Battle of Curupayty

Battle of Curupayty
	Part of the Paraguayan War
	; Paraguayan artillery firing at allied forces.; Painting by Cándido López
Date	September 22, 1866
Location	Curupaity, Paraguay
Result	Paraguayan victory Allied attack repelled;; Massacre of Allied troops;; Biggest defeat of the allied troops in the war;; Allied advance stalled.;
Belligerents
Paraguay Paraguayan Army;	Empire of Brazil Imperial Army; Imperial Navy; ; Argentina Argentine Army;
Commanders and leaders
José E. Díaz;	Bartolomé Mitre; Marquis of Tamandaré; Count of Porto Alegre
Strength
5,000; 49 cannons[1];	11,000 Brazilians; 9,000 Argentines; 8 Ironclads and 3 Gunboats Imperial Navy[1];
Casualties and losses
54 killed; 38 wounded[1]	2,225 Argentinian casualties; 2,002 Brazilian casualties[1]

The Battle of Curupayty was a key battle in the Paraguayan War. On the morning of September 22, 1866, the joint force of Brazilian, Argentine, and Uruguayan armies attacked Paraguayan fortified trenches on Curupaity. The Paraguayans were led by General José E. Díaz. This position was held by 5,000 men and 49 cannons, some of them in hidden places out of the attackers view. The Brazilian Navy gave support to the 20,000 assailants, but the ships had to keep some distance from the guns at the fortress of Humaitá, which led to the lack of accuracy and impact of the ship's fire. The navy's failure was crucial at the later ground battle result.[1]^:61–62

The Paraguayans were also successful in misleading their foes: a trench drew most of the Brazilian fire, but the Paraguayan troops were located elsewhere. Around 20 percent of the almost 20,000 allied (Brazilian and Argentine) troops involved in the attack were lost; Paraguay lost less than a hundred men. The utter failure resulted in the change of the Allied command. Paraguay's biggest success in the ultimately disastrous war was limited because its military leader Francisco Solano López did not counterattack the defeated Allies; not even a general as celebrated as Díaz would attack without López's orders. Ultimately, the battle of Curupayty was merely a sidenote and temporary success in what would eventually become a near-extermination of the Paraguayan people.

Opposing Forces

Naval bombardment

The 22 September attack started with a bombardment by Admiral Joaquim Marques Lisboa, Marquis of Tamandaré 's fleet at 07:00 which lasted until noon, but with little effect. Participating in the attack were the ships Brasil, Barroso, Tamandare, Ipiranga, Belmonte, Parnaiba, Pedro Affonso, Forte de Coimbra, and the gunboats No. 1, 2, and 3. Despite the firing of 5,000 bombs and shells, only one Paraguayan gun was damaged.[1]^:63–64

Allied land attack

Bartolomé Mitre warned that the Imperial fleet had finished his cannonade and assuming that the Paraguayan positions were to be destroyed, he ordered the advance. The right wing was composed of two columns of Argentinians, under the command of Gen. Emilio Mitre and Gen. Wenceslao Paunero. The left wing was composed of two columns of Brazilians under the command of Gen. Albino de Carvalho and Col. Augusto Caldas. The center Brazilians were commanded by Col. Lucas de Lima.[1]^:63

Gen. Polidoro Jordão was to attack the Paraguayan defenses at Paso Gomez, along the Estero Rojas, with 20,000 Brazilians. Gen. Venancio Flores was to take a cavalry force in a flanking movement against the Paraguayan's on the Allied right.[1]^:63 Once the Allied soldiers had crossed two ditches, and were reaching the top of the wall, they were within reach of the Paraguayan artillery; Díaz ordered the artillery to fire with grape, canister, and shell shot. This inflicted heavy casualties amongst the Allied troops who were slowly advancing in dense formations through the muddy terrain. Allied soldiers could not get close to the wall of the Paraguayan fort, with only 60 making it, who were soon killed.[1]^:64 By 14:00, the attack was abandoned, and by 17:00, the Allied army was back in Curuzu.[1]^:64

Aftermath

The Allied offensive was halted for ten months, until July 1867. Cholera epidemics struck the area in March 1866 and September 1867. Open revolt against the war started in Argentina by January 1867, forcing President Mitre to send "The Army of Pacification" of 4,000 under Paunero's (es) command. Disturbances in Uruguay forced the recall of Gen. Flores, who was subsequently assassinated.[1]^:65

Gallery

Attack of the Brazilian Imperial Navy on the Curupayti batteries.
March of the Argentine Army to take positions for the attack on Curupaytí.
First attack by the Brazilian Army against Curupaytí.
Second attack of the Brazilian Army against Curupaytí.
Paraguayan fortification of Curupaytí.
Paraguayan Army resists the Allied offensive in the trenches.
First attack by the Argentine Army on Curupaytí.
Argentine Army moves for second attack.
Tragedy of the Allied Armies in Curupaytí.

References

Hooker, T.D., 2008, The Paraguayan War, Nottingham: Foundry Books, ISBN 1901543153

Robert L, Robert L. (2003). Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899. Dulles, Virginia: Brassey's. ISBN 978-1-57488-451-7.

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[Hooker-1] Hooker, T.D., 2008, The Paraguayan War, Nottingham: Foundry Books, ISBN 1901543153