Chronology of the expedition of Alexander the Great into Asia

This is a chronological summary of the expedition of Alexander the Great into Asia against the Persian Empire of king Darius III, with indication of the countries/places visited or simply crossed, including the most important battles/sieges and the cities founded (Alexandrias). The events of the expedition are shown in chronological order. For each event is given, separated by:

date of event,
places/cities crossed, indicated by ancient name (present name, country),
regions, provinces or Persian satrapies of the places/cities crossed, with indication of their capital cities (where appropriate).

Expedition

Date	Event	Source
April 334 B.C.	Departure of the expedition from Amphipolis (Greece)	[1][2][3][4]
May 334	Troy (Turkey)―Troades, capital city	[1][2][3][4]
May 334	Battle of the Granicus River (Biga Çay, near Dimetoka, Turkey)―Hellespontine Phrygia (capital city Dascylium (Ergili), captured by Parmenion)	[1][2][3][4]
Jun 334	Sardes (near Salihli, Turkey)―Lydia, capital city	[1]
Jun 334	Ephesus (Turkey)―Ionia	[1]
Jul 334	Siege of Miletus (Turkey)―Ionia, capital city	[1][2][3][4]
Sep 334	Siege of Halicarnassus (Bodrum, Turkey)―Caria, capital city	[1][2][3][4]
?	Lycia (Turkey)―Lycia (capital city Xanthos)	[1][2][3][4]
Dec 334	Phaselis (near Kemer, Turkey)―Pamphylia	[1][2][3][4]
?	Termessos (Turkey)―Pamphylia
Jan 333	Perge (modern Murtina, near Aksu, Turkey)―Pamphylia, capital city	[1][2][3][4]
?	Aspendos (near Serik, Turkey)―Pamphylia
?	Side (near Manavgat, Turkey)―Pamphylia
?	Kelainai (near Dinar, Turkey)―Pisidia (capital city Sagalassos)
Apr 333	Gordion (Yassihöyük, near Polatli, Turkey)―Great Phrygia, capital city	[1][2][3][4]
?	Ankyra (Ankara, Turkey)―Cappadocia (capital city Comana (Kayseri))
?	Cilician Gates (Turkey)―Cilicia
Sep 333	Cydnos River (Tarsus Çayi River, Turkey )―Cilicia	[1][2][3][4]
Sep 333	Tarsus (Turkey)―Cilicia, capital city	[1][2][3][4]
Oct 333	Soli (Mezetlu, west of Mersin, Turkey)―Cilicia	[1][2][3][4]
Nov 333	Battle of Issus, Pinarus River (Payas River, near Dörtyol, Turkey)―Cilicia	[1][2][3][4]
Nov 333	Alexandretta or Alexandria near Issus (Iskenderun, Turkey)―Cilicia	[1][2][3][4]
Dec 333	Aradus Island (Arwad, 3 km off the Syrian coastal town of Tartus, Syria)―Phoenicia(Syria)	[1][2][3][4]
Jan 332	Byblos (40 km north of Beirut, Lebanon)―Phoenicia (Syria)	[1][2][3][4]
Jan 332	Sidon (Lebanon)―Phoenicia (Syria)	[1][2][3][4]
Jan-July 332	Siege of Tyre (Lebanon)―Phoenicia (Syria)	[1][2][3][4]
?	Damascus (Syria)―Syria, capital city
???	Jerusalem (Israel)―Syria	[1][2][3][4]
Sep 332	Siege of Gaza (Palestine)―Syria	[1][2][3][4]
Dec 332	Pelusium (Port Said, Egypt)―Egypt	[1][2][3][4]
Jan 331	Memphis (Egypt)―Egypt, capital city	[1][2][3][4]
Jan 331	Alexandria (Egypt)―Egypt	[1][2][3][4]
Feb 331	Siwa, oracle (Egypt)―Egypt	[1][2][3][4]
May 331	Tyre (Lebanon)―Phoenicia (Syria)	[1][2][3][4]
?	Damascus (Syria)―Syria
?	Alep (Syria)―Syria
Jul 331	Thapsacus (Tipsah) (Dibsi Faray, Euphrates River, Syria)―Mesopotamia	[1][2][3][4]
Jul 331	Harran (Turkey)―Mesopotamia	[1][2][3][4]
Jul 331	Edessa or Urhai (Urfa, Turkey)―Mesopotamia	[1][2][3][4]
Jul 331	Tigris River (Iraq)―Mesopotamia	[1][2][3][4]
Oct 331	Battle of Gaugamela (Tel Gomel, Iraq)―Mesopotamia	[1][2][3][4]
Oct 331	Arbela (Arbil/Irbil, Iraq)―Mesopotamia (ancient Assyria), capital city	[1][2][3][4]
Oct 331	Babylon (on the Euphrates, Iraq)―Babylonia, capital city	[1][2][3][4]
Dec 331	Susa (Iran)―Susiana (Elam), capital city	[1][2][3][4]
?	Battle of the Persian Gate (Darvazeh-ye Fars, northeast of Yasuj, Iran)―Persia
Jan 330	Persepolis (Iran)―Persia, capital city	[1][2][3][4]
?	Pasargad (plain of Morghab, Iran)―Persia
Jun 330	Deh Bid Pass (Zagros Range) to modern Yazd and Esfahan, Iran―Persia/Media	[1][2][3][4]
Jun 330	Ecbatana (Hamadan, Iran)―Media, capital city	[1][2][3][4]
Jun 330	Rhagae (Rey, Iran)―Media	[1][2][3][4]
Jun 330	Caspian Gates (between modern Eyvanakey and Aradan or Tehran and Semnan, Iran, Media/Parthia border)―Media/Parthia	[1][2][3][4]
Jul 330	Alexander's detour from modern Semnan to the Dasht-e-Kavir desert (Iran)―Parthia [1]
Jul 330	Thara (near Ahuan, between Semnan and Qusheh, Iran) where the Persian king Darius III was killed―Parthia	[1][2][3][4]
Jul 330	Hecatompylos (Shahrud, Iran)―Parthia, capital city	[1][2][3][4]
Jul 330	Zadracarta―Hyrcania, largest city	[1][2][3][4]
Aug 330	Hyrcanian campaign (Caspian Sea/Elburz Range, Iran)―Hyrcania	[1][2][3][4]
Sep 330	Susia (Tus, near Mashhad, Iran)―Parthia	[1][2][3][4]
?	Nisa-Alexandroupolis (Bagir Village, 18 km southwest of Ashgabat, Turkmenistan)???―Parthia
Sep 330	Artacoana, Alexandria in Aria (Herat, Afghanistan)―Aria, capital city	[1][2][3][4]
Oct 330	Phrada, Alexandria Prophthasia (Farah, Afghanistan)―Drangiana, capital city	[1][2][3][4]
Dec 330	Alexandria in Arachosia (Kandahar, Afghanistan)―Arachosia, capital city	[1][2][3][4]
Winter 329	Alexandria (Ghazni, Afghanistan)―Arachosia	[1][2][3][4]
Apr 329	Ortospana, Kabura (Kabul, Afghanistan)―Gandara	[1][2][3][4]
Apr 329	Cophen River (Kabul River, Afghanistan)―Gandara	[1][2][3][4]
Apr 329	Kapisa, Alexandria in the Caucasus (Bagram near Charikar, Afghanistan)―Gandara, capital city	[1][2][3][4]
May 329	Paropamisus (Hindu Kush, Afghanistan) (Paropamisus is the western part of Gandara)―Gandara	[1][2][3][4]
May 329	Khawak Pass (leading from Badakhshan to Panjshir valley, 100 km northeast of Kabul, Afghanistan)―Gandara	[1][2][3][4]
May 329	Drapsaca (Konduz/Kondoz or Qonduz/Qondoz, Afghanistan)―Bactria	[1][2][3][4]
May 329	Bactra (Balkh, near Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan)―Bactria, capital city	[1][2][3][4]
May 329	Oxus River (Gozan, (Amudar'ja River, Afghanistan/Uzbekistan border)	[1][2][3][4]
May 329	Alexandria Tarmita (Termez/Termiz, Uzbekistan)―Sogdia (or Transoxiana)	[1][2][3][4]
Jun 329	Nautaca (Uzunkir, near Shakhrisabz, between Samarkand and Karshi, Uzbekistan)―Sogdia	[1][2][3][4]
Jun 329	Maracanda (Samarkand, Uzbekistan)―Sogdia, capital city	[1][2][3][4]
Jul 329	Jaxartes River (Syrdar'ya River) and Fergana Valley (Uzbekistan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan)―Sogdia	[1][2][3][4]
Jul 329	Fergana Valley with 7 Achaemenid cities-fortresses, among which Cyropolis or Cyreschata/Kurushkatha (Uroteppa, Tajikistan)―Sogdia	[1][2][3][4]
Jul 329	Alexandria Eschate (Leninabad, Khodzent, Khudzhand or Hudzand, Tajikistan)―Sogdia	[1][2][3][4]
Oct 329	Sogdians and Scythians Massagetes (Spitamenes' revolt) (north of Jaxartes River)	[1][2][3][4]
Nov 329	Maracanda (Samarkand, Uzbekistan)―Sogdia	[1][2][3][4]
Nov 329	Tribactra (Bukhara, Uzbekistan)―Sogdia	[1][2][3][4]
Nov 329	Bactra (Balkh, near Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan)―Bactria	[1][2][3][4]
Spring 328	Alexandria Oxiane/on the Oxus (perhaps Ai Khanum/Ay Khanom???) (confluence of the Amudar'ja and Kowkcheh rivers, near Deshitiqala (Badakhshan region), northern frontier of Afghanistan )―Bactria	[1][2][3][4]
?	Alexandria in Margiana (Mary/Merv, Turkmenistan) (founded by Craterus and refounded by Antiochus I and called Antiochia)―Margiana, capital city
Summer/Autumn 328	Sogdian campaigns and attack of the Sogdian settlements in the Gissarskiy (or Hissar) Range (Pamiro-Alai region, Tajikistan)―Sogdia	[1][2][3][4]
Dec 328	Nautaca (Uzunkir, near Shakhrisabz, between Samarkand and Karshi, Uzbekistan)―Sogdia	[1][2][3][4]
Mar 327	Sogdian Rock o Rock of Sisimithres (where Oxyartes and Roxana were) (Gissarskiy (or Hissar) Range, Pamiro-Alai region, Tajikistan)―Sogdia	[1][2][3][4]
Spring 327	Bactra (Balkh, near Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan)―Bactria	[1][2][3][4]
Spring 327	Kapisa, Alexandria in the Caucasus (Bagram near Charikar, Afghanistan)―Gandara, capital city	[1][2][3][4]
?	Cophen River (Kabul River, Afghanistan/Pakistan)―Gandara
Sep 327	Passo Khyber/Khyber Pass (Afghanistan/Pakistan)―Gandara	[1][2][3][4]
Autumn 327	Peucelaotis (Charsadda, north of Peshawar, at the Kabul River, Pakistan), occupied by Perdiccas and Hephaestion―Gandara, Pakistan	[1][2][3][4]
Autumn 327	Arigaeum (Arigaion), capital city of the Aspasians (Nawagai, Pakistan), Alexander campaign against Aspasians and Guraei―Gandara, Pakistan	[1][2][3][4]
Autumn 327	Massaca/Massaga, capital city of the Assacenes (Alexander campaign) (Wuch near Chakdara, lower Swat (Soastus) valley, Pakistan)―Gandara, Pakistan	[1][2][3][4]
Autumn 327	Bazira (Bir-Kot/Barikot, lower Swat valley, Pakistan)―Gandara, Pakistan	[1][2][3][4]
Autumn 327	Ora (Ude-Gram/Odigram, lower Swat valley, Pakistan)―Gandara, Pakistan	[1][2][3][4]
Autumn 327	Shang-La Pass, Pakistan (4300m)―Gandara, Pakistan	[1][2][3][4]
Autumn 327	Aornus Rock (Pir-Sar or Pir Sarai, 1600m, at the Indus River, Pakistan)―Pakistan	[1][2][3][4]
Winter 326	Modern Hund, Pakistan (the two Macedonian armies reunited)-Pakistan	[1][2][3][4]
Mar 326	Alexander's detour to Nysa (legend: founded by Dionysius) (near Jalalabad, at the river Chitral or Kunar (Euas) in eastern Afghanistan)―Gandara, Pakistan	[1][2][3][4]
Spring 326	Taxila (Takshaçila, 20 km west from Islamabad, Pakistan)―Pakistan, capital city	[1][2][3][4]
Jul 326	Battle of Hydaspes River against Porus (modern Jhelum, Pakistan)―Eastern Punjab (kingdom of Porus, Pauravas)	[1][2][3][4]
Jul 326	Alexandria Nicaea (west bank of Jhelum, Haranpur???, Pakistan)―Eastern Punjab	[1][2][3][4]
Jul 326	Alexandria Bucephala (east bank of Jhelum, Haranpur???, Pakistan)―Eastern Punjab	[1][2][3][4]
Aug 326	Acesines River (Chenab, Pakistan) (crossing between Gujrat and Sialkot, Pakistan)―Eastern Punjab	[1][2][3][4]
Aug 326	Hydraotes River (Ravi, Pakistan)―Eastern Punjab	[1][2][3][4]
Aug 326	Sangala (near Amritsar, India) (siege against the Mallians)―Eastern Punjab	[1][2][3][4]
31 Aug 326	Hyphasis River (Bias/Beas, India) (the easternmost border of Alexander's expedition, mutiny of the army)―Eastern Punjab	[1][2][3][4]
Sep 326	Alexandria on the Hyphasis (west bank, eastern border of Alexander's empire, near Amritsar, India)―Eastern Punjab	[1][2][3][4]
Sep 326	Return to Hydaspes River (modern Jhelum, Pakistan), Nicaea and Bucephala (Pakistan)―Eastern Punjab	[1]
Nov 326	Departure of the fleet at the Hydaspes River (Pakistan)―Eastern Punjab	[1][2][3][4]
Nov-Dec 326	Mallians and Oxydracae campaign (Pakistan)―Eastern Punjab	[1][2][3][4]
Nov-Dec 326	Town of the Brahmans (Harmatelia???, Pakistan)―Eastern Punjab	[1][2][3][4]
Nov-Dec 326	Siege of Multan (capital city of the Mallians (Malava)), Pakistan (where Alexander was seriously wounded by an arrow)―Eastern Punjab	[1][2][3][4]
Nov-Dec 326	Alexandria on the Indus (at the confluence of Indus and Chenab) (Uch, Pakistan) (Alexandria of Opiane???)―Eastern Punjab	[1][2][3][4]
Dec 326	Campaigns against the kingdoms of Musicanus (modern Alor, Pakistan) and Sambus (modern Sehwan, Pakistan)―Sind (capital city Thatta)	[1][2][3][4]
Dec 326	Patala (modern Hyderabad???, Pakistan)―Sindh	[1][2][3][4]
Jul-Dec 325	Expedition of Craterus from Patala to Hormuz: Patala, Bolan Pass, between Sibi and Quetta (Pakistan), Kandahar (Afghanistan), Hamun Lake, Hormuz (Bandare Abbas) (Iran)	[1][2][3][4]
Aug-Dec 325	The return of Alexander: Patala-Hormuz (with Hephaestion)	[1][2][3][4]
Aug 325	Arabius River (Hab River, crossing near modern Karachi, Pakistan)―Sind	[1][2][3][4]
?	Arabitians and Oreitans campaigns, Pakistan―Gedrosia
Autumn 325	Alexandria Rhambacia (Bela, Pakistan)―Gedrosia	[1][2][3][4]
?	Alexandria in Makarene (120 km west of Karachi, area of Hab River, Pakistan)
Autumn 325	Gedrosian Desert (Baluchistan (Makran), Pakistan/Iran)―Gedrosia	[1][2][3][4]
Nov 325	Pura (Bampur, Iran)―Gedrosia, capital city	[1][2][3][4]
Dec 325	Alexandria in Carmania (Golashkerd, Iran)―Carmania (capital city Harmozia/Hormuz)	[1][2][3][4]
Sep-Dec 325	Expedition of Nearchus from Patala to Hormuz: Patala, Karachi, Hab River, Sonmiani Bay, Ormara, Pasni, Gwadar, Jask, Strait of Hormuz, Hormuz (Bandar Abbas) (Iran)	[1][2][3][4]
Dec 325	The reuniting at Hormuz―Carmania	[1][2][3][4]
Jan-Feb 324	The return of Alexander from Hormuz to Susa:	[1][2][3][4]
Jan 324	Pasargad (plain of Morghab, Iran) (visit to the tomb of Cyrus the Great)―Persia [1]
Feb 324	Persepolis (Iran)―Persia	[1][2][3][4]
Feb 324	Susa (Iran)―Susiana (Elam), capital city	[1][2][3][4]
Jan-Feb 324	The return of Hephaestion and Craterus along the coastline of Carmania and Persia (from Hormuz to Susa)	[1][2][3][4]
Jan-Feb 324	The return of Nearchus from Hormuz to Susa: Hormuz, Qeshm Island, Mond River, Karun River, Susa [1]
Mar 324	The marriages of Susa (Iran)	[1][2][3][4]
?	Persian Gulf, Mouth of the Tigris (Iraq/Iran)―Susiana
Spring 324	Alexandria in Susiana or Alexandria of Characene, later Alexandria Antiocheia), Karka (Charax, near Al Qurnah, Iraq)―Susiana	[1][2][3][4]
Spring 324	Mutiny of the army at Opis (east bank of the Tigris, not far from the confluence of Tigris and Diyala rivers, south of Baghdad, Iraq)―Babylonia	[1][2][3][4]
Summer 324	Ecbatana (Hamadan, Iran)―Media, capital city	[1][2][3][4]
Oct 324	Death of Hephaestion in Ecbatana (Hamadan, Iran)―Media	[1][2][3][4]
Winter 323	Cossaeans campaign (Loristan/Luristan, Zagros Range, Iran)―Media/Babylonia	[1][2][3][4]
Spring 323	Babylon (on the Euphrates, Iraq)―Babylonia, capital city	[1][2][3][4]
10 or 11 June 323 B.C.	Death of Alexander in Babylon (Iraq)―Babylonia	[1][2][3][4]

References

Arrian, John Rooke; Arrian's History of the expedition of Alexander the Great: and conquest of Persia. J. Davis, 1813. 1813. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
Nigel Cawthorne; Alexander the Great. Haus Publishing. 2004. ISBN 978-1-904341-56-7. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
Waldemar Heckel; The wars of Alexander the Great, 336-323 B.C. Taylor & Francis. 2003. ISBN 978-0-415-96855-3. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
Arrian, James S. Romm, Pamela Mensch; Alexander the Great: selections from Arrian, Diodorus, Plutarch, and Quintus Curtius. Hackett Publishing. 2005. ISBN 978-0-87220-727-1. Retrieved 6 October 2009.

Bibliography

Roger Caratini, Alessandro Magno, Storia e leggenda del più grande condottiero dell’antichità, Newton & Compton editori, 2005

External links

Lendering, Jona, Alexander the Great: Chronology

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[Arrian-1] Arrian, John Rooke; Arrian's History of the expedition of Alexander the Great: and conquest of Persia. J. Davis, 1813. 1813. Retrieved 6 October 2009.

[Cawthorne-2] Nigel Cawthorne; Alexander the Great. Haus Publishing. 2004. ISBN 978-1-904341-56-7. Retrieved 6 October 2009.

[Heckel-3] Waldemar Heckel; The wars of Alexander the Great, 336-323 B.C. Taylor & Francis. 2003. ISBN 978-0-415-96855-3. Retrieved 6 October 2009.

[Romm-4] Arrian, James S. Romm, Pamela Mensch; Alexander the Great: selections from Arrian, Diodorus, Plutarch, and Quintus Curtius. Hackett Publishing. 2005. ISBN 978-0-87220-727-1. Retrieved 6 October 2009.