Energy in Vietnam

Vietnam is a dynamic developing economy, with a relatively high growth rate. The energy sector plays a key role in promoting the country's socio-economic development. Vietnam has a diverse energy fuel resource of various types such as coal, natural gas, petroleum, hydropower and renewable energy sources such as solar energy, biomass energy, wind energy, etc.

Yaly Hydropower Dam

Total primary energy supply (domestic, import) by type

Table 1: Progress of primary energy supply between 2000‑2015 in kilotonnes of oil equivalent (KTOE) [1]

	2000	2005	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015
Coal	4,372	8,376	14,730	15,605	15,617	17,239	19,957	24,608
Oil	7,917	12,270	17,321	16,052	15,202	14,698	17,700	19,540
Gas	1,441	4,908	8,316	7,560	8,253	8,522	9,124	9,551
Hydro power	1,250	1,413	2,369	3,519	4,540	4,468	5,146	4,827
Non-commercial energy	14,191	14,794	13,890	14,005	14,121	13,673	12,745	11,925
Electricity import		33	399	333	125	200	124	136
Total	29,171	41,794	57,025	57,075	57,857	58,801	64,797	70,588

Coal

Data of the Ministry of Industry and Trade (MOIT), 10 months of 2018 clean coal production was estimated at 34.35 million tons, up 10% over the same period in 2017, of which clean coal output of Vinacomin (TKV) was 29.6 million tons, up 10.9% over the same period last year.[2] By the end of 2018, TKV's coal production reached 36.95 million tons. In 2019, TKV aimed to produce 40 million tons while consumption was up to 42 million tons, exceeding 2 million tons compared to production.[3]

On 2019-04-09, the amount of raw coal produced by this group reached over 10.7 million tons (of which 10.5 million tons were exported). To meet the above figure, TKV had to import another 1.2 million tons of coal to mix, while reducing its inventory to 6.2 million tons of coal.[4]

Table 2: Vietnam's coal import volume from 2014 to 2017 (tons): [5]

Year	2014	2015	2016	2017
Total volume of imported coal	3,095,801	6,935,667	13,276,869	14,488,002

The total volume of coal imported into Vietnam from 2014–2017 reached nearly 38 million tons and has an increasing trend.[5] In 10 months of 2018, Vietnam imported 17.34 million tons of coal, worth US$2.05 billion. In terms of markets, Australia, Indonesia and China are the three largest coal supply markets for Vietnam.[6] According to the statistics of the General Department of Vietnam Customs, in 2018, Vietnam imported 23.78 million tons of coal.[7]

Table 3: Vietnam's coal balance in 2017 (million tons): [8]

Enterprise	Estimate the beginning of the period	Exploit	Import	Export	Domestic Use	Estimate the end of the period
Total	11,705	37,739	14,488	2,228	52,149	9,555
TKV	10,000	32,200	0,158	1,517	32,583	8,258
Dong Bac	0,500	5,100	0,513	0,021	6,000	0,092
Vietmindo	0,005	0,439	0	0,439	0	0,005
Formosa	0,300	0	4,006	0,173	3,833	0,300
Hoa Phat	0,100	0	1,177	0	1,177	0,100
EVN	0,500	0	3,217	0	3,217	0,500
Others	0,300	0	5,417	0,078	5,339	0,300

It is forecasted that in the future, domestic coal resources will not meet the demand for consumption in general, electricity production in particular and must be imported in huge quantities ... (2020: 86 million tons, 2025: 121 million tons and 2030: 156 million tons).[9] Mr. Sabyasachi Mishra, mineral sales manager at Tata International, predicts that Vietnam's annual coal imports will increase from 20 million tons to 30 million tons in the next one or several years, especially when domestic coal reserves are downward trend.[10]

Oil

According to the report of Petrovietnam (PVN), the total production of oil exploitation in 2017 reached 25.41 million tons, exceeding 1.60 million tons of oil equivalent compared to the Government plan assigned at the beginning of the year, but exploration increased reserves to only 4 million tons. In particular, oil exploitation reached 15.52 million tons, exceeding 1.32 million tons.[11]

In 2018, the oil production reached nearly 14 million tons (of which, the domestic oil production was about 11.3 million tons), down from the level of over 15.52 million tons in 2017.[12]

Figure 1: The amount of crude oil for export and import in the period of 2012–2018[13]

According to government statistics, in the period 2012–2017 crude oil exports were always more than imports, with an average export volume of 8.3 million tons/year, while imports averaged only about 750 thousand tons/year.

In 2018, the whole country exported 3.96 million tons of crude oil, down 41.8% from 2017 and less than half of the annual exports of crude oil in the period of 2012–2017. At the same time, imports reached 5.17 million tons, more than 4 times the figure of 1.18 million tons in 2017 and 7 times more than the annual import figure of the period 2012–2017.

In January and February 2019 the whole country imported more than 1.462 million tons of crude oil (worth US$635.4 million), an increase of more than 16 times in volume and 14 times in value from the same period in 2018.[13] The reason for the sharp increase is the oil demand for production by the Nghi Sơn Refinery.[14]

Oil production in many wells is declining naturally, due to exploitation for too long. In addition, the increase in reserves is so low that from 2018 to 2025, oil production will decrease steadily every year by 10% – equivalent to more than 2 million tons. Lack of capital is the main reason that PVN has not been able to boost oil and gas exploration activities in the past years to increase reserves. The increased output to compensate for the exploitation has reduced to a worrying level, affecting the sustainable development of Vietnam's oil and gas industry. Only a few years from 2018, the total oil and gas production will be only 1/3 of the current production.[15]

Natural gas

According to the 2018 report of the MOIT, production of natural gas has increased gradually from 2011 to 2016, but has decreased slightly in 2017 when only reached 9.8 billion m3.[16]

First half of 2018, natural gas exploitation was estimated at 5.3 billion m3, up 1%; liquefied gas was estimated at 437.6 thousand tons, up 18.5% compared to the same period in 2017. Natural gas production was likely to not increase in 2018 when output by the end of 10 months of 2018 reaches 8.39 billion m3.[16] That shows the overall picture of the mining industry in general, the gas industry in particular is increasingly gaining development, basically meeting the requirements, there is no shortage of supply.[17]
However, after 2020, Vietnam's natural gas fields will decline and it is necessary to import tens of billions of cubic meters of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) to supply power plants. Current gas fields are sufficient to meet 100% of domestic demand, but will begin to decline from 2022. Therefore, in the near future, Vietnam will have to import LPG to serve domestic demand, especially electricity production in gas power plants.[18]

Hydropower

According to theoretical calculations, the total hydropower capacity of the country is about 35,000 MW, of which 60% is concentrated in the North, 27% is distributed in the Central and 13% in the South. Technical potential (potentially feasible to exploit) is about 26,000 MW, equivalent to nearly 970 planned projects, can annually produce more than 100 billion kWh, of which small hydroelectricity comes in particular 800 projects, with a total power of about 15–20 billion kWh/year.[19]

In 2017, reports said that large hydropower power plants with capacity of over 100 MW were almost fully exploited. Plants with favorable locations and low investment costs have also been constructed. Remaining in the near future, small capacity hydropower projects will be invested for exploitation.

According to the assessment, Vietnam's small hydropower potential is about 4,000 MW, of which the source with a capacity of 100 kW-30 MW accounts for 93–95%, while the type of source with a capacity of under 100 kW only accounts for 5 – 7%, with total capacity over 200 MW.[19]

As of 2018, there were 818 hydropower project power plants in the whole country with total installed capacity of 23,182 MW. In which, 385 plants with the total installed capacity of 18,564 MW have been put into operation, 143 projects were being constructed with a total installed capacity of 1,848 MW and 290 investment projects with a total installed capacity of 2,770 MW. There are many dams and hydropower stations in Vietnam.[20]

Total final energy consumption (by sector, by type)

Table : Total Final Consumption (TFC) by source – Viet Nam (KTOE) [21]

Figure 2: Structure of final energy consumption in 2006 and 2015 per economic sector (million TOE,%)[1]

Figure 3: Final energy consumption by type of fuel in the period 2006‑2015 (KTOE)[1]

Year	Coal	Crude oil	Oil products	Natural gas	Geothermal, solar, etc.	Biofuels and waste	Electricity	Heat
1990	1330	0	2329	0	0	11868	532	0
1995	2609	0	4226	22	0	12152	963	0
2000	3223	0	6511	18	0	13413	1926	0
2005	5272	0	11333	537	0	13954	4051	0
2010	9814	0	16638	493	0	13824	7474	0
2015	11754	0	18014	1665	0	14583	12338	0
2016	14443	0	20498	1599	0	14741	13649	0

In the sectoral structure in final energy consumption figure in 2006, residential and industrial sectors took the largest percentage part, respectively 41% and 32%. However, compared to 2015 data, the industrial sector had the highest share, correctively 43% and the residential section had a reduction to 27% of energy demand. The energy consumption percentage of the transportation sector change from only 20% in 2006 to 23% in 2015.  

For the final energy consumption classified by type of fuel, the amount of electricity consumed increases significantly from 2006 to 2015. Coal consumption, biomass, oil products remain the same from 2010 to 2013. At that time, the growth rate declined significantly, from 7.6% in 2007 to 1.3% in 2012, then gradually increased to 3.5% in 2015.

Energy intensity

Energy efficiency in economic development is expressed through these indicators: Energy intensity, GDP, Final energy consumption, Power consumption, Power intensity, shown in Table:

Table : Energy efficiency in economic development:[22]

Category	2000	2005	2010	2015	2018
GDP (Billion USD by 2018 price)	44	67.85	122.4	204.8	241.4
Final energy consumption (MTOE)	25.0	35.7	48.0	54.0	63.0
Energy intensity (kgOE/1000 USD)	568	526	392	264	261
Power consumption (TWh)	22.4	45.6	85.5	151.5	192.9
Power intensity (kWh/1000 USD)	509	672	698.5	739.7	798.2

Through the data in Table 5, it can be seen that the energy intensity has decreased sharply from 568 kgOE in 2000 to less than half, about 260 kgOE in 2015 – 2018, while the power intensity still tends to gradually increasing over the past two decades, from more than 500 kWh (2000) to nearly 700 – 800 kWh (2015–2018).

Table 6: Energy intensity and power intensity of some countries:[22]

Indicator	Thailand	China	Korea	Japan	Germany	Vietnam
Energy intensity (kgOE/1000 USD)	199	231	238	154	164	264
Power intensity (kWh/1000 USD)	560	650	350	350	200	740

Renewable energy

Emissions from energy sector

After joining the UNFCCC, Vietnam conducts greenhouse gas inventories through the development of the National Notice (NC) and the biennial update report for UNFCCC (BUR). To date, Vietnam has completed the construction of the first and second NCs, BUR1 (2014)[23] and BUR2 (2017).[24][25]

In terms of actual GHG emissions, Vietnam is a country with low total global emissions, particularly in 2013, only emitted about 259 million tons of CO2e out of a total of 36 billion tons of CO2e emission of the world (equivalent to about 0.72%).[25]

In the energy sector in Vietnam, GHG is mainly emitted from fuel combustion and dispersal in the process of fuel extraction and transportation. The total amount of GHG emissions in the energy sector in 2013 was 151.4 million tons CO2e. In particular, fuel combustion activities are common in the electricity production, industry and construction, transportation, agriculture / forestry / fisheries and a number of other sectors. This is a major activity of GHG production, accounting for 86.1% of the total GHG emissions nationwide. In particular, with the consumption of large amounts of fuel, accounting for about 60% of total fuel consumption, transportation activities also emit a significant amount of GHG into the atmosphere. The transportation sector emits about 30 million tons of CO2e, the emissions increase rapidly over the years, more than doubling from 12.58 million tons of CO2e (in 2000) to 29.7 million tons of CO2e (in 2013). Meanwhile, road traffic emissions accounted for 90.9%, railway, waterway and airway traffic emissions accounted for nearly 10%, the civil aviation industry also had significant and increasing GHG emissions.[25]

According to research from the International Energy Agency (IEA), the process of using energy causes GHG emissions to account for the largest proportion, about 60% of global GHG emissions annually. Also, Vietnam's GHG emissions will increase 2.7 times and 4.6 times in 2020 and 2030 compared to 2010 emissions. One of the main measures to reduce GHG emissions in the industry energy is implementing energy saving and effective use.[26]

Table 7: Trends of emissions/removals among inventory cycles [24]

Year	Sectors (Unit: ktCO2e)
	Energy	Industrial Processes	Agriculture	LULUCF	Waste	Total
1994	25,637.0	3,807.0	52,445.0	19,378.0	2,565.0	103,832.0
2000	52,774.0	10,006.0	65,091.0	15,105.0	7,925.0	150,901.0
2010	146,170.7	21,682.4	87,602.0	-20,720.7	17,887.0	252,621.5
2013	151,402.5	31,767.4	89,407.8	-34,239.8	20,686.2	259,024.1

Table 8: CO2 emission table in Vietnam (Unit: KT-C: kilotonnes of CO2)
	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016
Total CO2 Emission	23728	25340	28504	31140	34087	34951	34784	36273	39215	47352	51893
1.CO2 Emission by Energy	23728	25340	28504	31140	34087	34951	34784	36273	39215	47352	51893
1.1 Coal & Coal Products	10149	10868	13494	14177	16529	17510	17711	19344	22393	27911	31296
1.2 Crude Oil & Petroleum Products	10248	10851	10905	12414	12354	12598	11786	11470	11269	14142	15299
1.3 Gas	3330	3621	4105	4549	5204	4843	5287	5459	5553	5298	5298
2.CO2 Emission by Sector	23728	25340	28504	31140	34087	34951	34784	36273	39215	47352	51893
2.1 Transformation Sector	7491	8010	8448	8824	11332	11000	11328	12146	13698	20309	23380
2.1.1 Public Utilities	7491	6955	7448	8214	11332	11000	11328	12146	13698	20309	23380
2.1.2 Auto-Generation	0	930	888	610	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
2.1.3 Gas Processing	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
2.1.4 Own Use & Loss	0	125	112	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
2.2 Final Energy Consumption Sector	16237	17329	20056	22316	22755	23951	23457	24127	25517	27042	28513
2.2.1 Industry Sector	7137	8726	10782	10654	11147	11717	11580	12179	14072	16319	16236
2.2.2 Transport Sector	6238	6659	7107	8460	8277	8888	8779	8622	8222	6561	7270
2.2.3 Residential & Commercial	2740	2714	2720	2750	2911	2897	2685	2929	2842	3645	4555
2.2.4 Other	121	−769	−554	452	420	448	412	397	381	516	452
Source:[27]

See also

• Economy of Vietnam
• Renewable energy in Vietnam
• Nuclear energy in Vietnam, two planned NPPs
• List of gas power plants in Vietnam
• List of power stations in Vietnam

References

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