Dharma Manikya I

Dharma Manikya I, also known as Dangar Fa, was the Maharaja of Tripura from 1431 to 1462. His reign was notable for its territorial expansions as well as for his religious and cultural contributions.

Dharma Manikya I
Maharaja of Tripura
Reign	1431–1462
Predecessor	Maha Manikya
Successor	Ratna Manikya I
Consort	Nanua[1]
Issue	Raja Fa[2] Agar Fa[2] Ratna Manikya I Fifteen other sons
House	Manikya dynasty
Father	Maha Manikya
Religion	Hinduism

Kingdom of Tripura
Part of History of Tripura
Kings of Tripura Maha Manikya c. 1400–1431 Dharma Manikya I 1431–1462 Ratna Manikya I 1462–1487 Pratap Manikya 1487 Vijaya Manikya I 1488 Mukut Manikya 1489 Dhanya Manikya 1490–1515 Dhwaja Manikya 1515–1520 Deva Manikya 1520–1530 Indra Manikya I 1530–1532 Vijaya Manikya II 1532–1563 Ananta Manikya 1563–1567 Udai Manikya 1567–1573 Joy Manikya I 1573–1577 Amar Manikya 1577–1585 Rajdhar Manikya I 1586–1600 Ishwar Manikya 1600 Yashodhar Manikya 1600–1623 Interregnum 1623–1626 Kalyan Manikya 1626–1660 Govinda Manikya 1660–1661 Chhatra Manikya 1661–1667 Govinda Manikya 1661–1673 Rama Manikya 1673–1685 Ratna Manikya II 1685–1693 Narendra Manikya 1693–1695 Ratna Manikya II 1695–1712 Mahendra Manikya 1712–1714 Dharma Manikya II 1714–1725 Jagat Manikya 1725–1729 Dharma Manikya II 1729 Mukunda Manikya 1729–1739 Joy Manikya II 1739–1744 Indra Manikya II 1744–1746 Vijaya Manikya III 1746–1748 Lakshman Manikya 1740s/1750s Interregnum 1750s–1760 Krishna Manikya 1760–1783 Rajdhar Manikya II 1785–1806 Rama Ganga Manikya 1806–1809 Durga Manikya 1809–1813 Rama Ganga Manikya 1813–1826 Kashi Chandra Manikya 1826–1829 Krishna Kishore Manikya 1829–1849 Ishan Chandra Manikya 1849–1862 Bir Chandra Manikya 1862–1896 Radha Kishore Manikya 1896–1909 Birendra Kishore Manikya 1909–1923 Kirit Bikram Kishore Manikya 1947–1949 1949–1978 (titular) Kirit Pradyot Manikya 1978–present (titular)
Tripura monarchy data
Manikya dynasty (Royal family)
Agartala (Capital of the kingdom)
Ujjayanta Palace (Royal residence)
Neermahal (Royal residence)
Rajmala (Royal chronicle)
Tripura Buranji (Chronicle)
Chaturdasa Devata (Family deities)
Shamsher Gazi (Usurper)

Ascension

The eldest of the five sons of his father Maha Manikya, Dharma was not initially intended to inherit the throne. According to court histories, he had originally decided on a monastic life, abandoning material desires and embarking on pilgrimages as an itinerant mendicant.[3] It was while he was visiting the holy city of Benares in 1431 that he received news of his father's death, as well as of the violent struggle for the vacant throne which had ensued among his brothers and the military leaders. The story continues that accompanied by eight Brahmins, Dharma hastened back to Tripura. There he was welcomed by the people and unanimously chosen as the next ruler.[4]

Reign

Early in Dharma's reign, his territories were invaded by the Sultan of Bengal, Shamsuddin Ahmad Shah, who compelled a tribute of money and elephants. In turn, Dharma launched his own assault, occupying and plundering the city of Sonargaon.[5][4] Further Bengali lands were attacked by his armies, with Patrikara, Gangamandal, Meherkul and Khandal all being annexed into Tripura.[6] Around this time, Min Saw Mon, the exiled ruler of Arakan, visited the royal court. Dharma contributed both financially and militarily to the former's reconquest of his kingdom.[7]

Traditions describe Dharma as a powerful administrator as well as a patron of learning and culture; the latter of which is most evident in his commissioning of the Rajmala, a history of the Manikya dynasty. His religious zeal is also notable, shown both through donations of large amounts of lands to Brahmins, as well as by his construction projects, which include temples and the famous Dharmasagar tank in Comilla.[8][9]

Overthrow and death

Numismatic evidence suggests that Dharma is identical to the Tripura ruler referred to in the Rajmala as "Dangar Fa". This is due to coins bearing the name of Dangar Fa's supposed son and successor, Ratna Manikya I (mistakenly identified as Dharma's great-grandfather in the text),[10] place the latter's reign as being immediately after that of Dharma. This would suggest that Dharma was in fact Ratna Manikya's father and that episodes linked with "Dangar Fa" in the Rajmala are instead associated with him.[8][11]

Thus, according to the events narrated in the chronicle, Dharma divided his kingdom into seventeen parts, each to be parcelled to all but the youngest of his eighteen sons.[note 1] The shunned son, Ratna, was instead given as a hostage to the Sultan of Bengal, Rukunuddin Barbak Shah. However, Ratna allied with the Sultan and launched an invasion of Tripura, defeating his father and brothers.[12] While his other sons were imprisoned, Dharma himself was expelled from the kingdom by the new monarch. He eventually died in exile on the Thanamchi hill, to the east of Tripura.[13][14][note 2]

Notes

1. This was presumably done in fear of another fratricidal struggle over the succession.[12]
2. The Rajmala makes no mention of Dharma being overthrown and exiled, instead merely stating that he had died of smallpox.[15]

References

1. Ray (1976), p. 6.
2. Bhattacharyya (1986), p. 16.
3. Sarma (1987), p. 39.
4. Sarma (1987), p. 40.
5. Singh (1980), p. 42.
6. Ghoshal (2018), p. 333.
7. Goswami (1996), p. 20.
8. Gan-Chaudhuri (1980), p. 20.
9. Chib (1988), p. 7.
10. Sur (1986), p. 220.
11. Saha (1986), p. 168.
12. Sarma (1987), p. 44.
13. Sarma (1987), p. 48.
14. Sarma (1987), p. 53.
15. Durlabhendra, Sukheshwar & Baneshwar (1999), p. 60.

Bibliography

• Bhattacharyya, Banikantha (1986). Tripura Administration: The Era of Modernisation, 1870-1972. Delhi: Mittal Publications.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Chib, Sukhdev Singh (1988). Tripura. Ess Ess Publications. ISBN 978-81-7000-039-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Durlabhendra; Sukheshwar; Baneshwar (1999), Sri Rajmala, I–IV, translated by Kailāsa Candra Siṃha; N.C. Nath, Agartala: Tribal Research Institute, Govt. of Tripura
• Gan-Chaudhuri, Jagadis (1980). Tripura, the land and its people. Leeladevi Publications.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Ghoshal, Anindita (2018). Tejimala Gurung (ed.). In the Belly of the Tiger, almost: Mughal-Tripura Interface in the Eighteenth Century. The Falling Polities: Crisis and Decline of States in North-East India in the Eighteenth Century. DVS Publishers. ISBN 978-93-85839-12-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Goswami, Debabrata (1996). Military History of Tripura, 1490 to 1947. Agartala: Tripura State Tribal Cultural Research Institute & Museum, Government of Tripura.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Ray, Ajay (1976). Tripura, the Enchanting Land. Directorate of Public Relations & Tourism, Government of Tripura.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Saha, Sudhanshu Bikash (1986). Tribes of Tripura: A Historical Survey. Agartala: Rupali Book House.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Sarma, Ramani Mohan (1987). Political History of Tripura. Puthipatra.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Singh, G. P. (1980). The Turko- Afghan and Mughal invasions of Tripura (Hill-Tipperah) Raj (1240-1733 A.D.). The Journal of the Assam Research Society. Kāmarūpa Anusandhān Samiti.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Sur, Hirendra Kumar (1986). British Relations with the State of Tripura, 1760-1947. Saraswati Book Depot.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)