, which landed nearby the previous Surveyor 3 robotic probe. Pete Conrad and Alan Bean approached and inspected Surveyor 3 and even removed some parts from it to be returned to Earth for study; new scientific results from that heritage visit, on the exposure of manmade objects to conditions in outer space, were still being published in leading papers nearly four decades later.[35] However, as Surveyor 3 and Apollo 12 were both NASA missions, there was no controversy at the time.

In January 2011, NASA's manager for lunar commercial space noted on Twitter that work was underway to provide insight and guidelines on how lunar heritage sites could be protected while still allowing visitations that could yield critical science.[36] And in July 2011, NASA issued Recommendations to Space-Faring Entities: How to Protect and Preserve the Historic and Scientific Value of U.S. Government Lunar Artifacts.[37] These guidelines were developed with the assistance of Beth O'Leary, an anthropology professor at New Mexico State University in Las Cruces, and a recognized leader in the emerging field of space archaeology.[38] However, these are only guidelines and recommendations and are not enforceable beyond the possibility of "moral sanctions."[39] An organization called For All Moonkind, Inc. is now working to develop an international treaty that will include enforceable provisions designed to manage access to the Apollo sites and protect and preserve those sites, as well as others on the Moon, as the common heritage of all humankind.[40]

Nevertheless, some of the Apollo astronauts themselves have expressed support for the bonus, with Apollo 11 Moonwalker Buzz Aldrin appearing at the Google Lunar XPRIZE's initial announcement and reading a plaque signed by the majority of his fellow surviving Apollo Astronauts.[41]

Prize not won

On 23 January 2018, the X Prize Foundation announced that "no team would be able to make a launch attempt to reach the Moon by the [31 March 2018] deadline... and the US$30 million Google Lunar XPRIZE will go unclaimed."[12]

On 11 April 2019, the foundation awarded a US$1 million award to SpaceIL after its craft Beresheet crashed on the Moon.[42]

Competitors and their status as of end of GLXP competition

Registration in the Google Lunar X Prize closed by 31 December 2010. The complete roster of 32 teams was announced in February 2011. By January 2017, there were just five officially registered Google Lunar X Prize teams continuing to pursue the prize objectives, as other teams had left the competition entirely, failed to achieve a competition interim milestone, or merged with other teams:[43] Initially 32 teams were registered, with 16 teams having actively participated in all activities and only 5 teams satisfying the rule requiring a verified launch contract by 31 December 2016.

No. Country Team name Craft name Craft type Craft status as of closure of GLXP competition Ref
22 Israel Team SpaceIL Beresheet ("Genesis") lander Finalist team;[20] development;
launch under contract		 [16]
07 US Moon Express MX-1E lander Finalist team;[20] development;
launch under contract		 [44][45]
12 International Synergy Moon piggyback contract ride with Team Indus's lander[46] lander Finalist team;[20] development;
launch under contract		 [46]
Tesla rover [11]
15 Japan Hakuto[47] piggyback contract ride on Team Indus's lander[48] lander Finalist team;[20] development;
launch contract cancelled[49][50]		 [51]
Sorato[52] rover [51]
28 India Team Indus HHK-1 lander Finalist team;[20] development;
launch under contract		 [53][54]
ECA rover
01 US Odyssey Moon MoonOne (M-1) lander development;
teaming with Team SpaceIL[55]		 [56]
02 US Astrobotic Griffin[57][58] lander withdrawn from competition;[59] [60]
Red Rover[61] rover [62]
03 Italy Team Italia Amalia (Ascensio Machinae Ad Lunam Italica Arte ) rover Launch contract not secured in time [63]
04 US Next Giant Leap Acquired by Moon Express[64] [65]
05 International FREDNET[66] withdrawn [67]
06 Romania ARCA HAAS lunar orbiter withdrawn [68]
European Lunar Explorer spherical rover [68]
08 US STELLAR Stellar Eagle rover development;
teaming with Synergy Moon[69]		 [70]
09 US JURBAN JOHLT withdrawn [71]
10 Malaysia Independence-X SQUALL (Scientific Quest Unmanned Autonomous Lunar Lander) Lander/Hover Probe development;
teaming with Synergy Moon[69]		 [72]
11 US Omega Envoy To be named lander development;
teaming with Synergy Moon[69]		 [73]
Sagan rover [73]
13 International Euroluna ROMIT Launch contract not secured in time [74]
14 International Team SELENE RoverX wheel+leg robot withdrawn [75]
16 Germany Part-Time Scientists ALINA lander Launch contract not secured in time [76][77]
Audi lunar quattro rover
17 Germany C-Base Open Moon C-Rove rover withdrawn[78] [79]
18 Russia Selenokhod withdrawn [80]
19 Spain Barcelona Moon Team withdrawn [79]
20 US Mystical Moon withdrawn [81]
21 US Rocket City Space Pioneers Acquired by Moon Express[82] [83]
23 Hungary Team Puli withdrawn from competition;
 [84]
24 Brazil SpaceMETA development;
teaming with Synergy Moon[69]		 [85]
25 Canada Team Plan B Plan B Launch contract not secured in time [86][87]
26 US Penn State Lunar Lion Team[88] Lunar Lion lander + rocket-hopper withdrawn [89]
27 Chile Team AngelicvM Unity rover development;
launch contract with Astrobotic for 2020 launch		 [90][91]
29 US Team Phoenicia Storming the High Heavens lander withdrawn [92]
30 US SCSG withdrawn [93]
31 US Micro-Space Crusader LL[94] lander withdrawn[95] [96]
32 US Quantum3 withdrawn [97]
33 US Advaeros withdrawn [98]

Shortly after the announcement of the complete roster of teams, an X Prize Foundation official noted that a total of thirty one teams entered a partial registration program by filing a "Letter of Intent" to compete; of these, twenty did indeed register or join other registered teams, while eleven ultimately did not register.[99]

Terrestrial Milestone Prizes

Overview

In November 2013 the X-Prize organization announced that several milestone prizes will be awarded to teams for demonstrating key technologies prior to the actual mission. A total of US$6 million was awarded throughout 2014 for achieving the following milestones:[100]

  • $1 million (for up to 3 teams) for the Lander System Milestone Prize to demonstrate hardware and software that enables a soft-landing on the Moon.
  • $500,000 (for up to 4 teams) for the Mobility Subsystem Milestone Prize to demonstrate a mobility system that allows the craft to move 500 meters after landing.
  • $250,000 (for up to 4 teams) for the Imaging Subsystem Milestone Prize for producing "Mooncasts" consisting of high-quality images and video on the lunar surface.

Selected teams

In February 2014, a judging panel selected five teams which could compete for several interim prizes based on their proposals to achieve particular goals. The teams and their ultimate awards were:[101]

Team Landing
($1 million)		 Mobility
($500,000)		 Imaging
($250,000)		 Total Prize Awarded
Astrobotic awarded awarded awarded $1,750,000[102]
Moon Express awarded not awarded awarded $1,250,000[102]
Team Indus awarded not selected not awarded $1,000,000[102]
Part-Time Scientists not selected awarded awarded $750,000[102]
Hakuto not selected awarded not selected $500,000[102]

The five selected teams were required to accomplish the milestones outlined in their submissions through testing and mission simulations, in order to be awarded the interim prizes. The teams had until October 2014 to complete the prize requirements. The winners were officially awarded on 26 January 2015 in San Francisco.[29]

Status of teams and developments since the close of the Google Lunar X Prize competition

Teams still in competition at close

Teams were required to have verified launch contracts by the end of 2016 in order to remain in the competition. Although the contest ended without a winner, some of these teams have expressed an intention to launch in the future.

Team(s) Launch date (UTC) Launch vehicle Notes
SpaceIL22 February 2019SpaceX Falcon 9On 22 February 2019, SpaceIL and the government-owned Israel Aerospace Industries successfully launched the Beresheet lander on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket.[103][104] The spacecraft entered lunar orbit on 4 April, but its landing attempt on 11 April failed.[105][106][16]
Hakuto / ispace2021 (planned)SpaceX Falcon 9Hakuto was to have been a piggyback on TeamIndus's canceled PSLV flight.[48][107] In August 2019, Hakuto's parent company ispace announced a launch planned for 2021.[108]
Moon ExpressRocket Lab ElectronMoon Express's launch contract was with Rocket Lab.[109] The launch contracts between Moon Express and Rocket Lab were canceled sometime before February 2020.[110]
Synergy MoonInterorbital Systems NeptuneThe Synergy Moon team partnered with Interorbital Systems for their launch vehicle and launch process.[11]
TeamIndusPSLV-XLTeam Indus's launch contract was with Antrix Corporation, the commercial arm of ISRO.[111] The contract was cancelled in early 2018.[107][12]

Other teams

Three competitors who were unable to get a verified launch contract by 31 December 2016, disqualifying them from the competition, are also still planning to launch their crafts independently.

Team(s) Planned launch date Launch vehicle Notes
AstroboticApril–June 2021ULA Vulcan CentaurAstrobotic's planned mission is under contract to NASA, which would have made it ineligible under the original Lunar X Prize rules. The lander is called "Peregrine".[112]
Team AngelicvMApril–June 2021ULA Vulcan Centaur with AstroboticTeam AngelicvM signed a contract with Astrobotic in 2015 to have their rover carried on board Astrobotic's lander.[113] This arrangement was still in effect as of 2018.[90][114]
PTScientistslate 2021[115]Ariane 64The proposed landing site is in the Taurus-Littrow valley, about two miles from the site of the final Apollo 17 mission.[116][117] The lander's name is ALINA, and it will carry two small Audi rovers. In 2019, PTScientists filed for bankruptcy protection.[118]

See also

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