Destroyer leader

Destroyer leader (DL) was the United States Navy designation for large destroyers from 9 February 1951 through the early years of the Cold War. United States ships with hull classification symbol DL were officially frigates from 1 January 1955[1] until 1975. The smaller destroyer leaders were reclassified as destroyers and the larger as cruisers by the United States Navy 1975 ship reclassification so destroyer escorts could be reclassified as frigates (FF) in conformance with international usage of the term.

Destroyer leader USS John S. McCain with 3-inch/70 Mark 26 gun and Weapon Alpha visible abaft the forward 5-inch/54 Mark 42 gun.
This article is about United States Navy nomenclature of the 1950s. For earlier terminology for similar ships, see Flotilla leader.

Background

By the end of World War I the destroyers intended to screen formations of battleships had evolved to a displacement of approximately 1,100 tons armed with four 4-inch (10 cm) guns and six or more torpedoes.[2] Italy had built three Mirabello-class esploratori (scout cruisers) approximately 70% larger than contemporary destroyers. The Washington Naval Treaty encouraged United Kingdom satisfaction with its traditional fleet of V and W-class destroyers and United States contentment with similar Wickes and Clemson-class destroyers, while the signatories with smaller fleets explored alternative warship configurations between the classical definitions of destroyer and cruiser. Italy launched three more Leone-class esploratori[3] and France responded with six Chacal-class contre-torpilleur super destroyers. Japan launched the minimum light cruiser Yūbari followed by the Fubuki-class special type destroyers 特型 (Tokugata) with endurance to escort the Kido Butai mobile force of aircraft carriers over the wide reaches of the Pacific.[4]

Germany built similarly enlarged Zerstörer when it commenced naval rearmament.[5] With the exception of the Tribal class and a few flotilla leaders, most British and American destroyers built between the world wars were smaller than contemporary Axis destroyers; but as the battleships for which the smaller destroyers had been designed as escorts faded into restricted roles in the combat experience of World War II, United States destroyer displacement increased to 2100-tons, 2200-tons, and 2400-tons to support Fast Carrier Task Force operations.[6]

Description

As the United States Navy thinned its wartime fleet following World War II, the smaller destroyers were discarded until only those over 2,000 tons remained in active service.[6] Naval architects had a few years to evaluate captured ships and combat experience before there was any need for more warships. With large inventories of destroyers and cruisers, new surface warship designs explored placing high-efficiency boilers in hulls of intermediate size. The first destroyer leader USS Norfolk was authorized in 1948 and laid down in 1949 as an anti-submarine hunter-killer cruiser based on the Atlanta-class anti-aircraft cruiser, themselves originally conceived as destroyer leaders. She was designated EDL-1 while engaged in experimental work with new sensors and weapons systems including SQS-23 sonar, Weapon Alpha, RUR-5 ASROC and automatic 3 inch/70 Mark 26 guns.[1] She served entirely in the Atlantic except for a single deployment to the Indian Ocean and cruise around the world in 1968 shortly before she was retired from active service.[7] A sister ship was authorized, but not completed after experience with the prototype did not justify repetition of the design.[1]

The next design was for an unarmored cruiser of displacement similar to Italian Capitani Romani-class cruisers to carry the new 5 inch/54 caliber Mark 42 gun. Each of the four Mitscher-class ships received somewhat different experimental propulsion machinery powered by 1,200 pounds per square inch (82 atm) (8.3 MPa) Combustion Engineering forced-circulation boilers in DL-2 and DL-3; and Foster Wheeler boilers in DL-4 and DL-5. DL-2 and DL-3 had General Electric turbines while DL-4 and DL-5 had Westinghouse turbines. All four ships began operations in the Atlantic. DL-3 and DL-5 were transferred to the Pacific in 1956. DL-3 made routine deployments to the western Pacific for as long as she remained in commission, but DL-5 was transferred back to the Atlantic in 1963 after making a few western Pacific deployments. DL-2 and DL-4 made routine deployments to the Mediterranean Sea.[8] The ships were built with AN/SPS-6 air search radar, AN/SPS-8 height finding radar, AN/QHBa scanning sonar and AN/SQG-1 attack sonar. During their first refit in the mid-1950s the AN/SQG-1 and AN/QHBa were replaced by AN/SQS-4 sonar and the secondary open 3 inch/50 caliber guns were replaced by 3 inch/70 Mark 26 guns. Later refits removed the unsatisfactory 3 inch/70 guns and Weapon Alpha.

After experimental flight operations with the Bell HUL-1 and Kaman HTK-1 aboard Mitscher in 1957, helicopter decks and hangars for the Gyrodyne QH-50 DASH were installed where the aft 3 inch guns had been. DL-2 and DL-3 underwent major overhaul at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard beginning in 1966 including new Foster Wheeler boilers, AN/SQS-23 sonar, AN/SPS-37 air search radar, AN/SPS-48 height finding radar, and the Tartar Guided Missile Fire Control System for RIM-24 Tartar missiles.[9] DL-4 and DL-5 had earlier received a new 70-foot bow section mounting the AN/SQS-26 sonar and spent the remainder of their service lives testing these prototypes until retirement, when their sisters emerged from overhaul at Philadelphia in 1968 for another decade of service as guided missile destroyers.[10]

A third class of destroyer leaders was designed after observing the performance of propulsion and weapons systems tested aboard the Mitscher class. The first three ships were ordered with three 5 inch/54 caliber guns shortly after the name change to frigates. The next three were ordered with two 5 inch/54 guns forward, and a RIM-2 Terrier missile system aft, marking the transition to guided missile frigates (hull classification symbol DLG), intended to defend aircraft carriers against anti-ship cruise missiles. All ten ships were completed with a single 5 inch/54 gun forward, an ASROC launcher where the B gun would have been, and the missile system aft; but the class was variously named Coontz for the first ship to be ordered with a missile system, or Farragut for the lowest numbered ship to be completed in that configuration. ASROC and sonar gave the guided missile frigates an anti-submarine capability that most of the World War II cruiser conversions lacked. All were reclassified as guided missile destroyers in 1975.[11]

Comparison of ships with similar missions
Name Date Number Nation Displacement Speed Guns Torpedoes
Mirabello class[3] 1917 3  Italy 1,811 tons 35 knots 8 × 4-inch (10 cm) guns 4
Yūbari[12] 1923 1  Japan 2,890 tons 35 knots 6 × 14-centimetre (5.5 in) guns 4
Leone class[3] 1924 3  Italy 1,743 tons 34 knots 8 × 12-centimetre (4.7 in) guns 4
Chacal class[13] 1926 6  France 2,126 tons 35 knots 5 × 13-centimetre (5.1 in) guns 6
Fubuki class[14] 1927 20  Japan 2,090 tons 34 knots 6 × 12.7 cm/50 Type 3 naval gun 9
Guépard class[15] 1929 18  France 2,441 tons 35 knots 5 × Canon de 138 mm Modèle 1927 7
Navigatori class[16] 1929 12  Italy 1,900 tons 38 knots 6 × 12-centimetre (4.7 in) guns 6
Regele Ferdinand class[17] 1930 2  Romania 1,785 tons 35 knots 5 × 12-centimetre (4.7 in) guns 6
Dubrovnik 1931 1  Yugoslavia 1,910 tons 40 knots 4 × 14-centimetre (5.5 in) guns 6
Akatsuki class[18] 1931 4  Japan 2,090 tons 38 knots 6 × 12.7 cm/50 Type 3 naval gun 9
Leningrad class 1932 6  Soviet Union 2,180 tons 40 knots 5 × 130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936 4
Porter class[19] 1935 8  US 1,850 tons 37 knots 8 × 5"/38 caliber gun 8
Le Fantasque class[20] 1936 6  France 2,569 tons 37 knots 5 × Canon de 138 mm Modèle 1929 9
Asashio class[21] 1936 10  Japan 1,961 tons 35 knots 6 × 12.7 cm/50 Type 3 naval gun 8
Tribal class[22] 1936 27  UK 1,870 tons 36 knots 8 × 4.7 inch QF Mark XII gun 4
Zerstörer 1934[23] 1937 16  Germany 2,200 tons 38 knots 5 × 12.7 cm SK C/34 naval guns 8
Somers class[24] 1937 5  US 1,850 tons 37 knots 8 × 5"/38 caliber gun 12
Tashkent class 1937 1  Soviet Union 2,893 tons 43.5 knots 6 × B-2LM 9
Kagerō class[25] 1938 18  Japan 2,033 tons 35 knots 6 × 12.7 cm/50 Type 3 naval gun 8
Tromp class[26] 1938 2  Netherlands 3,787 tons 32 knots 6 × 15-centimetre (5.9 in) guns 6
Zerstörer 1936[23] 1938 6  Germany 2,400 tons 38 knots 5 × 12.7 cm SK C/34 naval guns 8
Mogador class[27] 1939 2  France 2,994 tons 39 knots 8 × Canon de 138 mm Modèle 1929 10
L and M class[28] 1939 16  UK 1,920 tons 36 knots 6 × 4.7 inch QF Mark XII gun 8
Zerstörer 1936A[29] 1940 15  Germany 2,600 tons 38 knots 4 × 15 cm TbtsK C/36 naval guns 8
Yūgumo class[30] 1941 20  Japan 2,077 tons 35 knots 6 × 12.7 cm/50 Type 3 naval gun 8
Gerard Callenburgh class[31] 1941 2  Netherlands 1,922 tons 36 knots 5 × 12-centimetre (4.7 in) guns 8
Akizuki class[32] 1942 12  Japan 2,701 tons 33 knots 8 × 10 cm/65 Type 98 naval gun 4
Shimakaze[33] 1942 1  Japan 2,567 tons 39 knots 6 × 12.7 cm/50 Type 3 naval gun 15
Fletcher class[34] 1942 175  US 2,050 tons 37 knots 5 × 5"/38 caliber gun 10
Capitani Romani class[35] 1942 4  Italy 3,750 tons 36 knots 8 × 13.5-centimetre (5.3 in) guns 8
Allen M. Sumner class[36] 1943 58  US 2,200 tons 36 knots 6 × 5"/38 caliber gun 10
Gearing class[37] 1944 98  US 2,425 tons 35 knots 6 × 5"/38 caliber gun 10
Battle class[38] 1944 26  UK 2,315 tons 35 knots 4 × QF 4.5-inch Mk III naval gun 10
DL-1[1] 1953 1  US 5,600 tons 32 knots 8 × 3"/70 Mark 26 gun 4 + Mk 32
DL-2 class[10] 1953 4  US 3,675 tons 35 knots 2 × 5"/54 caliber Mark 42 gun 4 + Mk 32
DL-6 class[11] 1960 10  US 4,700 tons 34 knots 1 × 5"/54 caliber Mark 42 gun Mk 32

Evolution into guided missile cruisers

Two additional DLG classes and two similar nuclear-powered ships (DLGN) were completed by 1975 for a total of twenty additional guided missile frigates. These significantly larger ships were reclassified as guided missile cruisers (CG/CGN) in 1975.[39] By 1995 the former guided missile frigates were replaced by the Ticonderoga-class cruisers and Arleigh Burke-class destroyers.[40]

See also

Sources
  • Bauer, K. Jack; Roberts, Stephen S. (1991). Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775–1990: Major Combatants. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-26202-0.
  • Blackman, Raymond V.B. (1970–71). Jane's Fighting Ships. Jane's Yearbooks.
  • Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen (1995). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 1-55750-132-7.
  • Kafka, Roger; Pepperburg, Roy L. (1946). Warships of the World. Cornell Maritime Press.
  • Lenton, H.T. (1976). German Warships of the Second World War. Arco Publishing. ISBN 0-668-04037-8.
  • Lenton, H.T. (1968). Navies of the Second World War: Royal Netherlands Navy. Doubleday & Company.
  • Lenton, H.T.; Colledge, J.J. (1964). British and Dominion Warships of World War II. Doubleday & Company.
  • le Masson, Henri (1969). Navies of the Second World War: The French Navy 1. Doubleday & Company.
  • Silverstone, Paul H. (1968). U.S. Warships of World War II. Doubleday & Company.
  • Taylor, J.C. (1966). German Warships of World War II. Doubleday & Company.
  • Watts, Anthony J. (1966). Japanese Warships of World War II. Doubleday & Company.

Notes
  1. Blackman, p.434
  2. Lenton & Colledge, pp. 79–94
  3. Kafka & Pepperburg, p.784
  4. Watts, pp. 126–143
  5. Lenton, (1976) p. 67
  6. Silverstone, pp. 100–103
  7. Toppan, Andrew. "Norfolk". The Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  8. "A Tin Can Sailors Destroyer History". The National Association of Destroyer Veterans. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  9. "Mitscher Class". Gyrodyne Helicopter Historical Foundation. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  10. Blackman, pp. 433 & 435
  11. Blackman, p. 432
  12. Watts, p.77
  13. le Masson, pp.110&111
  14. Watts, p.126
  15. le Masson, pp.112&113
  16. Kafka & Pepperburg, p.780
  17. Earl Thomas Brassey, Brassey's Annual: The Armed Forces Year-book, Praeger Publishers, 1938, p. 264
  18. Watts, p.133
  19. Silverstone, p.114
  20. le Masson, p.116
  21. Watts, p.141
  22. Lenton & Colledge, p.107
  23. Taylor, p.43
  24. Silverstone, p.118
  25. Watts, p.143
  26. Lenton, (1968) p.13
  27. le Masson, pp.118&119
  28. Lenton & Colledge, p.109
  29. Taylor, p.41
  30. Watts, p.148
  31. Lenton, (1968) p.24
  32. Watts, p.152
  33. Watts, p.153
  34. Silverstone, p.135
  35. Kafka & Pepperburg, p.768
  36. Silverstone, p.146
  37. Silverstone, p.148
  38. Lenton & Colledge, p.121
  39. Bauer and Roberts, pp. 213–217
  40. Gardiner and Chumbley, pp. 580–585
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