Criminal law of Singapore

Although the legal system of Singapore is a common law system, the criminal law of Singapore is largely statutory in nature.[1] The general principles[2] of criminal law, as well as the elements and penalties of general criminal offences such as assault, criminal intimidation, mischief, grievous hurt, theft, extortion, sex crimes and cheating, are set out in the Penal Code.[3] Other serious offences are created by statutes such as the Arms Offences Act,[4] Kidnapping Act,[5] Misuse of Drugs Act[6] and Vandalism Act.[7]

A variety of activities ranging from smoking to carrying durians is banned on Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit system.

In addition, there is a common perception to foreigners that the Singapore society is moderately regulated through the criminalization of many activities which are considered as fairly petty or harmless in other developed countries. These include charged in state court for urinating in public,[8] littering,[9] jaywalking,[10] the possession of pornography,[11] the sale of chewing gum,[12] and sexual activity; such as oral and anal sex between men.[13] It has been claimed that one of the results of such robust regulations and interventions is that Singapore has one of the lowest incidences of violent crimes in the world.[14] In 1996, the National Crime Prevention Council of Singapore started its annual publicity campaign with the anti-crime campaign tag-line "Low crime does not mean no crime".[15]

Singapore retains both corporal punishment (in the form of caning) and capital punishment (by hanging) as punishments for serious offences. For certain offences, the imposition of these penalties is mandatory. More than 400 people were executed in Singapore, usually for drug trafficking and murder, between 1991 and 2004. Such strict laws has made the crime rate in Singapore one of the lowest in the world, with its homicide rate at 0.16 per 100,000.[16]

History

Criminal law: The Penal Code

For most of the 19th century the criminal law which applied in the Straits Settlements (comprising Prince of Wales' Island (Penang), Singapore and Malacca) was that of the United Kingdom, insofar as local circumstances permitted. There was little doubt that at the time English common law crimes were recognized in these territories. However, due to problems such as doubts as to the applicability of Indian Acts, in 1871 the Straits Settlements Penal Code 1871[17] was enacted. It came into operation on 16 September 1872. The Code was practically a re-enactment of the Indian Penal Code.

Over the years, the Penal Code has been amended several times. In 1973 punishments for certain offences were enhanced, and by the Penal Code (Amendment) Act 1984,[18] which came into effect on 31 August 1984, mandatory minimum penalties were introduced for certain offences. A major review of the Code was launched in 2006 and its subsequent update was last revised in 2008.[19]

Criminal Procedure Code

Prior to 1870 the law relating to criminal procedure in force in Singapore was found mainly in the Indian Criminal Procedure Act 1852,[20] which was applicable because the Supreme Government of India had power to legislate for the Straits Settlements. After the passing of the Penal Code in 1871, the Indian Act was replaced by the Criminal Procedure Ordinance.[21] However, in general it continued to apply the English system of criminal procedure to the Penal Code. This was subsequently found to be impracticable as the Penal Code had done away with the division of crimes into felonies and misdemeanours. Accordingly, the Criminal Procedure Ordinance 1873[22] was passed to remedy the situation. The Ordinance also did away with the procedure for indictments in favour of charges for all criminal offences; and abolished the grand jury, and special and common juries.

A replacement Code of Criminal Procedure was enacted in 1902.[23] The present Criminal Procedure Code[24] was passed by the Legislative Council of the Colony of Singapore on 28 January 1955. All criminal offences under the Penal Code or other statutes are inquired into and tried according to the Criminal Procedure Code, of which is last revision in 2010.[23]

The Penal Code
Main article: Penal Code (Singapore)

The Penal Code, which is the main statute in Singapore relating to criminal law, has over 500 sections and is divided into the following 24 chapters:

Chapter I: Preliminary.
Chapter II: General Explanations.
Chapter III: Punishments.
Chapter IV: General Exceptions.
Chapter V: Abetment.
Chapter VA: Criminal Conspiracy.
Chapter VI: Offences Against the State.
Chapter VIA: Piracy.
Chapter VII: Offences Relating to the Armed Forces.
Chapter VIII: Offences Against the Public Tranquillity.
Chapter IX: Offences By or Relating to Public Servants.
Chapter X: Contempts of the Authority of Public Servants.
Chapter XI: False Evidence and Offences Against Public Justice.
Chapter XII: Offences Relating to Coin and Government Stamps.
Chapter XIII: Offences Relating to Weights and Measures.
Chapter XIV: Offences Affecting the Public Health, Safety, Convenience, Decency and Morals.
Chapter XV: Offences Relating to Religion.
Chapter XVI: Offences Affecting the Human Body.
Offences Affecting Life.
Causing Miscarriage; Injuries to Unborn Children; Exposure of Infants; and Concealment of Births.
Hurt.
Wrongful Restraint and Wrongful Confinement.
Criminal Force and Assault.
Kidnapping, Abduction, Slavery and Forced Labour.
Rape.
Outrages on Decency.
Chapter XVII: Offences Affecting Property.
Theft.
Extortion.
Robbery and Gang-Robbery.
Criminal Misappropriation of Property.
Criminal Breach of Trust.
Receiving Stolen Property.
Cheating.
Fraudulent Deeds and Dispositions of Property.
Mischief.
Criminal Trespass.
Chapter XVIII: Offences Relating to Documents and to Currency Notes and Bank Notes.
Currency Notes and Bank Notes.
[There is no Chapter XIX.]
Chapter XX: Offences Relating to Marriage.
Chapter XXI: Defamation.
Chapter XXII: Criminal Intimidation, Insult and Annoyance.
Chapter XXIII: Attempts to Commit Offences.

The Penal Code defines the elements of each offence and prescribes the maximum, and occasionally also the minimum, penalties for it. The basic form of an offence (commonly referred to as the "simple offence" or, using Latin terminology, as the "offence simpliciter") has the lowest penalties. More serious forms of the offence are defined as separate offences and attract stiffer penalties.

For instance, theft is defined in section 378 of the Code, and section 379 makes simple theft (or theft simpliciter) an offence punishable with imprisonment of up to three years or with fine or both. Section 379A punishes the theft of a motor vehicle or any component part of a motor vehicle with imprisonment of not less than one year and not more than seven years and a fine. Sections 380 and 381 respectively make it offences to commit theft in any building, tent or vessel which is used as a human dwelling or for the custody of property; and, while being a clerk or servant, or being employed in the capacity of a clerk or servant, to commit theft of any property in the possession of one's master or employer. In both cases the penalty is imprisonment of up to seven years and a fine. The most serious theft offence is that of committing theft, having made preparation for causing death or hurt or restraint, or fear of death or of hurt or of restraint, to any person in order to commit the theft, or in order to effect an escape after committing the theft, or in order to retain property taken by the theft. The maximum penalty is imprisonment for up to ten years and caning with not less than three strokes.

Charge in court

The Attorney-General of Singapore's role as the Public Prosecutor is done by the AGC's Crime Division.

Prosecutorial discretion[25] grants AGC the power to institute, conduct or discontinue any prosecution at his discretion.[26]

In criminal law, it is the role of the prosecution to must prove the case in court against the accused beyond reasonable doubt. Basically, it is not for the accused to prove his innocence, since the accused is innocent until proven guilty beyond reasonable doubt.

In general, an accused person is usually first charged with a higher offence that may be established on the facts of the case. Then it is either plead guilty or claim trial (plead not guilty) at the first mention in the state courts. Upon engaging a lawyer (defence counsel), the defence counsel will make written representations without prejudice legally to the prosecuting authority, the Prosecution may then review, exercise his prosecutorial discretion[2] and consent to amend the charge with lesser relevant offence, a process known as plea bargain. This is where the defence counsels will engage without prejudice with the Public Prosecutor in negotiations for reduction of charges, or mitigation in plea to seek leniency from the Court.

Other significant offences

Drug trafficking

Narcotics laws established by the Misuse of Drugs Act are very strict. Anyone caught with more than 15 grams (0.53 oz) of heroin (diamorphine), 30 grams (1.1 oz) of cocaine or morphine, 250 grams (8.8 oz) of methamphetamine, or 500 grams (18 oz) of cannabis faces mandatory capital punishment, as they are deemed to be trafficking in these substances.[27] The stated quantities are the net weight of the substances after they have been isolated by laboratory analysis. Between 1991 and 2004, 400 people were hanged in Singapore, mostly for drug trafficking, one of the highest per-capita execution rates in the world. Persons caught with amounts of controlled substances less than the quantities that would warrant the mandatory death sentence may be spared from the gallows. They may, however, still face harsh penalties ranging from long terms of imprisonment to a maximum of 24 strokes of the cane (for males who are under the age of 55).

See also

Selected Singapore criminal statutes

Citations
  1. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/covid-19-coronavirus-why-some-people-not-charged-court-12811008
  2. https://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/the-public-prosecutor-politics-and-the-rule-of-law
  3. Cap. 224, 2008 Rev. Ed.
  4. Cap. 14, 2008 Rev. Ed.
  5. Cap. 151, 1999 Rev. Ed.
  6. Cap. 185, 2008 Rev. Ed.
  7. Cap. 341, 2014 Rev. Ed.
  8. Environmental Public Health (Public Cleansing) Regulations (Cap. 95, Rg. 3, 2000), rg. 16.
  9. Environmental Public Health Act (Cap. 95, 2002 Rev. Ed.), s. 17(1).
  10. Road Traffic (Pedestrian Crossings) Rules (Cap. 276, R 24).
  11. Penal Code, above, s. 292(a) (possessing any obscene book, pamphlet, paper, drawing, painting, representation or figure, or any other obscene object).
  12. Sale of Food (Prohibition of Chewing Gum) Regulations (Cap. 283, 2004 Rev. Ed.)).
  13. Penal Code, above, s. 377A.
  14. Chang, Hwee Yin (October 1994). "Crime in Singapore: A statistical comparison with major cities". Statistics Singapore Newsletter. Singapore: Statistics Singapore. 17 (2). Archived from the original on 25 December 2007. .
  15. "makingsingaporesafe" (PDF). Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  16. "Homicide rate | dataUNODC". dataunodc.un.org. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  17. No. 4 of 1871 (S.S.).
  18. https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/PC1871?ProvIds=xv-#xv-
  19. https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/PC1871
  20. No. 16 of 1852 (Ind.).
  21. No. 5 of 1870 (S.S.).
  22. No. 6 of 1873 (S.S.).
  23. https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CPC2010
  24. Now Cap. 68, 2010 Rev. Ed.
  25. Woon, Walter (29 September 2017). "The public prosecutor, politics and the rule of law". The Straits Times.
  26. "Overview of Functions". Attorney-General's Chambers. Attorney-General's Chambers. 16 June 2020.
  27. Misuse of Drugs Act (Cap. 185, 2008 Rev. Ed.), ss. 5 and 33 read with the 2nd Sch.

[1]

Further reading
  • Chan, Wing Cheong; Andrew Phang (2001). The Development of Criminal Law and Criminal Justice in Singapore. Singapore: Singapore Journal of Legal Studies, Faculty of Law, National University of Singapore. ISBN 981-04-3720-X.
  • Chan, Wing Cheong; Michael Hor; Yew Meng; Victor V. Ramraj (2005). Fundamental Principles of Criminal Law: Cases and Materials. Singapore: LexisNexis. ISBN 981-236-409-9.
  1. Civetta, Gus. "Arrest and Court Procedure". Singapore Criminal Lawyer.
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