Charters of Freedom

The term Charters of Freedom is used to describe the three documents in early American history which are considered instrumental to its founding and philosophy. These documents are the United States Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights. While the term has not entered particularly common usage, the room at the National Archives Building in Washington, D.C. that houses the three documents is called the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom.

The Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom in the National Archives building

The National Archives preserves and displays the texts in massive, bronze-framed, bulletproof, moisture-controlled sealed display cases in a rotunda style room by day and in multi-ton bomb-proof vaults by night.[1] The ‘Charters of Freedom’ are flanked by Barry Faulkner’s two grand murals, one featuring Thomas Jefferson amidst the Continental Congress, the other centering on James Madison at the Constitutional Convention. Alongside the Charters of Freedom is a dual display of the "Formation of the Union", which is documents related to the evolution of the U.S. government from 1774 to 1791. These include Articles of Association (1774), Articles of Confederation (1778), Treaty of Paris (1783) and Washington's First Inaugural Address (1789).[2]

History of the documents

Declaration of Independence
Main article: Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence

Constitution

At first there was little interest in the parchment object itself. James Madison had custody of it as Secretary of State (1801-9) but having left Washington DC, he had lost track of it in the years leading to his death. A publisher had access to it in 1846 for a book on the Constitution. In 1883, historian J. Franklin Jameson found the parchment folded in a small tin box on the floor of a closet at the State, War and Navy Building. In 1894 the State Department sealed the Declaration and Constitution between two glass plates and kept them in a safe.[2]

The two parchment documents were turned over to the Library of Congress by executive order, and in 1924, President Coolidge dedicated the bronze-and-marble shrine for public display of the Constitution at the library's headquarters. The parchments were laid over moisture-absorbing cellulose paper, vacuum-sealed between double panes of insulated plate glass, and protected from light by a gelatin film. Although building construction of the Archives Building was completed in 1935, in December 1941 they were moved from the Library of Congress and stored at the U.S. Bullion Depository, Fort Knox, Kentucky, until September 1944. In 1951, following a study by the National Bureau of Standards to protect from atmosphere, insects, mold and light, the parchments were re-encased with special light filters, inert helium gas and proper humidity. They were transferred to the National Archives in 1952.[2]

Since 1952, the "Charters of Freedom" have been displayed in the Rotunda of the National Archives Building. Visual inspections have been enhanced by electronic imaging. Changes in the cases led to removal from their cases in July 2001, preservation treatment by conservators, and installment in new encasements for public display in September 2003.[3][4][5]

Original errata

During its first century, the parchment "Copy of the Constitution" was not directly viewed for public purposes, and most of the penned copies sent to the states are lost.[6]

But on inspection of one of the remaining copies held at the National Archives, there is an apparent spelling error in the original parchment Constitution, in the so-called Export Clause of Article 1, Section 10 on page 2, where the possessive pronoun its appears to be spelled with an apostrophe, turning it into it's.[7] However, the letters t and s are connected, and the mark interpreted as an apostrophe is somewhat inconspicuous; different U.S. government sources have transcribed this phrase with and without the apostrophe.[8][9]

The spelling Pensylvania is used in the list of signatories at the bottom of page 4 of the original document. Elsewhere, in Article 1, Section 2, the spelling that is usual today, Pennsylvania, is used. However, in the late 18th century, the use of a single n to spell "Pennsylvania" was common usage — the Liberty Bell's inscription, for example, uses a single n.[7]

Bill of Rights
Main article: United States Bill of Rights

Formation of the Union documents

The "Formation of the Union" display contains documents related to the evolution of the U.S. government from 1774 to 1791.

Articles of Association (1774)
Main article: Continental Association

Articles of Confederation (1778)
Main article: Articles of Confederation

Treaty of Paris (1783)
Main article: Treaty of Paris (1783)

Washington’s Inaugural Address
Main article: First inauguration of George Washington

Preservation of the Charters of Freedom
NASA Langley researcher James West looks for the first signs of water vapor condensation in the encasement of the U.S. Constitution.

In 1952, the Charters were sealed in specially prepared airtight enclosures of tinted glass filled with humidified helium to protect the documents,[10] along with 12 sheets of paper custom-made by the National Bureau of Standards.[11] However, in the late 1980s, archivists began to notice signs of deterioration in the Charters.[12] Micro-droplets of liquid and tiny white crystals were forming (in a process known as crizzling) on the surface of the protective glass, and it was feared that they might continue growing if left unchecked,[13] and could be a sign of unexpected moisture inside the enclosure.[14]

In 1998, NASA Langley researcher Dr. Joel S. Levine was asked by the National Archives and Records Administration to form and lead a team to identify the precise cause and origin of the crystals, without opening the encasements, if at all possible.[15] Additionally, his team was asked to try to answer the following:

  1. Had the helium gas used to protect the Charters leaked out of the hermetically sealed encasements?
  2. Did chemically corrosive air (with its variety of acids, humidity, and trace elements of ozone) leak in?
  3. What was the relative humidity in the encasement atmospheres?

In order to ensure reliability of his methods and measurements, Levine decided to split his team into three groups, each of which would work independently of each other.[16] Two of the teams would use non-invasive measurement techniques to study the atmosphere through the glass encasement, while the third team would determine the chemical composition of extracted samples from each case. All of the teams would be made completely unaware of the others’ methods and findings until the very end, to insure complete scientific independence. Ultimately, all teams produced very consistent results.[17]

"Mini-cooler" used to determine the relative humidity of the atmosphere in the encasement of the U.S. Constitution.

One method employed by Levine's task force was the use of laser spectroscopy, which non-invasively measured helium and relative humidity using advanced technology originally developed by NASA to measure trace gases in the Earth's atmosphere, and chemical impurities and moisture levels in wind tunnels.[16] Another method employed by the second team was the use of a "mini-cooler," or dew-point hygrometer,[18] which cooled an extremely small, localized portion of the glass encasement, and measured the resulting condensation to determine interior humidity.[19] The third team directly measured the gas content when the encasement was opened in March 2000.[20] All three methods showed nearly identical measurements, confirming that the results were legitimate.

Levine's team presented their findings to NARA in 2002. They ultimately discovered that the helium atmosphere in the hermetically sealed encasements contained significantly more water vapor than previously believed. Levine said: "There is nearly twice as much water vapor in the atmosphere around the documents as there should be. Too much water vapor in a closed system like an encasement can cause the glass to chemically decompose, which will lead to the deterioration of the documents."[17] The elevated concentration of water vapor reacted with the encasement glass, resulting in the leaching of alkaline material from the surface material, which formed into the tiny white spots seen in the encasements. The cause for this increase in water vapor was eventually tracked back to the sheepskin backing paper, which soaked up excess moisture on the day the Charters were originally sealed in the 1950s, during an unusually humid week. Once the Charters were sealed, the backing paper slowly released the excess water vapor it had soaked up, causing the internal humidity to rise.[15]

In 2002, in an effort to better preserve all three documents, the Charters of Freedom were removed from their original encasements and placed in newly constructed, hermetically sealed encasements in an argon atmosphere with a relative humidity of only 25 to 35%.[21]

"The U.S. Constitution is one of the most important documents in the history of the world. It was an honor and a privilege to be asked to perform this research," said Levine. "We’re happy we were able to apply technology, originally developed at Langley for atmospheric science, remote sensing, laser spectroscopy and wind tunnel measurements, to ensure the future stability of the Charters of Freedom."[10][22]

References
  1. Wood, Gordon S., Dusting off the Declaration, The New York Review of Books, Aug 14, 1997
  2. National Park Service, Signers of the Constitution: Text and History Books on line series, viewed September 18, 2011.
  3. Since 1987, inspections were enhanced by an electronic imaging monitoring system developed for NARA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California. In 1995, conservators noticed changes in the glass encasements of the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights. Glass experts from Libby-Owens-Ford (the original manufacturer of the encasement glass) and the Corning Glass Museum identified signs of deterioration. Both the glass experts and the National Archives Advisory Committee on Preservation recommended that the Charters be re-encased by 2002 for document safety. (NARA website)
  4. National Archives publication, Archives building history Archived 2012-01-06 at the Wayback Machine. Viewed August 19, 2011.
  5. The Archives were set up by Franklin Roosevelt in 1934. It keeps 1-3% of government documents to be kept forever. These are over 9 billion text records, 20 million photographs, 7 million maps, charts, and architectural drawings and over 365,000 reels of film. The monumental Archives Building was inadequate by the 1960s, so new facilities were built in College Park, MD. Work on electronic archives progresses. Fitzpatrick, Laura., A Brief History of The National Archives, Thursday, May 21, 2009. Viewed August 19, 2011.
  6. National Park Service, Signers of the Constitution: Text and History Books on line series, viewed September 18, 2011. Although there is a case of textual examination by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams and others in 1823 for reference in a political dispute over punctuation due to the many copies and editions available. The Archives also holds an original parchment of the Bill of Rights, "differing only in such details as handwriting, capitalization, and lineation" with those sent out to the states, few of which survive.
  7. Misspellings in the U.S. Constitution. U.S. Constitution Online.
  8. Transcription using it's with an apostrophe: "The United States Constitution" Archived 2010-01-29 at the Wayback Machine. U.S. House of Representatives.
  9. Transcription using its without an apostrophe: "Constitution of the United States". U.S. Senate.
  10. "NASA - NASA Helps Preserve Our Nation's History". www.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  11. "NOVA | Saving the National Treasures | A Conservative Approach | PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  12. "A New Era Begins for the Charters of Freedom". National Archives. 2016-08-15. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  13. "NOVA | Transcripts | Saving the National Treasures | PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  14. Street Journal, June KronholzStaff Reporter of The Wall (2002-07-03). "America's Cornerstone Documents Get Touch Up -- and New Container". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  15. "NASA Destination Tomorrow - DT11 - Charters of Freedom". DVIDS. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  16. Lorentz, Katie (ed.). "NASA Uses Mini Freezer and More to Solve Big Whodunit". www.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  17. "NASA - NASA Helps Preserve Our Nation's History". www.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  18. Test Method of Measuring Humidity with Cooled-Surface Condensation (Dew-Point) Hygrometer, ASTM International, doi:10.1520/d4230-02r07, retrieved 2021-01-04
  19. "NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)". ntrs.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  20. "NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)". ntrs.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  21. "Erratum". Journal of Heredity. 97 (3): NP. 2006-05-01. doi:10.1093/jhered/esj039. ISSN 1465-7333.
  22. "Space-Age Technology Peeks At American History". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
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