Blue bird-of-paradise

The blue bird-of-paradise (Paradisornis rudolphi) is a beautiful, relatively large species of bird-of-paradise. It is the only species in the genus Paradisornis, but was previously included in the genus Paradisaea.

Blue bird-of-paradise
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Paradisaeidae
Genus: Paradisornis
Species:
P. rudolphi
Binomial name
Paradisornis rudolphi
(Finsch & A.B. Meyer, 1885)
Range of P. rudolphi
Synonyms

It is often regarded as one of the most fabulous and extravagant of all birds of the world, with its glorified and fancy flank feathers present only in males and also their two long wires also only found in the males.

Etymology

The former generic name, Paradisaea, simply means "paradise", referring to the birds' exoticness and altogether, their appearance and their habitat. The new and current generic name is Paradisornis, which means "paradise bird". The specific name, rudolphi, commemorates Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria. The subspecies' names include margaritae, which honors Margaret Fitzell Gilliard, the wife of Ernest Thomas Gilliard, an ornithologist and museum curator, and ampla, which means "splendid" or "large".

Description
Nominate male specimen at the Naturalis Biodiversity Center. More of its sexual ornamentation can be seen ventrally.

Arguably one of the most fabulous of its family, the blue bird-of-paradise is among the larger birds-of-paradise, being around 30 cm, or a little over a foot in length (excluding the long tail wires), rivaling some of the Paradisaea and Manucodia species. Unlike the Paradisaea birds, the male is mostly glossy black overall with silver-white crescents surrounding the eyes (in both sexes). They have a very crow-like bill that is whiteish to light greyish in color. The back of the head has a reddish gloss that stretches down to the mantle, or back. A defining feature found in both sexes are the shiny, blue wings that are more commonly light blue but can range from light blue, aqua or even a skyish-baby blue; the tail is also like this. Stretching from the tail are two blackish and elongated wires with small, whitish spatulate tips similar Paradisaea males' wires. The most brilliant and distinctive feature present on the male are the fine, silky elongated flank plumes that are mainly a dull amber color on the surface; below, they are a light blue, based by two dark crimson lines on each side of the lower belly. These elegant features help the male create an illusion for his potential audience. The female, however, is more or less similar to the male; of course, she lacks the opulent flank plumes and tail wires present on the male, but she does sport bright blue wings and tail feathers like the male. Instead of having an all-black underside, she is chestnut-brown below with blackish barring. Her head and neck are more duller also, with only a faint reddish gloss present. They have purplish-grey legs and feet and greyer claws. the wires on the blue bird-of-paradise are 25 inches long.

Behavior and ecology

Diet

The blue bird-of-paradise is mainly a frugivorous species, feeding on a good variety of fruits like figs, drupes, berries, but animal prey is also present in the diet; it includes insects, but also likely takes some vertebrates like reptiles. They typically feed alone, though females and juveniles are more likely to feed in trees in association with other birds or other species. They are shown to search high in the canopy when seeking fruits, and apparently forage at lower altitudes when in search of their animal prey.[2]

Courtship and breeding
A male specimen preserved in its display posture. The bird arranges itself upside down and spreads out its glorious "fountain" of blue flank plumes, with a black and red-edged oval in or near the center of the figure, and two elongated, bulbous-tipped tail wires flailing around its body.

The male is polygamous and performs a breathtaking courtship display. But unlike most other birds of paradise species, he performs solitary on a preferably thin branch, while an attending female observes nearby. In the display, the male hangs from a branch upside down. The black oval with red margin at the center of his chest is rhythmically enlarged and contracted. His violet blue plumes spread out in a fan, looking like an apron, swaying its body back and forth while the black wires form two impressive arches down to either side. During this display, he continuously makes a soft, insect-like buzzing noise, mixed with a chittering or chattering noise to rope the female back in if she moves away.

The nesting and parental duties are covered only by the females; she builds her nest with stems, twigs, palm leaves, vines and other materials all by herself, usually in a flat cup-like shape. They mostly lay one egg, but two are less occasional, and the mother is very defensive of her brood. The eggs are described to be a salmon-type color, with the ends being ringed with flecks of cinnamon-rufous to tawny.[3]

Hybridization

The blue bird-of-paradise is known to have hybridized with Lawes's parotia (Parotia lawesii), which is called "Schodde's Bird-of-paradise",[4] and also with the Raggiana bird-of-paradise (Paradisaea raggiana).

Subspecies and taxonomy

The blue bird-of-paradise was formerly assigned to the Paradisaea genus, though it was initially described as Paradisornis rudolphi. According to the Handbook of the Birds of the World, the species was put back in its monospecific genus on account of its distinct plumage, vocal abilities, and displaying behavior.[5] Its genus is a sister genus to Paradisaea. It is also more closely related to the Cicinnurus species than the Paradisaea members are. It has two valid subspecies:

  • Paradisornis rudolphi rudoolphi, which is found in southeastern New Guinean highlands
  • Paradisornis rudolphi margaritae, found in eastern-central New Guinean mountains.

Note: a third subspecies, ampla, is currently synonymized with the nominate race.

Status and Conservation

Due to ongoing habitat loss, limited range, small population size and, in some areas, by hunting for its highly prized plumes, the rare blue bird-of-paradise is classified as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[1] It is listed on Appendix II of CITES. Its population is thought to have a decreasing trend, estimated to be anywhere from 2,500 to 9,999 individuals.

  • Perched male.
  • Ventral view of a nominate female specimen. Note its lack of flank plumes and tail wires that the male sports.
  • Side view of a female specimen. The female, like the male, has blue wings and tail.
  • Male specimen.
  • Side view of a male specimen.
  • Illustration of two male blue birds-of-paradise.
  • Male specimen in a perched position.
  • Illustration of two male and a female, most likely an early conception of the species.

References
  1. BirdLife International (2013). "Paradisaea rudolphi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  2. "Blue Bird-of-paradise (Paradisornis rudolphi)". www.hbw.com. Retrieved 2019-10-01.
  3. Smithe, M. (1975). "Color codes for naturalists". American Museum of Natural History, New York.
  4. Frith, Clifford B.; Frith, Dawn W. (1996-09-18). "Description of the unique Parotia lawesii x Paradisaea rudolphi hybrid Bird of Paradise (Aves: Passeriformes: Paradisaeidae)". Records of the Australian Museum. 48 (2): 111–116. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.48.1996.283. ISSN 0067-1975.
  5. "Taxonomic structure and notes | HBW Alive". www.hbw.com. Retrieved 2019-10-11.
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