Developmentally appropriate practice

Developmentally appropriate practice (or DAP) is a perspective within early childhood education whereby a teacher or child caregiver nurtures a child's social/emotional, physical, and cognitive development.[1] It is also described as a philosophy in child education that is based on child development knowledge where professionals base their instruction and care on research, standards, and recognized theory.[2]

Concept

Developmentally appropriate practice emphasizes what is known about children and what can be done about individual children as a basis of decision-making when it comes to instruction and care.[3] It recognizes that children's needs and abilities change over time and depend on universal laws governing these to determine the propriety of practice.[3] DAP also holds that children have natural disposition towards learning, hence, they are capable of constructing their own knowledge through exploration and interaction with others, learning materials, and their environment.[4] For these reasons, early childhood programs do not look and function alike.[3]

The DAP has three core components: knowledge about development and learning; knowledge about individual children; and, knowledge about the social and cultural contexts where children grow and learn.[5] Particularly, the teacher or provider of care bases all practices and decisions on (1) theories of child development, (2) individually identified strengths and needs of each child uncovered through authentic assessment, and (3) the child's cultural background as defined by his community, family history, and family structure.[1]

Learning standard

The National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) has adopted DAP as part of its attempt to establish standards for best practice in the area of the education of children (from birth to 8 years of age).[6] This was established in a position statement, which some scholars view has contributed to the thinking and discourse about practices in early childhood programs. The statement described DAP as an "empirically based principles of child development and learning".[7]

Studies have revealed that the use of DAP has led to an increase in children's receptive language, particularly in DAP programs that include higher-literacy environment and developmentally appropriate activities.[4]

Critics

DAP is one of a number of practices associated with Outcome-based education and other progressive education reform movements. Some critics have argued that some reforms such as NCTM mathematics and Whole Language which fully support "Developmentally Appropriate Practices" are believed to introduce students to materials and concepts which may be too advanced for young children, or above their reading levels.[8] On the opposite side, some critics claim that DAP approaches use content and concepts considerably below traditional grade levels. Educators in many states implement DAP approaches to meet learning standards that were established by specialized professional associations, including in the content areas of language arts, math, social studies and science. The National Science Education Standards proposes to teach elementary school students how to construct their own experiments, whereas traditionally high school students and even college students were typically taught how to perform pre-designed experiments, but not to construct their own experiments. In the DAP environment, through intentional teaching techniques, as well as by capitalizing on teachable moments, children are engaged in authentic, meaningful learning experiences. Educators do not just teach to the whole group, but use a variety of grouping strategies, including small groups, pairs and 1:1. Individualization becomes a key component in making sure the needs and interests of each child are focused on in a DAP environment. The developmentally appropriate practice is based upon the idea that children learn best from doing. Children learn best when they are actively involved in their environment and build knowledge based on their experiences rather than through passively receiving information. Active learning environments promote hands-on learning experiences and allow children to interact with objects in their environment, as well as their peers and teachers.[9][10][11]

References
  1. Bredekamp, V.S.; Copple, C. (1997). Developmentally Appropriate Practice in Early Childhood Programs. Washington, DC: NAEYC.
  2. Gestwicki, Carol (2010). Developmentally Appropriate Practice: Curriculum and Development in Early Education. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-4283-5969-7.
  3. Bentzen, Warren R.; Frost, Martha B. (2003). Seeing Child Care: A Guide for Assessing the Effectiveness of Child Care Programs. Clifton Park, NY: Cengage Learning. p. 19. ISBN 0-7668-4063-8.
  4. Machado, Jeanne M. (2015). Early Childhood Experiences in Language Arts: Early Literacy. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. p. 140. ISBN 978-1-305-08893-1.
  5. Deiner, Penny (2009). Inclusive Early Childhood Education: Development, Resources, and Practice. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-4283-2086-4.
  6. Cohen, Lynn E.; Waite-Stupiansky, Sandra (2011). Play: A Polyphony of Research, Theories, and Issues, Volume 12. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-7618-5693-1.
  7. Good, Thomas L. (2008). 21st Century Education: A Reference Handbook, Volume 1. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. p. 396. ISBN 978-1-4129-5011-4.
  8. Ginsburg; Leinwand; Anstrom; Pollock (February 7, 2005). Witt (ed.). What the United States Can Learn From Singapore's World-Class Mathematics System (PDF). American Institutes for Research. p. 47. Because topics are mapped out in such a general way, the NCTM requirements risk exposing students to unrealistically advanced mathematics content in the early grades.
  9. National Association for the Education for Young Children (2009), Developmentally Appropriate Practice in Early Childhood Programs Serving Children from Birth through Age 8 (PDF), Washington, DC: Author
  10. Gronlund, G (2010). Developmentally Appropriate Play: Guiding Young Children to a Higher Level (1st ed.). MN: Redleaf Press.
  11. Kostelnik, M. J.; Soderman, A. K.; Whiren, A. P.; Rupiper, M. L. (2015). Developmentally Appropriate Curriculum: Best Practices in Early Childhood Education (6th ed.). Boston: Pearson.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.