August 1971

August 1, 1971 (Sunday)
  • In New York City, 40,000 people attended the Concert for Bangladesh, a pair of fundraising concerts organized by former Beatle George Harrison and Indian sitar player Ravi Shankar in order to raise money for UNICEF to provide humanitarian relief to refugees of Bangladesh.[1] Other musical performers for the concerts at New York's Madison Square Garden were Ringo Starr, Bob Dylan, Eric Clapton, Billy Preston, Leon Russell and the band Badfinger.[2]
  • The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour, starring husband-and-wife singing duo Salvatore "Sonny" Bono and Cherilyn "Cher" Lapiere, premiered as a summer replacement series on the CBS network, to run for six consecutive summer nights. The variety show was popular enough that it would be added to the CBS regular schedule in December.[3]
  • The Fallen Astronaut sculpture and plaque, honoring American astronauts and Soviet cosmonauts who had been killed, was placed on the surface of the Moon by the Apollo 15 astronauts. Mission commander Dave Scott disclosed on August 12, after the return of Apollo 15, that "In a small subtle crater, there is a simple plaque with 14 names — the names of all the astronauts and cosmonauts who have died in the pursuit of exploration of space." He added that the plaque had been left in a small crater 20 feet (6.1 m) north of the Rover lunar car that was left on the Moon.[4]
  • The archivists of the yet-to-be-built John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum announced that it was making available almost all of the late President Kennedy's White House files, consisting of 3.3 million pages of documents at the Federal Records Center in Waltham, Massachusetts, and covering the period of Kennedy's presidency from January 20, 1961, to November 22, 1963. The only exception was papers still classified as secret.[5]
  • The German Grand Prix at the Nürburgring was won by Jackie Stewart.[6][7]
  • The Nullity of Marriage Act 1971 came into effect in the United Kingdom and provided three different bases for annulment of a marriage that had been approved in a marriage ceremony.[8]

August 2, 1971 (Monday)
  • Hours before Apollo 15's lunar module Falcon lifted off from the Moon, U.S. astronaut David Scott gave a demonstration of Galileo Galilei's 1589 discovery regarding free fall, specifically that "in the absence of air resistance, all objects experience the same acceleration due to gravity". During a telecast back to Earth, Scott released a hammer and a feather simultaneously to show that both would fall at the same rate and strike the ground at the same time.[9] The lunar module lifted off with astronauts Scott and Irwin at 17:11 GMT (12:11 p.m. EST), docked with the lunar orbiter two hours later at 19:10.[10]
  • By a margin of one vote, the U.S. Senate approved legislation for the government to guarantee one quarter of a billion dollars in bank loans to the financially ailing Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, three days after the House of Representatives had approved the measure by only three votes. The vote in the Senate was 49 to 48 in favor, and the vote in the House on July 30 had been 192 to 189. The bill was then sent on to U.S. President Richard M. Nixon, who had advocated the $250,000,000 rescue of Lockheed, for his signature.[11]
  • U.S. Secretary of State William P. Rogers announced that the United States would support the entry of the People's Republic of China as a member of the United Nations, reversing a policy of almost 22 years of opposing representation by China's Communist government in the UN. Rogers declared that the U.S. would oppose the expulsion from the UN of the Republic of China, based on the island of Taiwan, which had claimed to represent the interests of the world's most populous nation even after being forced to abandon the mainland.[12]
  • Born: Ruth Lawrence, English child prodigy who graduated Oxford University at the age of 13 and became a mathematician; in Brighton[13]
  • Died: W. O. Bentley, 82, English car designer who founded Bentley Motors Ltd. [14]

August 3, 1971 (Tuesday)
  • BOAC Flight 600, a Boeing 747 flying from Montreal to London, was diverted to Denver, Colorado, because of a bomb hoax inspired by the recent showing on TV of a 1966 film, The Doomsday Flight,[15] and perhaps by a similar hoax involving Qantas Flight 755 on May 26. The aircraft, with 361 passengers and 22 crew, travelled 3,200 miles (5,100 km) out of its way to land in Denver, because the extortionist claimed that the bomb would be triggered if the altimeter fell below 5,000 feet (1,500 m). Denver's Stapleton International Airport was built at an elevation of 5,333 feet (1,625 m), a plot point the film, which had been shown on July 24 on Montreal's CFCF-TV station.[16]
  • Died:

August 4, 1971 (Wednesday)
  • Morocco's King Hassan II announced the firing of his entire cabinet of advisors and the abolition of the office of Director General of the Royal Cabinet, higher in rank than the Prime Minister. Director General Driss Slaoui, Prime Minister Ahmed Laraki and Interior Minister Mohammed Oufkir were all fired, less than a month after the attempted coup d'etat against King Hassan.[18]
  • Apollo 15 and its three astronauts left lunar orbit after having spent additional time, following the end of the manned landing on the lunar surface, to make detailed photographs of the Moon from orbit.[19]
  • Born: Jeff Gordon, U.S. NASCAR driver and four time NASCAR Cup Series champion (1995, 1997, 1998 and 2001); in Vallejo, California [20]

August 5, 1971 (Thursday)

August 6, 1971 (Friday)
  • Chay Blyth, a Scottish yachtsman who was nicknamed "Wrong Way Chay" by the British press, completed his trip around the world, becoming the first person to make a "solo nonstop sea voyage in a westerly direction", sailing against, rather than in the same direction as, the wind and prevailing sea currents. On his 59 feet (18 m) ketch, British Steel, Blyth had departed the Royal Southern Yacht Club center (at Hamble in Hampshire) on October 18, 1970, 292 days earlier, and was greeted by UK Prime Minister Edward Heath on his return, along with Prince Philip, Prince Charles and Princess Anne.[28]
  • A total lunar eclipse lasting 1 hour and 40 minutes was observed over Africa and Asia, rising over South America, and setting over Australia.

August 7, 1971 (Saturday)

August 8, 1971 (Sunday)

August 9, 1971 (Monday)
  • The government of Northern Ireland, led by Prime Minister Brian Faulkner, began an ultimately unsuccessful policy of preventive detention of suspected terrorists, implementing the "Special Powers Act".[33] In a two-day operation, Operation Demetrius, British security forces arrested 337 Northern Irish nationalists on suspicion of affiliation with the Irish Republican Army terrorist organization [34] and detained them without trial in Long Kesh prison.[35] About 70 of the 337 were released soon after the roundup, and after five weeks, Faulkner signed internment orders for 219 of the suspects, directing that they be held indefinitely in prison.[36] The policy would continue until December 5, 1975, during which 1,981 people would be arrested and detained in prison without trial, of whom 94.6% (1,874) were Roman Catholic.[37]
  • India and the Soviet Union signed a "Treaty of Friendship and Nonagression" on the day that Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin arrived in New Delhi, with both nations agreeing to support each other if either was the target of military aggression. Minister for External Affairs, Swaran Singh, signed on behalf of India, after which Kosygin met with India's Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.[38]
  • Died: Otto Wagener, 83, German general and former economic advisor to Adolf Hitler[39]

August 10, 1971 (Tuesday)
  • Concerned that the government of Pakistan was preparing to execute Bangladeshi rebel leader Mujibur Rahman, India's Prime Minister Indira Gandhi sent an urgent message to the leaders of other world nations and to the United Nations, to put pressure on Pakistan's President Yahya Khan to spare Mujibur's life.[40] The warning was successful in postponing a trial for treason that had been announced by Yahya Khan. Mujibur would finally be released on January 8, 1972, and become the leader of Bangladesh.
  • The British government issued a "state of exception" to the suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act 1679 that had been made under the Special Powers Act to make arrests and preventive detention of suspected Irish Republican Army sympathizers in Northern Ireland. The British authorized the International Committee of the Red Cross to send observers from Geneva to visit political detainees imprisoned in Ulster province.[41] Although the Red Cross visits were similar to the rights accorded under the Geneva Convention to independent verification of the conditions of prisoners of war, the government declined to classify the Ulster detainees as political prisoners. The government later broke with normal practice and authorized the publication of the ICRC delegates reports.
  • The Society for American Baseball Research (SABR), an organization of persons dedicated to the research and publishing of the history of baseball, was founded by U.S. government employee L. Robert Davids and 15 other researchers in a meeting at the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown, New York.[42]
  • The Federal Boat Safety Act of 1971 was signed into law by U.S. President Nixon, authorizing the U.S. Coast Guard to issue specific regulations on the standards for boats operating in coastal waters.[43] Noting that drownings accounted for 70 percent of the fatalities in recreational boating, the USCG required that small craft under 20.1 feet (6.1 m) in length had to be required with level flotation protectors to allow boats to stay level when swamped and to allow operators and passengers to climb back to safety.
  • Roger Hargreaves's "Mr. Men" series of preschool children's books, was first published, originally as a release from Faber Press.[44][45] The six books in the bestselling initial series were "Mr. Tickle", "Mr. Greedy", "Mr. Happy", "Mr. Nosey", "Mr. Sneeze" and "Mr. Bump". The success led to 84 more books of "Mr. Men" and "Little Misses" cartoon characters.
  • Born: Roy Keane, Irish midfielder and footballer with 67 appearances for the Irish National Team, in Mayfield, Cork

August 11, 1971 (Wednesday)

August 12, 1971 (Thursday)

August 13, 1971 (Friday)
  • U.S. President Nixon met in a closed conference at Camp David with his economic advisors, including Federal Reserve Board chairman Arthur Burns, U.S. Treasury Secretary John Connally, and Paul Volcker, at the time the U.S. Undersecretary for International Monetary Affairs and future Fed Chairman Paul Volcker, on the question of whether to devalue the U.S. dollar and removing the U.S. from the Bretton Woods Agreement.[53]
  • On the tenth anniversary of the erection of the Berlin Wall, the city of West Berlin dedicated the Weiße Kreuze ("White Crosses") garden as a memorial for the 102 fatalities at the Berlin Wall up to that point.[54] By the time the Wall was opened in 1989, the number of crosses had increased to 140. In East Berlin, the anniversary was marked by parades honoring ten years of the Antifaschistischer Schutzwall ("anti-Fascist protective wall"), with a banner bearing the slogan "10 years of secure protection of peace and socialism".[55]
  • Born:
  • Died: King Curtis (stage name for Curtis Montgomery), 37, Grammy Award-winning American saxophonist and posthumous inductee into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, was stabbed to death while trying to walk up the steps of his Manhattan apartment.[56]

August 14, 1971 (Saturday)
  • British troops in Northern Ireland were stationed on the border with the Republic of Ireland to stop arms smuggling.
  • The Stanford prison experiment began, led by psychology professor Philip Zimbardo using college students.[57]

August 15, 1971 (Sunday)
  • U.S. President Richard Nixon announced that the United States would no longer convert dollars to gold at a fixed value, effectively ending the Bretton Woods system.[58][59] Nixon addressed the nation on television and said, "I have directed Secretary Connally to suspend temporarily the convertibility of the dollar into gold or other reserve assets, except in amounts and conditions determined to be in the interest of monetary stability and in the best interests of the United States.".[60][61] Within 10 days, the value of the U.S. dollar had declined by more than 11 percent against the Japanese yen, the worth for $1 falling from ¥360 to ¥320, and seven percent against the West German Deutsche Mark, from DM 3.66 to DM 3.40.[62]
  • Bahrain, a British protectorate on the Arabian Peninusla, declared its independence from the United Kingdom after being unable to form an agreement with the Trucial States that had formed the United Arab Emirates. On August 12, Sheik Isa bin Sulman al-Khalifa had announced that the 200,000-person sheikdom had decided against joining the UAE and that the formal proclamation would come on Sunday.[63] Full independence and the withdrawal of British troops would come on December 16.
  • The first LGBT rights organizations in Germany and in Mexico were founded on the same day, with Homosexuelle Aktion Westberlin (HAW) being created in West Berlin and Frente de Liberacion Homosexual [64]
  • Died: Paul Lukas (stage name for Pál Lukács), 76, Hungarian actor and winner of the Academy Award for Best Actor in 1943 [65]

August 16, 1971 (Monday)

August 17, 1971 (Tuesday)

August 18, 1971 (Wednesday)
  • Australia and New Zealand announced the withdrawal their troops from South Vietnam, and an end to their participation in the Vietnam War, with the 1st Australian Task Force to depart in October. Australia still had 6,000 combat troops in South Vietnam, down from a high of 8,000 while New Zealand still had 264 remaining in war zones.[69][70]
  • All 37 U.S. Army personnel on a CH-47 Chinook helicopter were killed when the aircraft crashed in West Germany while flying troops to a field exercise.[71] The helicopter, flying from Ludwigsburg to the Grafenwoehr Training Area, was carrying a crew of 44 and 33 members of the 56th Artillery Brigade, and lost its rear rotor during the early-morning flight. The wreckage was found in a field about one mile from the town of Pegnitz in Bavaria.
  • Former New York City businessman Joel David Kaplan escaped from a Mexican prison after being flown out by a helicopter that had landed inside the walls of the Santa Martha Acatitla prison yard at Iztapalapa near Mexico City.[72][73][74] Kaplan had been incarcerated since 1962 after murdering an associate. His rescue would later be dramatized in the 1975 action film Breakout.
  • Born: Aphex Twin, Irish-British electronic musician; as Richard David James in Limerick [75]

August 19, 1971 (Thursday)
  • A right-wing military coup in Bolivia by Army Colonel Hugo Banzer Suarez, against the government of left-wing President Juan José Torres, began a brief civil war within the South American nation. The uprising began with a mutiny at a Bolivian Army garrison in Santa Cruz, 300 miles (480 km) from the Bolivian capital of La Paz. General Banzer, former director of the Bolivian Military Academy, was arrested along with 30 people on charges of subversion, and anti-government rebels freed him from jail, seized the city's radio stations, and proclaimed Banzer President of Bolivia. At the same time, President Torres called upon his supporters to march into Santa Cruz and suppress the rebellion.[76][77]
  • Died:
    • Errol John Emanuel, 52, Australian District Commissioner in the East New Britain district of Papua New Guinea, was killed while acting as a peace negotiator;[78]
    • Reinhold Maier, 81, German politician[79]

August 20, 1971 (Friday)
  • At Damascus in Syria, the presidents of Syria, Egypt and Libya signed a constitution for the Federation of Arab Republics, providing for all three men (Hafez al-Assad of Syria, Anwar Sadat of Egypt and Muammar Gaddafi of Libya) to be part of a three member joint presidency. Under the terms of the document, decisions on domestic matters could be made by a 2 to 1 majority of presidents, while matters of war or peace had to be approved unanimously.[80]
  • The International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (Intelsat) was created by a treaty, becoming effective on February 12, 1973).
  • The USS Manatee (AO-58) spilled 1,000 gallons of fuel oil, that washed up on President Nixon's Western White House beach in San Clemente, California.
  • The life imprisonment sentence for U.S. Army 1st Lieutenant William L. Calley, issued following a court martial, was reduced to two years incarceration by order of Lieutenant General Albert O. Connor, commander of the Third U.S. Army.[81]
  • Died: Matiur Rahman, 26, military pilot, was killed while attempting to hijack a T-33 trainer aircraft in order to defect from the Pakistan Air Force to join the Liberation movement of Bangladesh. Rahman took off from Karachi and was shot down before he could reach the airspace of India.

August 21, 1971 (Saturday)
  • Nine people were killed and 95 injured in Manila's Plaza Miranda in an attack on a Philippine Liberal Party political rally. The rally was being shown on Manila television and had attracted 10,000 supporters; at 9:13 p.m., the first explosion took place, followed moments later by a second blast.[82] Most of the Liberal Party candidates for upcoming Senate elections were injured in the bombing attack made by the Communist New People's Army (Bagong Hukbong Bayan). Seriously injured in the blast were Senators Sergio Osmeña Jr. and Jovito Salonga, and Representative Ramon Bagatsing.
  • For the first time since the end of the Korean War in 1953, representatives of North Korea and South Korea met to discuss agreements between the two nations. The meeting of Red Cross officials from both countries took place at Panmunjom and lasted for only four minutes, but "marked what could be the start on a long road toward a thaw in the relations between the two parts of Korea" in the opinion of one observer.[83]
  • Anti-government rebels within the Bolivian Army seized the Presidential Palace in La Paz, two days after the uprising had started in Santa Cruz.[84] President Juan Jose Torres was force to flee to the headquarters of the only Bolivian Army unit that still supported him, the Colorados Battalion. The turning point in the rebellion came when the Army's Castrillo Regiment turned its support to the rebels and to Colonel Banzer.
  • George Jackson, an African-American activist imprisoned for murder at the maximum security San Quentin State Prison, attempted to escape from incarceration when he and other prisoners took eight hostages. Five of the hostages— three corrections officers and two white prisoners— were killed. Jackson and fellow inmate Johnny Spain used keys to reach the prison yard, where Jackson was shot dead by a prison tower guard.[85] Jackson's lawyer, Stephen M. Bingham, was later charged with five counts of murder after investigators determined that he had smuggled a gun into the San Quentin prison and giving it to Jackson.[86]

August 22, 1971 (Sunday)
  • The three man military junta formally named Bolivian Army Colonel Hugo Banzer Suarez as the new President of Bolivia, and reported that more than 70 people had died during the fighting that overthrew President Juan Jose Torres.[87] The other two members of the junta were General Jaime Florentino Mendieta and Colonel Andres Selich.[88] Torres was permitted to depart Bolivia, along with 31 members of his family and his government, on August 26 when a Peruvian Air Force DC-6 flew him into exile in Lima.[89]
  • The Prosecutor General of Egypt issued an indictment of 91 former officials for treason, including Vice President Aly Sabry, Minister of War Mohamed Fawzi and Minister of the Interior Sharawy Gomaa, in addition to five other government ministers who had served on President Anwar Sadat's cabinet.[90] All were accused of a plot in May to overthrow of President Sadat. Prosecutor Abou Zeid said that trial of the 91 would begin almost immediately, on August 25.
  • Born: Richard Armitage, English actor, in Leicester

August 23, 1971 (Monday)
  • The 24 remaining members of "Unit 684", a commando team of the South Korean Air Force charged with developing plans to assassinate North Korean President Kim Il-sung, mutinied against their guards on the island of Silmido after their mission had been canceled by the South Korean government. After arriving on the South Korean mainland, they hijacked a bus at Inchon and had reached Seoul when they were stopped at an army checkpoint at Daebang-dong. In the shootout that followed, all but four of the Unit 684 commandos were killed or committed suicide. The cover story given by the South Korean government at the time was that the Unit 684 group had been 21 "North Korean agents".[91] The true details of their mutiny and the nature of their mission would not be revealed until nearly 30 years later.[92]
  • Representatives of the "Big Four" nations that had occupied various zones of Germany since the end of World War II— the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and France— signed an accord on the future of West Berlin after almost 17 months of negotiations.[93] Specifically, travel on the three West Berlin Air Corridors and the highway, railroad and canal corridors connecting West Germany to West Berlin (which was surrounded by the territory of East Germany) was guaranteed to be unimpeded. In addition, the two million residents of West Berlin would be permitted periodic visits to East Berlin, which had been barred since 1966. For the first time in nearly 20 years, West Germans would be allowed to travel to the rest of East Germany, which had been closed to them since 1952. The agreement, however, did not contemplate the removal of the Berlin Wall (which would stand for another 18 years until 1989) and would not prohibit East German border guards from shooting East Germans attempting to escape.
  • Ireland's Prime Minister Jack Lynch met with opposition members of Northern Ireland's parliament, and announced a campaign of civil disobedience to achieve their goal of a united Ireland.[94] Northern Ireland's Prime Minister, Brian Faulkner, responded the next day that "Neither the United Kingdom nor the Northern Ireland Government will be shaken in their resolve to maintain Northern Ireland as an integral part of the U.K. by any campaign— be it outright terrorism or political blackmail." [95]
  • Born: Gretchen Whitmer, American politician and Governor of Michigan since 2019; in Lansing, Michigan [96]
  • Died:
  • "Shamu", about 10 years old, the first orca of that name to perform at SeaWorld in San Diego.[97]
  • Gerald I. Richardson, Superintendent of the UK's Lancashire Constabulary, after attempting to disarm a group of armed robbers. He was posthumously awarded the George Cross for heroism the following year.

August 24, 1971 (Tuesday)

August 25, 1971 (Wednesday)
  • Border clashes occurred between Tanzania and Uganda, and Tanzanian officials at Dar Es Salaam reported that four Tanzanians had been killed, including border police commander Hans Poppe, whose body was taken across the border.[99] The day before, Ugandan leader Idi Amin said that Tanzanian troops had seized four unarmed members of the Ugandan Army and that Ugandan forces then captured heavy artillery, ammunition and vehicles from the Tanzanian army in a clash near the Ugandan village of Mutukula. Amin said the body of Poppe, whom he called a Communist Chinese officer in a Tanzanian uniform, was displayed at Kampala at the International Conference Center.[100]
  • Floods in Bangladesh and eastern Bengal caused thousands to flee the region.[101]

August 26, 1971 (Thursday)
  • Queen Juliana of the Netherlands became the first Dutch monarch to visit Indonesia, which had been the Dutch East Indies colony for 343 years until becoming independent in 1945. In 1949, Queen Juliana had signed the documents fully relinquishing any Netherlands sovereignty over Indonesia. Juliana and her husband, Prince Bernhard, received an enthusiastic welcome from Indonesians after having been invited by President Suharto for a state visit. After Queen Juliana declared in a speech that "I consider it a privilege to make the acquaintance of this great and fascinating country for the first time," President Suharto said "We are thankful for the understanding and help of the Dutch people toward our efforts to develop ourselves in accordance with our concepts and aspirations." [102]
  • The first online library computer network, OCLC, began for cataloging at Ohio University, initially as a plan for college libraries in the U.S. state of Ohio to be able to inquire about each others' book holdings via modem. Founded in 1967, OCLC stood for the Ohio College Library Center, and would be limited to that state until 1978, when it changed its name (but kept its initials) as the Online Computer Library Center. In 2003, it would become the producer of WorldCat for use on the internet.[103]
  • Greece's Prime Minister George Papadopoulos replaced many of his military supporters who had placed him in power in a coup d'etat in 1967, and appointed seven civilians to the cabinet as part of a decree reorganizing his government. The former ministries of labor, industry, agriculture, commerce, economic coordination and liaison to the Premier were consolidated into a single "Ministry of the National Economy", headed by university engineering professor George Pezopoulos, while engineer Constantine Panayotakis was appointed to lead the new "Ministry of Civilization and the Sciences". Papadopoulos appointed himself as Minister of Defense and Minister of Foreign Affairs.[104]
  • Born: Thalía (stage name for Ariadna Thalía Sodi Miranda), Mexican actress and singer, in Mexico City [105]
  • Died: John Leacroft, British World War I fighter ace with 22 shootdowns [106]

August 27, 1971 (Friday)
  • The African nation of Chad ended all diplomatic relations with the United Arab Republic (Egypt) after accusing the Egyptians of financing an attempted coup d'etat by Chadian Army General Ahmed Abdallah. Foreign Minister Baba Hassan said that General Abdallah had committed suicide after failing in an attempt to install a puppet government to replace President Francois Tombalbaye.[107]
  • Died:

August 28, 1971 (Saturday)

August 29, 1971 (Sunday)
  • Major General Hassan al-Amri, in his fifth term as Prime Minister of the Yemen Arab Republic, shot and killed a photographer during an altercation that began after "crossed wires" on a telephone line had led to Amri calling the photographer by mistake. According to the reconstruction of the event, on August 25, Major General Amri was trying to call the chief of guards at the Yemen Army headquarters in Sanaa and the call went instead to the photo studio of Mohsen al-Harazi. Amri thought he was speaking to a subordinate officer; Harazi thought he was speaking to a prankster; and an argument ensued. Amri eventually identified Harazi and had him arrested and brought to the Army headquarters. After beating Harazi, Amri ordered the guards to execute Harazi on the spot; when the guards refused to obey the order, Amri took one of the guard's pistols and executed the photographer himself. Upon learning of the incident, President Abdul Rahman al-Eryani summoned Amri to his office and gave him a choice of resigning all of his posts or standing trial for murder. Amri chose the former course on September 4 and was taken to the airport in Sanaa to be put on a flight to exile in Beirut.[117]
  • The last legislative elections for South Vietnam were conducted with 1,240 candidates competing to fill the 159 seats of the Republic of Vietnam House of Representatives.[118][119]
  • Died:
    • Nathan F. Leopold, 66, American ornithologist and author who, with fellow college student Richard Loeb, carried out the 1924 kidnapping and thrill-killing of 14-year old Bobby Franks. Spared the death penalty and sentenced to life imprisonment, Leopold was paroled after almost 34 years and he spent the rest of his life in Puerto Rico.[120]
    • Emma Gelders Sterne, 77, American author of children's books [121]
    • Leonard John Brass, 71, Australian-American botanist and explorer [122]

August 30, 1971 (Monday)

August 31, 1971 (Tuesday)
  • Oleg Lyalin, a Soviet KGB agent stationed in Britain, was arrested for drunken driving in London by officer Charles Shearer. Although Lyalin's employers at the Soviet Trade Delegation posted his bail of 50 pounds, the British MI5 intelligence agency took Lyalin into custody, where he offered to identify KGB agents stationed in the UK in return for being given a new identity for himself and his secretary as part of Britain's witness protection program. Lyalin's information would lead to the expulsion of 105 Soviet officials on September 25.[125][126]
  • Australian long-distance runner Adrienne Beames became the first woman to break the three-hour barrier in the marathon, finishing in 2:46:30 at Werribee .[127]
  • Abdul Motaleb Malik took office as the last Pakistani- appointed Governor of East Pakistan to suppress the Bangladesh rebellion. Malik replaced Lieutenant General Tikka Khan, who had ruled as the military governor since March. Malik and his cabinet would rule East Pakistan until December 14, when East Pakistan became the Republic of Bangladesh.[128]
  • The Sriramshi and Raniganj Bazar massacres took place in Bangladesh.
Retired threepence

References
  1. "40,000 Cheer 2 Beatles in Dual Benefit for Pakistanis", by Grace Lichtenstein, The New York Times, August 2, 1971, p. 1
  2. The Concert for Bangladesh Revisited with George Harrison and Friends DVD, Apple Corps, 2005 (directed by Claire Ferguson; produced by Olivia Harrison, Jonathan Clyde & Jo Human).
  3. James Robert Parish and Michael R. Pitts, Hollywood Songsters: Allyson to Funicello (Routledge, 2003) p. 149
  4. "Memorial On Moon For 14 Dead", Wilmington (DE) News Journal, August 12, 1971, p. 1
  5. "Kennedy Library Opens Most of its Files", The New York Times, August 2, 1971, p. 1
  6. "Stewart Wins German Prix Race, Nears World Title", The New York Times, August 2, 1971, p. 19
  7. Pritchard, Anthony (1972). The Motor Racing Year No3. ISBN 0393085023.
  8. "The Nullity of Marriage Act 1971", by Stephen Cretney, The Modern Law Review (1972) pp. 57–63
  9. "Moon Test Backs Up Galileo In Pisa Experiment on Gravity", The New York Times, August 3, 1971, p. 14
  10. "Apollo 15 timeline", NASA.gov
  11. "Senate Backs Lockheed, 49-48", by Eileen Shanahan, The New York Times, August 3, 1971, p. 1
  12. "U.S. Backs U.N. Seat for Peking, Opposes Ousting Taiwan; Old Policy Ended", by Tad Szulc, The New York Times, August 3, 1971, p. 1
  13. "Curriculum Vitae of RUTH LAWRENCE" (PDF). Hebrew University. 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  14. Deaths, The Times, Monday, 16 August 1971; pg. 20; Issue 58251
  15. "Theme of Movie Blamed For Inspiring Bomb", 'The Victoria Advocate, August 4, 1971, p.6B
  16. "Bomb threat movies worry airlines", Montreal Gazette, August 4, 1971, p. 3
  17. Brian Harvey (5 July 2007). Russian Planetary Exploration: History, Development, Legacy and Prospects. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-387-49664-1.
  18. "Hassan Ousts Moroccan Cabinet", The New York Times, August 5, 1971, p. 2
  19. "Apollo 15 Leaves Orbit of the Moon and Heads Home", The New York Times, August 5, 1971, p. 1
  20. "Jeff Gordon", A&E Biography.com
  21. Günter Endres, McDonnell Douglas DC-10 (MBI Publishing Company, 1998) p. 52
  22. "American Air Flies 1st DC-10 Service Today, L. A. to O'Hare", Chicago Tribune, August 5, 1971, p. 3-8
  23. "First Labor-Relations Act In Britain Becomes a Law", by John M. Lee, The New York Times, August 6, 1971, p. 2
  24. Archived 2015-09-04 at the Wayback Machine- The Vietnam Lotteries, Retrieved 2019-04-12
  25. "'72 Draft Lottery Assigns No. 1 to Those Born Dec. 4", The New York Times, August 6, 1971, p. 1
  26. "Robledo Puch, El Angel Negro", La Nacion (Buenos Aires), March 5, 2006
  27. Rodolfo Palacios, El Angel Negro: Vida de Carlos Robledo Puch, Asesino Serial (Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial Argentina, 2011)
  28. "A British Sailor Circles World Against Winds and Currents", by Bernard Weinraub, The New York Times, August 7, 1971, p. 1
  29. "Astronauts Splash Down Close to Specific Target To End 12-Day Moon Trip— One Chute Fails", The New York Times, August 8, 1971, p. 9
  30. "Joseph Frazer, 79, Co-Founder of Kaiser-Frazer Co., Dead", The New York Times, August 8, 1971
  31. "Bioterrorism and Biocrimes: The Illicit Use of Biological Agents Since 1900", by W. Seth Carus (Center for Counterproliferation Research, National Defense University, 2001) p. 84
  32. Oleg Kalugin, The First Directorate: My 32 Years in Intelligence and Espionage Against the West (St. Martin's Press, 1994) p. 180
  33. "Ulster Invokes Internment Law; 12 Die in Rioting; 300 Suspects Are Arrested as Preventive Detention Act Goes Into Effect", The New York Times, August 10, 1971, p. 1
  34. re: Ireland v. United Kingdom, European Court of Human Rights, January 18, 1978
  35. United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Europe (1972). Northern Ireland: Hearings, Ninety-second Congress, Second Session. February 28 and 29; and March 1, 1972. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 345.
  36. "Ulster's Leader Signs Orders for the Internment of 219 Men", The New York Times, September 16, 1971, p. 10
  37. Timothy Shanahan, The Provisional Irish Republican Army and the Morality of Terrorism (Edinburgh University Press, 2009) p. 169
  38. "Indians and Russians Sign 20-Year Friendship Pact; Meant to Deter Pakistan", by Sydney H. Schanberg, The New York Times, August 9, 1971, p. 1
  39. Daniela Kahn: Die Steuerung der Wirtschaft durch Recht im nationalsozialistischen Deutschland. Frankfurt 2006.
  40. "Bangabandhu’s Trial in Pakistan’s Jail and International Response", by A.K.M. Atiqur Rahman, The Daily Sun (Dhaka, Bangladesh), January 11, 2018
  41. "Comité International de la Croix Rouge - History
  42. "L. Robert Davids", by David Vincent, Society for American Baseball Research biography project
  43. "Fire Safety Need for Regulation", by Donald J. Kerlin, Naval Engineers Journal, August 1, 1973, pp. 25-31
  44. "New paperbacks", by Helen Dawson, The Observer (London), August 29, 1971
  45. Colin Salter, 100 Children's Books That Inspire Our World (Pavilion Books, 2020)
  46. "Constitution (Twenty-fourth Amendment) Bill, 1971, "Law Community India", Millenial Legal Education Pvt. Ltd.
  47. "Australian Premier Ousts Gorton as Head of Defense", by Robert Trumbull, The New York Times, August 13, 1971, p. 2
  48. "Weary, Fearful Refugees From Ulster Crowd Into Ireland", The New York Times, August 13, 1971, p. 3
  49. "Ties With Jordan Severed by Syria", The New York Times, August 13, 1971, p. 1
  50. "Biography: Pete Sampras", International Tennis Hall of Fame
  51. "Phil Western", by Greg Prato, AllMusic.com
  52. "'Us' Magazine celebrities
  53. "The Nixon Shock Heard 'Round the World", by Lewis E. Lehrman, The Wall Street Journal, August 15, 2011
  54. Die Todesopfer an der Berliner Mauer 1961–1989: Ein biographisches Handbuch, by Hans-Hermann Hertle and Maria Nooke (Links, 2009)
  55. "Wall Is a Decade Old, and Berliners Tend to Ignore It", by David Binder, The New York Times, August 14, 1971, p. 3
  56. Kernfield, Barry Dean. New Grove Dictionary of Jazz. Grove's Dictionaries. p. 544.
  57. Victoria Bekiempis (August 4, 2015). "What Philip Zimbardo and the Stanford Prison Experiment Tell Us About Abuse of Power". Newsweek.
  58. "Nixon Orders 90-Day Wage-Price Freeze Asks Tax Cuts, New Jobs in Broad Plan; Severs Link Between Dollar and Gold", The New York Times, August 16, 1971, p. 1
  59. David Frum, How We Got Here: The '70s (Basic Books, 2000) pp. 295–298
  60. Nixon, "Address to the Nation Outlining a New Economic Policy: "The Challenge of Peace", Augut 15, 1971, The American Presidency Project, University of California, Santa Barbara
  61. Nixon also issued Executive Order 11615, imposing a 90-day freeze on wages, prices and rents. Federal Register, 36 FR 15727
  62. "How Dollar Has Declined", The New York Times, August 28, 1971, p. 1
  63. "Bahrain, Barring Federation, to Go It Alone", by Dana Adams Schmidt, The New York Times, August 13, 1971, p. 2
  64. Norma Mogrovejo, Un amor que se atrevió a decir su nombre: La lucha de las lesbianas y su relación con los movimientos homosexual y feminista en América Latina (Plaza y Valdes, 2000) p. 397
  65. "Obituary: Paul Lucas", Variety, August 18, 1971, p. 55
  66. "Hong Kong's Worst Maritime Accidents", by Zoe Low, South China Morning Post, by Zoe Low, January 9, 2019
  67. "South Africa Greets Black Leader on State Visit", The New York Times, August 17, 1971, p. 6
  68. "Sir Magnus Cormack President of Senate", The Canberra Times, August 18, 1971
  69. "Australia and New Zealand To Quit Vietnam This Year— McMahon Declares All Combat Troops in 6,000 Man Force Will Return— Small Training Units to Remain", by Robert Trumbull, The New York Times, August 19, 1971, p. 1
  70. David Horner, Duty First: The Royal Australian Regiment in War and Peace (Allen & Unwin, 2008) p. 233
  71. "37 G.I.'s Killed as Copter Crashes in West Germany", The New York Times, August 19, 1971, p. 3
  72. "Copter Plucks 2 From a Jail in Mexico", The New York Times, August 20, 1971, p. 4; from the story, dateline August 19, "A small blue helicopter landed in the courtyard... last night and guards assumed a visiting dignitary would step out."
  73. Eliot Asinof, The 10-Second Jailbreak: The helicopter escape of Joel David Kaplan (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1973) p. 268
  74. "How an Heir Escaped Jail-by Air", by Anthony Ripley, The New York Times, September 6, 1971, p. 1
  75. AllMusic.com
  76. "Miners and Peasants Move Against Rebels in Bolivia", The New York Times, August 21, 1971, p. 1
  77. Mark Kantor; Michael D. Nolan; Karl P. Sauvant (2011). Reports of Overseas Private Investment Corporation Determinations. Oxford University Press. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-19-959685-0.
  78. "No. 45588". The London Gazette. 1 February 1972. p. 1281.
  79. Jürgen Dittberner (6 December 2012). Die FDP: Geschichte, Personen, Organisation, Perspektiven. Eine Einführung (in German). Springer-Verlag. p. 386. ISBN 978-3-322-93533-5.
  80. "Leaders Sign Constitution of Loose Arab Federation", The New York Times, August 21, 1971, p. 3
  81. "Calley Sentence Is Cut to 20 Years From Life Term", The New York Times, August 21, 1971, p. 1
  82. "Grenades Kill 10 at Manila Rally— 8 Liberal Election Rivals of Marcos Are Injured", The New York Times, August 22, 1971, p. 7
  83. "North and South Hold First Talks Since Korean War", by Samuel Kim, The New York Times, August 21, 1971, p. 1
  84. "Bolivian Rebels Take Over the Palace", by Juan de Onis, The New York Times, August 22, 1971, p. 1
  85. "Soledad Brother and 5 Are Killed in Prison Battle", by Wallace Turner, The New York Times, August 22, 1971, p. 1
  86. "Bingham Charged in Prison Deaths; Lawyer, 29, Is Accused of Smuggling a Weapon to Jackson During Visit", The New York Times, September 1, 1971, p. 1
  87. "Rebels in Bolivia Crush Resistance and Install Chief— Colonel Assumes Presidency as Torres Flees— Over 70 Killed in Fighting"by Juan de Onis, The New York Times, August 23, 1971, p. 1
  88. "Bolivian Junta Names Colonel to Head Regime", Chicago Tribune, August 23, 1971, p. 7
  89. "Torres and 31 Fly to Peru and Exile", The New York Times, August 27, 1971, p. 5
  90. "Egypt Charges 91 as Traitors", Daily News (New York), August 23, 1971, p. 6
  91. "S. Koreans Stop Red Infiltrators at Seoul; Kill 16", Chicago Tribune, August 23, 1971, p. 1
  92. "Survivors recall tragic Silmido uprising", The Korea Herald (Seoul), April 6, 2010
  93. "Accord on Berlin Drafted by Big Four Ambassadors; Easing of Tensions Is Seen", by David Binder, The New York Times, August 24, 1971, p. 1
  94. "Ulster Catholics and Dublin Start Unification Drive", by Bernard Weinraub, The New York Times, August 24, 1971, p. 1
  95. "Ulster Rules Out Any Unity Moves", by Bernard Weinraub, The New York Times, August 25, 1971, p. 1
  96. "Archives of Women's Political Communication", Iowa State University
  97. "Shamu dies of infection". Eugene Register-Guard. August 31, 1971. Archived from the original on July 23, 2012. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
  98. "Canada to Scrap Once-Disputed Missile", by Jay Walz, The New York Times, August 25, 1971, p. 12
  99. "Ugandans Reported Repulsed", The New York Times, August 26, 1971, p. 2
  100. "Ugandans Tell of Drive 10 Miles Into Tanzania", The New York Times, August 26, 1971, p. 2
  101. "60 East Pakistanis Killed in Flooding", The New York Times, August 26, 1971, p. 5
  102. "Indonesians, in Joy and Tears, Welcome Juliana as a Friend", by James P. Sterba, The New York Times, August 27, 1971, p. 2
  103. K. Wayne Smith, OCLC 1967—1997: Thirty Years of Furthering Access to the World's Information (Taylor & Francis, 2014) p. 264
  104. "Cabinet Changes by Greek Premier Undercut Allies in '67 Coup", The New York Times, August 27, 1971, p. 8
  105. "Thalia", OxfordReference.com
  106. "Obituaries— Group Capt Leacroft—Distinguished RAF pilot", The Times (London), August 31, 1971, p. 12
  107. "Chad Severs Relations With Egypt Over Coup", Los Angeles Times, August 28, 1971, p. I-3
  108. "Bennett Cerf Dies; Publisher, Writer", by Alden Whitman, The New York Times, August 29, 1971, p. 1
  109. "Margaret Bourke-White, Photo-Journalist, Is Dead", by Alden Whitman, The New York Times, August 28, 1971, p. 1
  110. "Satchmo's Ex-Wife Dies Here", Chicago Tribune, August 28, 1971, p. 1
  111. "31 Feared Dead as Jet Crashes Off Copenhagen", The New York Times, August 29, 1971, p. 3
  112. Aviation Safety Network
  113. "25 Dead as Ferry Burns Off Italy", The New York Times, August 29, 1971, p. 1
  114. "La Storia Della Nave Greca Heleanna ("The Story of the Greek Ship Heleanna"), by Abele Caruezzo, Il Natutilus webzine, August 25, 2011
  115. "Freckles and His Friends", by Don Markstein, Toonpedia.com
  116. "Goodbye, Freckles", editorial in Sheboygan (WI) Press, August 28, 1971, p. 30
  117. "A Phone Snarl, a Murder, An Exiled Yemen Premier", The New York Times, September 7, 1971, p. 1
  118. "Candidate's Luck Expected to Be a Major Factor in South Vietnamese Parliamentary Elections Today", The New York Times, August 29, 1971, p. 14
  119. "Thieu's Opponents Appear to Make Gains in Election", The New York Times, August 30, 1971, p. 1
  120. "Nathan F. Leopold of 1924 Murder Case Is Dead", The New York Times, August 31, 1971, p.36
  121. "Emma Gelders Sterne", by Peggy B. Jolly, Encyclopedia of Alabama
  122. "Papers of Leonard John Brass, 1936-1953: A Guide" Harvard University Library
  123. "Tories Rout Alberta's Regime of 36 Years", by Jay Walz, The New York Times, September 1, 1971, p. 12
  124. "Plutonium Washed From Human Lung", The New York Times, September 2, 1971, p. 34
  125. Richard Trahair, ed., Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations (Enigma Books, 2012) p. 231
  126. "British Identify Russian Agent Who Defected With List of Spies", by Anthony Lewis, The New York Times, October 1, 1971, p. 1
  127. "Women's World Record Times – 1971 to 1977". Marathonguide.com. Retrieved 2009-06-09.
  128. "Civilian to Rule East Pakistanis; New Governor Will Succeed the Martial-Law Chief", The New York Times, September 1, 1971, p. 9
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