Dian Lake

Dianchi Lake (Chinese: 滇池; pinyin: Diānchí), also known as Lake Dian and Kunming Lake (Chinese: 昆明湖; pinyin: Kūnmíng Hú), is a large lake located on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau close to Kunming, Yunnan, China. Its nickname is the "Sparkling Pearl Embedded in a Highland" (Chinese: 高原明珠)[1] and it was the model for the Kunming Lake in the Summer Palace in Beijing. Its name is the source of Yunnan's Chinese abbreviation 滇.

Dian Lake
Dian Lake
Location in Yunnan
LocationKunming, Yunnan
Coordinates24°48′02″N 102°40′17″E
TypeFreshwater
Primary outflowsPudu River
Basin countriesChina
Max. length39 km (24 mi)
Surface area298 km2 (115 sq mi)
Average depth4.4 m (14 ft)
Surface elevation1,886.5 m (6,189 ft)
Dianchi Lake (2005)
Chinese sailing junks on Lake Dian, circa 1940s

It is a freshwater fault lake at 1,886.5 m (6,189 ft) above sea level. The lake covers 298 km2 (115 sq mi). It is 39 km (24 mi) long from north to south, and the average depth is 4.4 m (14 ft). It is the eighth largest lake in China and the largest in Yunnan Province.

Etymology

The Chinese character for the lake is a phonosemantic compound of the radical 氵 ("water") and the character 真, whose current pronunciation is zhēn but whose Old Chinese pronunciation has been reconstructed as *tin in Baxter–Sagart system.[2] The character was first found in the Records of the Grand Historian as the name of Dian Kingdom. Modern studies state that the "Dian" is Bo people language's word which means basin.[3]:2 The character 滇 was use as the name of the lake since the Han dynasty set "Dianchi County" (滇池县) in 109 BC.[4]

History

Dianchi Lake was the site of the capital of the independent kingdom of the Cuan (爨) during the first millennium AD. At that time, it was known as Kunchuan (昆川).

Pollution

Pollution is a major problem for the lake. In the city of Kunming, the capital of Yunnan province, parts of which are subtropical, there was traditionally no talk of water shortage, since the city is right next to one of Asia's biggest freshwater lakes. But 90 percent of Kunming's wastewater was pumped untreated into the lake until the first wastewater plant was built in 1990. In addition, much of the marsh system around the lake was destroyed during the Great Leap Forward in a misguided effort to raise rice production by filling the marshes in with trucked-in soil. Agricultural runoff is also a major problem.

The lake water is now undrinkable despite several billion US dollars having been spent trying to clean it up. Some experts predict that over 55% of the lake's fish population has been killed off by this disease-ridden type of pollution. The water in the lake is rated Grade V (the worst grade) which makes the water unfit for agricultural or industrial uses.[5]

Biodiversity

Together with other Yunnan lakes (Fuxian, Qilu, Yangzong, Xingyun, and Yilong), Dian Lake is recognized as an ecoregion.[6] Among three major Yunnan lakes with a high number of endemics, the other two being Fuxian and Erhai, the most drastic loss of biodiversity has been seen in the Dian.[7] Of the 25 native fish species and subspecies in Dian Lake, 10 are endemic to the basin: Acheilognathus elongatus, Anabarilius alburnops, Anabarilius polylepis, Cyprinus micristius micristius, Liobagrus kingi, Pseudobagrus medianalis, Silurus mento, Sinocyclocheilus grahami, Sphaerophysa dianchiensis and Xenocypris yunnanensis.[7] Today the only endemic fish known to survive in the lake itself is Anabarilius alburnops,[7] but it is endangered.[8] The remaining have not been recorded there since the 1990s or earlier, and most of these are likely extinct.[7][9] Two other species, Schizothorax grahami and Yunnanilus nigromaculatus, are endemic to the general region, but have also disappeared from Dian Lake itself.[10][11] Among the non-endemic natives, only gold fish and Asian swamp eel still live in Dian Lake. In contrast to the status of the natives, the lake is now home to more than 25 introduced fish species.[7]

The Yunnan lake newt (Cynops wolterstorffi) was endemic to the lake, but it has not been seen since 1979 and is considered extinct.[12]

Many native hydrophytes have also disappeared from the lake.[7]

See also

References
  1. 唐卫彬; 伍晓阳 (2017-02-08). ""高原明珠"复苏记——昆明滇池迎来31年来最好水质". Xinhua Net. Retrieved 2020-10-17.
  2. Baxter, William & al. "Baxter-Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction", p. 160 Archived September 27, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. 2011. Accessed 15 November 2013.
  3. You, Zhong (1990). 云南地方沿革史 [Local History of Yunnan] (in Chinese). Kunming: Yunnan People's Publishing House. ISBN 7-222-00606-0.
  4. Wu, Zong-you; Zou, Fu-du (2000). ""滇"考" [A Historical and Cultural Study of "Dian"]. Journal of Yunnan University of Nationalities (in Chinese). 17 (4): 70–71. doi:10.13727/j.cnki.53-1191/c.2000.04.018.
  5. Kahn, Joseph; Yardley, Jim (2007-08-26). "As China Roars, Pollution Reaches Deadly Extremes". The New York Times.
  6. Freshwater Ecoregions of the World: Yunnan Lakes. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  7. Wang, Wang, Li, Du, Yang, Lassoie, and Hassan (2013). Six decades of changes in vascular hydrophyte and fish species in three plateau lakes in Yunnan, China. Biodivers. Conserv. 22: 3197–3221. doi: 10.1007/s10531-013-0579-0
  8. Chen, X.-Y. & Du, L.-N. (2008). "Anabarilius alburnops". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T135163A4069106. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T135163A4069106.en. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
  9. Nguyen, T.T.T., and S. S. De Silva (2006). Freshwater finfish biodiversity and conservation: an Asian perspective. Biodiversity & Conservation 15(11): 3543-3568
  10. Chen, X.-Y. & Yang, J. (2008). "Schizothorax grahami". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T135149A4067169. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T135149A4067169.en. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
  11. Chen, X.-Y. (2011). "Yunnanilus nigromaculatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T23175A9425121. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T23175A9425121.en. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
  12. Yang Datong; Michael Wai Neng Lau (2004). "Hypselotriton wolterstorffi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T59445A11942589. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T59445A11942589.en. Retrieved 14 January 2018.

Further reading
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