Cistus chinamadensis

Cistus chinamadensis is a shrubby species of flowering plant in the family Cistaceae, with purple-pink flowers, first described in 1991. It is endemic to the Canary Islands, where three subspecies occur on three separate islands (Tenerife, La Gomera and El Hierro). The species has been assessed as endangered in the IUCN Red List, being known only from small separated areas and facing a variety of threats.

Cistus chinamadensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malvales
Family: Cistaceae
Genus: Cistus
Species:
C. chinamadensis
Binomial name
Cistus chinamadensis
Bañares & P.Romero[2]

Description

Cistus chinamadensis is a shrub, usually 25–70 cm (10 in–2 ft 4 in) tall. The woody stems have dark brown bark that easily frays and strips off. The upper branches have a dense velvety covering of fine hairs (indumentum), beige to off-white in colour. The oppositely arranged leaves are light green (in subsp. gomerae) or greyish green (in subsp. chinamadensis), around 4.5–8.5 cm (1.8–3.3 in) long by 2.3–3 cm (0.9–1.2 in) wide, with a pointed tip. The leaves have three prominent veins. Opposite pairs of leaves are joined together at the base by a 1 cm (0.4 in) long sheath, the outside of which is furrowed and the inside covered in hairs (as is the outside in subsp. gomerae). The upper sides of the leaves are more-or-less smooth, the lower sides rough and reticulate, to a varying degree between the subspecies.[3]

The flowers are arranged in open, slightly branched cymes, with 4–8 flowers to each inflorescence. The sepals have a short tooth, up to 3 mm (0.1 in) long, at the apex and are of two distinct sizes. Two outer sepals are around 7–9 mm (0.3–0.4 in) long by 3–4 mm (0.1–0.2 in) wide; three inner sepals are considerably larger, around 12–15 mm (0.5–0.6 in) long by 9–12 mm (0.4–0.5 in) wide. The petals are pink with yellowish bases, more-or-less rounded, about 2.5 cm (1.0 in) long and wide. The yellow stamens are somewhat shorter than the sepals. The ovary is 4–5 mm (0.2–0.2 in) high, topped by a style about 9–12 mm (0.4–0.5 in) long. In its native habitat, C. chinamadenis flowers in May and produces seeds in June to July.[3]

Taxonomy and phylogeny

Cistus chinamadensis was first described in 1991 by Ángel Bañares Baudet and Pedro Romero Manrique.[2] The species was first found at Roque de los Pinos near to the village of Chinamada in the Anaga region of Tenerife;[3] hence the specific epithet chinamadensis meaning "from Chinamada". Two subspecies were initially described, C. chinamadensis subsp. chinamadensis and C. ch. subsp. gomerae.[3] In 2005 a further subspecies, C. ch. subsp. ombriosus, was described by Jean-Pierre Demoly and M. Marrero.[4]

A 2011 molecular phylogenetic study placed C. chinamadensis as a member of the purple and pink flowered clade of Cistus species, along with some other Canary Island endemics (Cistus asper, Cistus horrens, Cistus ocreatus, and Cistus symphytifolius), although the three subspecies did not form a clade, with some analyses separating C. ch. subsp. ombriosus in particular from the other two subspecies.[5]

Species-level cladogram of Cistus species.
 
 

  Halimium spp.  

 
 
     
PPC  
     

  Cistus crispus  

 
 
     
     

  Cistus asper  

 
 

  Cistus chinamadensis  

 
 

  Cistus horrens  

 
 

  Cistus ocreatus  

 
 

  Cistus osbeckiifolius  

 
 

  Cistus palmensis  

 
 

  Cistus symphytifolius  

 
 
 
     

  Cistus heterophyllus  

 
 
     

  Cistus albidus  

 
 

  Cistus creticus  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  Halimium spp.  

 
 
  WWPC  
     
     

  Cistus clusii  

 
 

  Cistus munbyi  

 
 
 
     

  Cistus inflatus  

 
 

  Cistus ladanifer  

 
 

  Cistus laurifolius  

 
 

  Cistus libanotis  

 
 

  Cistus monspeliensis  

 
 

  Cistus parviflorus  

 
 

  Cistus populifolius  

 
 

  Cistus pouzolzii  

 
 

  Cistus salviifolius  

 
 

  Cistus sintenisii  

 
 
 
 
  Purple
  Pink
  Clade
  White
  Whitish Pink
  Clade
Species-level cladogram of Cistus species, based on plastid and nuclear DNA sequences.[5][6][7][8]

Distribution and habitat

Cistus chinamadensis is endemic to the Canary Islands. The three subspecies are found on different islands: C. ch. subsp. chinamadensis in the north of Tenerife in three locations in the Anaga region at altitudes of around 400–700 m (1,300–2,300 ft);[1][3] C. ch. subsp. gomerae in one natural location and several introduced locations in La Gomera at around 1,000–1,300 m (3,300–4,300 ft);[1][3] and C. ch. subsp. ombriosus in one location in El Hierro at 1,250 m (4,100 ft).[1][5]

Conservation

In 2011 when its status was assessed as "endangered" according to the IUCN Red List criteria, Cistus chinamadensis was known from seven locations in the Canary Islands. C. ch. ssp. chinamadensis from Tenerife was present in three locations; its population appeared to be stable or increasing. C. ch. ssp. gomerae from La Gomera was found in two natural locations and has since been introduced to four others. Its range appeared to be decreasing. C. ch. subsp. ombriosus from El Hierro was present in a single location with an area of about 1 km2 (0.4 sq mi). Threats to the species include a variety of natural hazards, such as landslides, fires and drought, and biological hazards, such as grazing.[1]

References
  1. Mesa Coello, R.; Marrero Gómez, M.V.; Carqué Álamo, E. & Bañares Baudet, A. (2013), "Cistus chinamadensis", IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Version 2014.3, retrieved 2013-03-08
  2. "Cistus chinamadensis", The Plant List, retrieved 2015-03-02
  3. Bañares Baudet, Ángel & Romero Manrique, P. (1991), "Cistus chinamadensis sp. nov. (Cistaceae) nuevo endemismo canario", Studia Botanica (in Spanish), 9: 119–128, retrieved 2015-03-06
  4. "IPNI Plant Name Query Results for Cistus chinamadensis subsp. ombriosus", The International Plant Names Index, retrieved 2015-03-08
  5. Civeyrel, Laure; Leclercq, Julie; Demoly, Jean-Pierre; Agnan, Yannick; Quèbre, Nicolas; Pélissier, Céline & Otto, Thierry (2011), "Molecular systematics, character evolution, and pollen morphology of Cistus and Halimium (Cistaceae)", Plant Systematics and Evolution, 295 (1–4): 23–54, doi:10.1007/s00606-011-0458-7CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  6. Guzmán, B. & Vargas, P. (2009). "Historical biogeography and character evolution of Cistaceae (Malvales) based on analysis of plastid rbcL and trnL-trnF sequences". Organisms Diversity & Evolution. 9 (2): 83–99. doi:10.1016/j.ode.2009.01.001.
  7. Guzmán, B. & Vargas, P. (2005), "Systematics, character evolution, and biogeography of Cistus L. (Cistaceae) based on ITS, trnL-trnF, and matK sequences", Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 37: 644–660, doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.04.026, PMID 16055353
  8. Guzman, B.; Lledo, M.D. & Vargas, P. (2009). "Adaptive Radiation in Mediterranean Cistus (Cistaceae)". PLoS ONE. 4: e6362. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006362. PMC 2719431. PMID 19668338.
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