April 2019 Spanish general election

The April 2019 Spanish general election was held on Sunday, 28 April 2019, to elect the 13th Cortes Generales of the Kingdom of Spain. All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 208 of 266 seats in the Senate.

April 2019 Spanish general election

28 April 2019
All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 208 (of 266) seats in the Senate 176 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies
Opinion polls
Registered	36,898,883 1.0%
Turnout	26,478,140 (71.8%) 5.3 pp
Leader Pedro Sánchez Pablo Casado Albert Rivera Party PSOE PP Cs Leader since 18 June 2017 21 July 2018 9 July 2006 Leader's seat Madrid Madrid Madrid Last election 85 seats, 22.6% 135 seats, 32.6%[lower-alpha 1] 32 seats, 13.0%[lower-alpha 2] Seats won 123 66 57 Seat change 38 69 25 Popular vote 7,513,142 4,373,653 4,155,665 Percentage 28.7% 16.7% 15.9% Swing 6.1 pp 15.9 pp 2.9 pp   Leader Pablo Iglesias Santiago Abascal Oriol Junqueras[lower-alpha 3] Party Unidas Podemos[lower-alpha 4] Vox ERC–Sobiranistes Leader since 15 November 2014 20 September 2014 7 March 2019 Leader's seat Madrid Madrid Barcelona Last election 71 seats, 21.2% 0 seats, 0.2% 9 seats, 2.6% Seats won 42 24 15 Seat change 29 24 6 Popular vote 3,751,145 2,688,092 1,024,628 Percentage 14.3% 10.3% 3.9% Swing 6.9 pp 10.1 pp 1.3 pp
Prime Minister before election Pedro Sánchez PSOE Prime Minister after election No government formed and fresh election called. Pedro Sánchez remains acting Prime Minister

Following the 2016 election, the People's Party (PP) formed a minority government with confidence and supply support from Ciudadanos (Cs) and Canarian Coalition (CC), allowed by the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) abstaining in Mariano Rajoy's investiture after a party crisis resulted in the ousting of Pedro Sánchez as leader. The PP's term of office was undermined by a constitutional crisis over the Catalan issue,[1] the result of a regional election held thereafter,[2] coupled with corruption scandals and protests with thousands of retirees demanding pension increases.[3] In May 2018, the National Court found in the Gürtel case that since 1989 the PP had profited from the kickbacks-for-contracts scheme and confirmed the existence of an illegal accounting and financing structure kept separate from the party's official accounts. Sánchez, who was re-elected as PSOE leader in a leadership contest in 2017, brought down Rajoy's government in June 2018 through a motion of no confidence.[4][5][6][7] Rajoy resigned as PP leader and was subsequently succeeded by Pablo Casado.[8][9][10]

Presiding over a minority government of 84 deputies, Pedro Sánchez struggled to maintain a working majority in the Congress with the support of the parties which had backed the no-confidence motion. The 2018 Andalusian regional election which saw a sudden and strong rise of the far-right Vox party resulted in the PSOE losing the regional government for the first time in history to a PP–Cs–Vox alliance. After the 2019 General State Budget was voted down by the Congress of Deputies on 13 February 2019 as a result of Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) and Catalan European Democratic Party (PDeCAT) siding against the government, Sánchez called a snap election to be held on 28 April, one month ahead of the Super Sunday of local, regional, and European Parliament elections scheduled for 26 May.[11][12] The Valencian regional election was scheduled for 28 April in order for it to take place on the same date as the general election.[13]

On a turnout of 71.8%, the ruling PSOE of Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez won a victory—the first for the party in a nationwide election in eleven years—with 28.7% of the vote and 123 seats, an improvement of 38 seats over its previous mark which mostly came at the expense of left-wing Unidas Podemos. In the Senate, the PSOE became the largest party in the chamber for the first time since 1995, winning its first absolute majority of seats in that chamber since the 1989 election.[14] The PP under Casado received its worst result in history after being reduced to 66 seats and 16.7% of the vote in what was dubbed the worst electoral setback for a major Spanish party since the collapse of the UCD in 1982.[15] Cs saw an increase of support which brought them within 0.8% of the vote and within 9 seats of the PP, passing them in several major regions. The far-right Vox party entered Congress for the first time, but it failed to fulfill expectations by scoring 10.3% of the vote and 24 seats, which was less than was indicated in opinion polls during the run-up to the election. The three-way split in the overall right-of-centre vote not only ended any chance of an Andalusian-inspired right-wing alliance, but it also ensured that Sánchez's PSOE would be the only party that could realistically form a government.[16][17]

Overview

Electoral system

The Spanish Cortes Generales were envisaged as an imperfect bicameral system. The Congress of Deputies had greater legislative power than the Senate, having the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a prime minister and to override Senate vetoes by an absolute majority of votes. Nonetheless, the Senate possessed a few exclusive, yet limited in number functions—such as its role in constitutional amendment—which were not subject to the Congress' override.[18][19] Voting for the Cortes Generales was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over eighteen and in full enjoyment of their political rights.[20] Additionally, Spaniards abroad were required to apply for voting before being permitted to vote, a system known as "begged" or expat vote (Spanish: Voto rogado).[21]

For the Congress of Deputies, 348 seats were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with a threshold of three percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Parties not reaching the threshold were not taken into consideration for seat distribution. Seats were allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of Spain, with each being allocated an initial minimum of two seats and the remaining 248 being distributed in proportion to their populations. Ceuta and Melilla were allocated the two remaining seats, which were elected using plurality voting.[18][22] The use of the D'Hondt method might result in a higher effective threshold, depending on the district magnitude.[23]

For the Senate, 208 seats were elected using an open list partial block voting, with electors voting for individual candidates instead of parties. In constituencies electing four seats, electors could vote for up to three candidates; in those with two or three seats, for up to two candidates; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Each of the 47 peninsular provinces was allocated four seats, whereas for insular provinces, such as the Balearic and Canary Islands, districts were the islands themselves, with the larger—Majorca, Gran Canaria and Tenerife—being allocated three seats each, and the smaller—Menorca, Ibiza–Formentera, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, El Hierro, Lanzarote and La Palma—one each. Ceuta and Melilla elected two seats each. Additionally, autonomous communities could appoint at least one senator each and were entitled to one additional senator per each million inhabitants.[18][22]

Election date

The term of each chamber of the Cortes Generales—the Congress and the Senate—expired four years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The election decree was required to be issued no later than the twenty-fifth day prior to the date of expiry of the Cortes in the event that the prime minister did not make use of his prerogative of early dissolution. The decree was to be published on the following day in the Official State Gazette (BOE), with election day taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication. The previous election was held on 26 June 2016, which meant that the legislature's term would expire on 26 June 2020. The election decree was required to be published in the BOE no later than 2 June 2020, with the election taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication, setting the latest possible election date for the Cortes Generales on Sunday, 26 July 2020.[22]

The prime minister had the prerogative to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election, provided that no motion of no confidence was in process, no state of emergency was in force and that dissolution did not occur before one year had elapsed since the previous one. Additionally, both chambers were to be dissolved and a new election called if an investiture process failed to elect a prime minister within a two-month period from the first ballot.[18] Barred this exception, there was no constitutional requirement for simultaneous elections for the Congress and the Senate, there being no precedent of separate elections and with governments having long preferred that elections for the two chambers of the Cortes take place simultaneously.

After the 2019 General State Budget was voted down by the Congress of Deputies on 13 February 2019, it was confirmed that Sánchez would call a snap election, with the specific date to be announced following a Council of Ministers meeting on 15 February.[24][25][26] Sánchez confirmed 28 April as the election date in an institutional statement following the Council of Ministers, with the Cortes Generales being subsequently dissolved on 5 March.[27]

Background

The June 2016 general election had resulted in the People's Party (PP) gaining votes and seats relative to its result in the December 2015 election and a round of coalition talks throughout the summer saw Mariano Rajoy obtaining the support of Ciudadanos (C's) and Canarian Coalition (CC) for his investiture, but this was still not enough to assure him re-election. Criticism of Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) leader Pedro Sánchez for his electoral results and his stance opposing Rajoy's investiture, said to be a contributing factor to the country's political deadlock, reached boiling point after poor PSOE showings in the Basque and Galician elections.[28] A party crisis ensued, seeing Sánchez being ousted and a caretaker committee being appointed by party rebels led by Susana Díaz, who subsequently set out to abstain in Rajoy's investiture and allow a PP minority government to be formed, preventing a third election in a row from taking place.[29][30][31][32] Díaz's bid to become new party leader was defeated by party members in a party primary in May 2017, with Sánchez being voted again into office under a campaign aimed at criticising the PSOE's abstention in Rajoy's investiture.

Concurrently, the incumbent PP cabinet found itself embroiled in a string of political scandals which had seen the political demise of former Madrid premier Esperanza Aguirre—amid claims of a massive financial corruption plot staged by former protegés—as well as accusations of judicial meddling and political cover-up.[33][34][35][36] This prompted left-wing Unidos Podemos to table a no-confidence motion on Mariano Rajoy in June 2017.[37][38] While the motion was voted down due to a lack of support from other opposition parties, it revealed the parliamentary weakness of Rajoy's government as abstentions and favourable votes combined amounted to 179, to just 170 MPs rejecting it.[39][40]

Pressure on the Spanish government increased after a major constitutional crisis over the issue of an independence referendum unravelled in Catalonia. Initial actions from the Parliament of Catalonia to approve two bills supporting a referendum and a legal framework for an independent Catalan state were suspended by the Constitutional Court of Spain. The government's crackdown on referendum preparations—which included police searches, raids and arrests of Catalan government officials as well as an intervention into Catalan finances—sparked public outcry and protests accusing the PP government of "anti-democratic and totalitarian" repression.[41][42][43] The Catalan parliament voted to unilaterally declare independence from Spain,[44] which resulted in the Spanish Senate enforcing Article 155 of the Constitution to remove the regional authorities and impose direct rule.[45][1][46] Carles Puigdemont and part of his cabinet fled to Belgium after being ousted, facing charges of sedition, rebellion and embezzlement.[47][48][49] Rajoy immediately dissolved the Catalan parliament and called a regional election for 21 December 2017,[50] but it left his PP severely mauled as Cs capitalised on anti-independence support in the region.[2]

Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez announcing a snap election for 28 April 2019.

The scale of PP's collapse in Catalonia and the success of Cs had an impact on national politics, with Ciudadanos rising to first place nationally in subsequent opinion polls, endangering PP's stand as the hegemonic party within the Spanish centre-right spectrum.[51][52][53][54] Massive protests by pensioners groups, long regarded as a key component of the PP's electoral base, demanding pension increases,[3] further undermining the PP's standing.

On 24 May 2018, the National Court found that the PP profited from the illegal kickbacks-for-contracts scheme of the Gürtel case, confirming the existence of an illegal accounting and financing structure that had run in parallel with the party's official one since 1989 and ruling that the PP helped establish "a genuine and effective system of institutional corruption through the manipulation of central, autonomous and local public procurement".[4] This event prompted the PSOE to submit a motion of no confidence in Rajoy and in Cs withdrawing its support from the government and demanding the immediate calling of an early election.[5][6] An absolute majority of 180 MPs in the Congress of Deputies voted to oust Mariano Rajoy from power on 1 June 2018, replaced him as prime minister with PSOE's Pedro Sánchez.[7] On 5 June, Rajoy announced his farewell from politics and his return to his position as property registrar in Santa Pola,[8][9][55] vacating his seat in the Congress of Deputies and triggering a leadership contest in which the party's communication vice secretary-general Pablo Casado defeated former deputy prime minister Soraya Sáenz de Santamaría and became new PP president on 21 July 2018.[56][10]

For most of his government, Sánchez was reliant on confidence and supply support from Unidos Podemos and New Canaries (NCa), negotiating additional support from Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC), Catalan European Democratic Party (PDeCAT) and Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) on an issue-by-issue basis. ERC, PDeCAT and En Marea withdrew their support from the government in February 2019 by voting down the 2019 General State Budget, with the government losing the vote 191–158; this prompted a snap election to be called for 28 April.[57]

Parliamentary status

The Cortes Generales were officially dissolved on 5 March 2019, after the publication of the dissolution decree in the Official State Gazette.[58] The tables below show the status of the parliamentary groups in both chambers at the time of dissolution.[59][60]

Parliamentary composition in March 2019[61] Congress of Deputies Groups Parties Deputies Seats Total People's Parliamentary Group in the Congress PP 134 134 Socialist Parliamentary Group PSOE 77 84 PSC 7 United We Can–In Common We Can–In Tide's Confederal Parliamentary Group Podemos 46 67 CatComú 9 IU 7 Equo 3 Anova 2 Citizens Parliamentary Group Cs 32 32 Republican Left's Parliamentary Group ERC 9 9 Basque Parliamentary Group (EAJ/PNV) EAJ/PNV 5 5 Mixed Parliamentary Group PDeCAT 8 19 Compromís 4 EH Bildu 2 UPN 2 CCa 1 FAC 1 NCa 1

Parliamentary composition in March 2019[62] Senate Groups Parties Senators Seats Total People's Parliamentary Group in the Senate PP 145 147 PAR 2 Socialist Parliamentary Group PSOE 59 60 PSC 1 United We Can–In Common We Can–In Tide Parliamentary Group Podemos 15 20 CatComú 3 IU 2 Republican Left's Parliamentary Group ERC 12 12 Basque Parliamentary Group in the Senate (EAJ/PNV) EAJ/PNV 6 6 Nationalist Parliamentary Group, Democratic Party (PDeCAT–CDC)–Independent Herrenian Group/Canarian Coalition (AHI/CC–PNC) PDeCAT 4 6 CCa 1 AHI 1 Mixed Parliamentary Group Cs 6 15 Compromís 2 UPN 1 FAC 1 NCa 1 EH Bildu 1 ASG 1 Vox 1 INDEP 1[lower-alpha 5]

Parties and candidates

The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates. Concurrently, parties, federations or coalitions that had not obtained a mandate in either chamber of the Cortes at the preceding election were required to secure the signature of at least 0.1 percent of electors in the aforementioned constituencies.[22] After the experience of the 2015–2016 political deadlock leading to the June 2016 election and the possibility of a third election being needed, the electoral law was amended in order to introduce a special, simplified process for election re-runs, including a shortening of deadlines, the lifting of signature requirements if these had been already met for the immediately previous election and the possibility of maintaining lists and coalitions without needing to go through pre-election procedures again.

Below is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election:

Candidacy		Parties and alliances	Leading candidate		Ideology	Previous result			Gov.	Ref.
						Votes (%)	Con.	Sen.
	PP	List People's Party (PP) Forum of Citizens (FAC)		Pablo Casado	Conservatism Christian democracy	32.57%[lower-alpha 1]	135	127		[64]
	PSOE	List Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC)		Pedro Sánchez	Social democracy	22.63%	85	42
	Unidas Podemos	List We Can (Podemos) – Anticapitalists (Anticapitalistas) – Unitarian Candidacy of Workers (CUT) United Left (IU) – Communist Party of Spain (PCE) – The Dawn. Marxist Organization OM (La Aurora (om)) – Ecosocialists of the Region of Murcia (ESRM) – Initiative for El Hierro (IpH) – Republican Left (IR) – Feminist Party of Spain (PFE) Equo (Equo) Assembly (Batzarre) Upper Aragon in Common (AltoAragón en Común) In Common We Can−Let's Win Change (ECP–Guanyem el Canvi) – Catalonia in Common (CatComú) – Initiative for Catalonia Greens (ICV) – United and Alternative Left (EUiA) In Common–United We Can (En Común)		Pablo Iglesias	Left-wing populism Direct democracy Democratic socialism	21.15%	71	16		[65] [66]
	Cs	List Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs)		Albert Rivera	Liberalism	12.98%[lower-alpha 2]	32	0
	ERC– Sobiranistes	List Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) Sovereigntists (Sobiranistes) Republican Left of the Valencian Country (ERPV)		Oriol Junqueras[lower-alpha 3]	Catalan independence Social democracy Democratic socialism	2.66%	9	10		[67] [68]
	JxCat–Junts	List Catalan European Democratic Party (PDeCAT) Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC)[lower-alpha 6] Together for Catalonia (JxCat) – National Call for the Republic (CNxR)		Jordi Sànchez[lower-alpha 3]	Catalan independence Liberalism	2.01%	8	2		[70] [71] [72]
	EAJ/PNV	List Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)		Aitor Esteban	Basque nationalism Christian democracy Social democracy	1.19%	5	5
	EH Bildu	List Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu) – Create (Sortu) – Basque Solidarity (EA) – Alternative (Alternatiba)		Oskar Matute	Basque independence Left-wing nationalism Socialism	0.77%	2	0
	NA+	List Navarrese People's Union (UPN) People's Party (PP) Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs)		Sergio Sayas	Regionalism Christian democracy Conservatism Liberalism	0.53%[lower-alpha 7]	2	3		[73] [74] [75]
	CCa–PNC	List Canarian Coalition (CCa) Canarian Nationalist Party (PNC) Independent Herrenian Group (AHI)		Ana Oramas	Regionalism Canarian nationalism Centrism	0.33%	1	1		[76]
	Vox	List Vox (Vox)		Santiago Abascal	Right-wing populism Ultranationalism National conservatism	0.20%	0	0
	ASG	List Gomera Socialist Group (ASG)		Yaiza Castilla	Insularism Social democracy	—[lower-alpha 8]	N/A	1
	Compromís	List Valencian Nationalist Bloc (Bloc) Valencian People's Initiative (IdPV) Greens Equo of the Valencian Country (VerdsEquo)		Joan Baldoví	Valencian nationalism Eco-socialism Green politics	Within A la valenciana (Unidos Podemos)				[77]
	NCa	List New Canaries (NCa)		Pedro Quevedo	Canarian nationalism Social democracy	Within PSOE[lower-alpha 9]				[78]
	PRC	List Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC)		José María Mazón	Regionalism Centrism	Did not contest

Two opposing coalitions were formed in Navarre at different levels: for the Senate, Geroa Bai, EH Bildu, Podemos and Izquierda-Ezkerra re-created the Cambio-Aldaketa alliance under which they had already contested the 2015 Spanish general election.[79] Concurrently, UPN, Cs and PP formed the Navarra Suma alliance for both Congress and Senate elections.[80] In Galicia, En Marea, the former Podemos–EU–Anova alliance which had been constituted as a party in 2016, broke away from the creator parties and announced that it would contest the election on its own.[81][82] Podemos, EU and Equo in Galicia formed a regional branch for the Unidas Podemos alliance branded En Común–Unidas Podemos[83] whereas Anova chose to step out from the election race.[84] In the Balearic Islands, an alliance was formed for the Congress election by More for Majorca (Més), More for Menorca (MpM), Now Eivissa (Ara Eivissa) and Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC), named Veus Progressistes;[85] for the Senate election, the alliance was styled as Unidas Podemos Veus Progressistes and included Podemos and IU.[86]

Timetable

The key dates are listed below (all times are CET. Note that the Canary Islands use WET (UTC+0) instead):[22][87]

• 4 March: The election decree is issued with the countersign of the Prime Minister after deliberation in the Council of Ministers, ratified by the King.[58]
• 5 March: Formal dissolution of the Cortes Generales and beginning of a suspension period of events for the inauguration of public works, services or projects.
• 8 March: Initial constitution of provincial and zone electoral commissions.
• 15 March: Deadline for parties and federations intending to enter into a coalition to inform the relevant electoral commission.
• 25 March: Deadline for parties, federations, coalitions, and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates to the relevant electoral commission.
• 27 March: Submitted lists of candidates are provisionally published in the Official State Gazette (BOE).
• 30 March: Deadline for citizens entered in the Register of Absent Electors Residing Abroad (CERA) and for citizens temporarily absent from Spain to apply for voting (extended to 1 April by the Central Electoral Commission).
• 31 March: Deadline for parties, federations, coalitions, and groupings of electors to rectify irregularities in their lists.
• 1 April: Official proclamation of valid submitted lists of candidates.
• 2 April: Proclaimed lists are published in the BOE.
• 12 April: Official start of electoral campaigning.[58]
• 18 April: Deadline to apply for postal voting.
• 23 April: Official start of legal ban on electoral opinion polling publication, dissemination or reproduction and deadline for CERA citizens to vote by mail.
• 24 April: Deadline for postal and temporarily absent voters to issue their votes (extended to 25 April by the Central Electoral Commission).
• 26 April: Last day of official electoral campaigning and deadline for CERA citizens to vote in a ballot box in the relevant consular office or division[58] (extended to 28 April by the Central Electoral Commission).
• 27 April: Official 24-hour ban on political campaigning prior to the general election (reflection day).
• 28 April: Polling day (polling stations open at 9 am and close at 8 pm or once voters present in a queue at/outside the polling station at 8 pm have cast their vote). Provisional counting of votes starts immediately.
• 1 May: General counting of votes, including the counting of CERA votes.
• 4 May: Deadline for the general counting of votes to be carried out by the relevant electoral commission.
• 13 May: Deadline for elected members to be proclaimed by the relevant electoral commission.
• 23 May: Deadline for both chambers of the Cortes Generales to be re-assembled (the election decree determines this date, which for the April 2019 election was set for 21 May).[58]
• 22 June: Final deadline for definitive results to be published in the BOE.

Campaign

Party slogans

Party or alliance		Original slogan	English translation	Ref.
	PP	« Valor seguro »	"Safe asset"	[88]
	PSOE	« La España que quieres »[lower-alpha 10] « Haz que pase » & « Estamos muy cerca »	"The Spain you want" "Make it happen" & "We are so close"	[89] [90][91]
	Unidas Podemos ECP	Main: « La historia la escribes tú » ECP: « Guanyem per avançar »	Main: "You write history" ECP: "Let's win to advance"	[92] [93]
	Cs	« ¡Vamos Ciudadanos! »	"Let's go Citizens!"	[94]
	ERC–Sobiranistes	« Va de llibertat »	"It's about freedom"	[95]
	JxCat–Junts	« Tu ets la nostra força. Tu ets la nostra veu »	"You are our strength. You are our voice"	[96]
	EAJ/PNV	« Nos mueve Euskadi. Zurea, gurea »	"The Basque Country moves us. What's yours is ours"	[97]
	EH Bildu	« Erabaki. Para avanzar »	"Decide. To make progress"	[98]
	CCa–PNC	« Luchamos por Canarias »	"We fight for Canaries"	[99]
	Vox	« Por España »	"For Spain"	[100]
	Compromís	« Imparables »	"Unstoppable"	[101]
	NCa	« Para defender Canarias. Canarias con futuro »	"To defend the Canaries. Canaries with future"	[102]
	NA+	« Navarra suma contigo »	"Navarre sums with you"	[103]

Election debates

April 2019 Spanish general election debates

Date	Organisers	Moderator(s)	P  Present[lower-alpha 11]    S  Surrogate[lower-alpha 12]    NI  Not invited   A  Absent invitee
			PP	PSOE	UP	Cs	ERC	JxCat	PNV	Vox	Audience	Ref.
17 March	laSexta (El Objetivo)[lower-alpha 13]	Ana Pastor	P Lacalle	P Saura	P Álvarez	P Roldán	NI	NI	NI	NI	4.5% (758,000)	[104] [105]
8 April	El Confidencial[lower-alpha 14]	Isabel Morillo Paloma Esteban	P Uriarte	P M. Montero	P I. Montero	P Arrimadas	NI	NI	NI	P Monasterio	—	[106]
10 April	Cuatro (Todo es Mentira)	Risto Mejide	S Maroto	S M. Montero	S Vera	S Cantó	NI	NI	NI	A	6.2% (735,000)	[107] [108]
			S Maroto	S M. Montero	S Vera	S Cantó	S Rufián	S Cuevillas	P Esteban	A	7.2% (736,000)
13 April	laSexta (La Sexta Noche)[lower-alpha 14]	Iñaki López	P Uriarte	P M. Montero	P I. Montero	P Arrimadas	NI	NI	NI	A	9.4% (1,027,000)	[109] [110]
16 April	RTVE	Xabier Fortes	S A. de Toledo	S M. Montero	S I. Montero	S Arrimadas	S Rufián	NI	P Esteban	NI	11.8% (1,794,000)	[111] [112]
20 April	laSexta (La Sexta Noche)	Iñaki López	S Egea	S Sicilia	S Garzón	S Cantó	S Rufián	S Borràs	P Esteban	NI	9.3% (997,000)	[113] [114]
22 April	RTVE	Xabier Fortes	P Casado	P Sánchez	P Iglesias	P Rivera	NI	NI	NI	NI	43.8% (8,886,000)	[115] [116]
23 April	Atresmedia	Ana Pastor Vicente Vallés	P Casado	P Sánchez	P Iglesias	P Rivera	NI	NI	NI	NI[lower-alpha 15]	48.8% (9,477,000)	[118] [119]

Opinion polls

Candidate viewed as "performing best" or "most convincing" in each debate

Debate	Polling firm/Commissioner	PP	PSOE	UP	Cs	Tie	None
22 April	ElectoPanel/Electomanía[120]	16.0	24.0	24.0	34.0	–	1.0	1.0
	SocioMétrica/El Español[121]	18.0	13.0	19.0	27.0	–	–	24.0
23 April	ElectoPanel/Electomanía[122][123]	18.0	13.0	34.0	33.0	–	2.0	0.0
	SocioMétrica/El Español[124]	12.5	14.3	21.3	28.2	–	–	23.7
Both	NC Report/La Razón[125]	25.7	18.6	25.7	30.0	–	–	–
	CIS[126]	5.6	19.1	34.7	16.6	4.2	14.7	5.1

Opinion polls

10-point average trend line of poll results from 26 June 2016 to 28 April 2019, with each line corresponding to a political party.

  PP

  PSOE

  Unidas Podemos

  Cs

  ERC

  PDeCAT

  PNV

  PACMA

  EH Bildu

  CC

  Vox

  Compromís

  JxCat

Voter turnout

The table below shows registered vote turnout on election day without including voters from the Census of Absent-Residents (CERA).

Region	Time
	14:00		18:00		20:00
	2016	2019	2016	2019	2016	2019
Andalusia	37.60%	38.94%	50.25%	57.25%	68.16%	73.31%
Aragon	37.88%	44.65%	50.86%	62.32%	71.89%	77.62%
Asturias	34.70%	40.15%	50.84%	58.67%	68.19%	73.35%
Balearic Islands	34.48%	38.10%	47.05%	54.42%	62.58%	67.58%
Basque Country	36.05%	41.75%	51.36%	60.05%	67.44%	74.52%
Canary Islands	28.38%	30.72%	44.86%	51.00%	64.37%	68.14%
Cantabria	39.22%	43.12%	56.19%	63.65%	73.37%	78.09%
Castile and León	37.18%	41.80%	53.33%	62.00%	73.34%	78.24%
Castilla–La Mancha	38.92%	42.71%	52.44%	62.35%	72.94%	78.02%
Catalonia	32.31%	43.52%	46.38%	64.20%	65.60%	77.58%
Extremadura	39.48%	42.87%	51.40%	60.22%	70.45%	76.31%
Galicia	34.07%	36.97%	51.68%	58.93%	69.63%	73.97%
La Rioja	40.94%	44.76%	55.61%	61.62%	74.71%	78.11%
Madrid	39.01%	43.61%	54.48%	65.11%	74.26%	79.75%
Murcia	39.96%	43.41%	52.89%	61.85%	71.35%	75.69%
Navarre	38.03%	43.79%	51.77%	60.97%	70.58%	76.29%
Valencian Community	43.34%	45.87%	56.51%	61.67%	74.09%	76.34%
Ceuta	24.97%	30.47%	37.51%	48.84%	52.59%	63.97%
Melilla	21.82%	28.14%	34.32%	45.45%	51.35%	63.05%
Total	36.87%	41.49%	51.21%	60.76%	69.83%	75.75%
Sources[127]

Results

Congress of Deputies

← Summary of the 28 April 2019 Congress of Deputies election results →

Parties and coalitions		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)	7,513,142	28.67	+6.04	123	+38
	People's Party (PP)^1	4,373,653	16.69	–15.88	66	–69
	Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs)^1	4,155,665	15.86	+2.88	57	+25
	United We Can (Unidas Podemos)	3,751,145	14.32	–6.83	42	–29
	United We Can (Podemos–IU–Equo)^2	2,897,419	11.06	–5.10	33	–21
	In Common We Can–Let's Win the Change (ECP–Guanyem el Canvi)	615,665	2.35	–1.20	7	–5
	In Common–United We Can (Podemos–EU–Tides in Common–Equo)^3	238,061	0.91	–0.53	2	–3
	Vox (Vox)	2,688,092	10.26	+10.06	24	+24
	Republican Left of Catalonia–Sovereigntists (ERC–Sobiranistes)	1,024,628	3.91	+1.28	15	+6
	Republican Left of Catalonia–Sovereigntists (ERC–Sobiranistes)	1,020,392	3.89	+1.26	15	+6
	Republican Left of the Valencian Country (ERPV)	4,236	0.02	New	0	±0
	Together for Catalonia–Together (JxCat–Junts)^4	500,787	1.91	–0.10	7	–1
	Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)	395,884	1.51	+0.32	6	+1
	Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA)	328,299	1.25	+0.06	0	±0
	Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu)	259,647	0.99	+0.22	4	+2
	Commitment: Bloc–Initiative–Greens Equo (Compromís 2019)	173,821	0.66	New	1	+1
	Canarian Coalition–Canarian Nationalist Party (CCa–PNC)	137,664	0.53	+0.20	2	+1
	Free People–We Are Alternative–Pirates: Republican Front (Front Republicà)	113,807	0.43	New	0	±0
	Sum Navarre (NA+)^5	107,619	0.41	–0.12	2	±0
	Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG)	94,433	0.36	+0.17	0	±0
	Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC)	52,266	0.20	New	1	+1
	Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV)	47,363	0.18	–0.04	0	±0
	New Canaries (NCa)	36,225	0.14	New	0	±0
	Act (PACT)	30,236	0.12	New	0	±0
	Progressive Voices (Ara–Més–esquerra)	25,191	0.10	New	0	±0
	Yes to the Future (GBai)	22,309	0.09	+0.03	0	±0
	For a Fairer World (PUM+J)	21,863	0.08	New	0	±0
	In Tide (En Marea)	17,899	0.07	New	0	±0
	Communists (PCPE–PCPC–PCPA)	17,061	0.07	–0.04	0	±0
	Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE)	14,022	0.05	New	0	±0
	El Pi–Proposal for the Isles (El Pi)	11,692	0.04	New	0	±0
	Andalusia by Herself (AxSí)	11,407	0.04	New	0	±0
	Spanish Communist Workers' Party (PCOE)	9,130	0.03	+0.02	0	±0
	Forward–The Greens (Avant/Adelante–LV)^6	7,332	0.03	+0.02	0	±0
	Blank Seats (EB)	7,072	0.03	–0.02	0	±0
	Coalition for Melilla (CpM)	6,857	0.03	New	0	±0
	We Are Region (Somos Región)	4,976	0.02	New	0	±0
	Humanist Party (PH)	4,495	0.02	+0.01	0	±0
	We Are Valencian in Movement (UiG–Som–CUIDES)	4,473	0.02	–0.01	0	±0
	Left in Positive (IZQP)	3,503	0.01	New	0	±0
	Canaries Now (ANC–UP)^7	3,037	0.01	+0.01	0	±0
	Commitment to Galicia (CxG)	2,760	0.01	New	0	±0
	Sorian People's Platform (PPSO)	2,663	0.01	New	0	±0
	Convergents (CNV)	2,541	0.01	New	0	±0
	Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL)	2,190	0.01	+0.01	0	±0
	Extremadurans (CEx–CREx–PREx)	2,150	0.01	New	0	±0
	Riojan Party (PR+)	2,098	0.01	New	0	±0
	Libertarian Party (P–LIB)	1,216	0.00	–0.01	0	±0
	United Linares Independent Citizens (CILU–Linares)	1,081	0.00	New	0	±0
	Andecha Astur (Andecha Astur)	932	0.00	New	0	±0
	Retirees Party for the Future. Dignity and Democracy ("JF")	876	0.00	New	0	±0
	Puyalón (PYLN)	835	0.00	New	0	±0
	Federation of Independents of Aragon (FIA)	785	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)	646	0.00	–0.04	0	±0
	Feminism8 (F8)	571	0.00	New	0	±0
	European Solidarity Action Party (Solidaria)	528	0.00	New	0	±0
	Plural Democracy (DPL)	504	0.00	New	0	±0
	Regionalist Union of Castile and León (Unión Regionalista)	490	0.00	New	0	±0
	Centered (centrados)	459	0.00	New	0	±0
	Living Ourense (VOU)	335	0.00	New	0	±0
	Public Defense Organization (ODP)	308	0.00	New	0	±0
	European Retirees Social Democratic Party–Centre Unity (PDSJE–UdeC)	277	0.00	New	0	±0
	Revolutionary Anticapitalist Left (IZAR)	257	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Andalusian Solidary Independent Republican Party (RISA)	190	0.00	New	0	±0
	XXI Convergence (C21)	73	0.00	New	0	±0
	Death to the System (+MAS+)	47	0.00	New	0	±0
	Union of Everyone (UdT)	28	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
Blank ballots		199,836	0.76	+0.02
Total		26,201,371			350	±0
Valid votes		26,201,371	98.95	–0.12
Invalid votes		276,769	1.05	+0.12
Votes cast / turnout		26,478,140	71.76	+5.28
Abstentions		10,420,743	28.24	–5.28
Registered voters		36,898,883
Sources[128][129]

Popular vote PSOE   28.67% PP   16.69% Cs   15.86% Unidas Podemos   14.32% Vox   10.26% ERC–Sob.   3.91% JxCat–Junts   1.91% EAJ/PNV   1.51% PACMA   1.25% EH Bildu   0.99% Compromís 2019   0.66% CCa–PNC   0.53% NA+   0.41% PRC   0.20% Others   2.06% Blank ballots   0.76%

Seats PSOE   35.14% PP   18.86% Cs   16.29% Unidas Podemos   12.00% Vox   6.86% ERC–Sob.   4.29% JxCat–Junts   2.00% EAJ/PNV   1.71% EH Bildu   1.14% CCa–PNC   0.57% NA+   0.57% Compromís 2019   0.29% PRC   0.29%

Senate

← Summary of the 28 April 2019 Senate of Spain election results →

Parties and coalitions		Directly elected		Reg. app.	Total
		Seats	+/−
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)	123	+81	18	141
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)	120	+78	17	137
	Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC)	3	+3	1	4
	People's Party (PP)	54	–71	19	73
	People's Party (PP)^1	54	–70	19	73
	Forum of Citizens (FAC)	0	–1	0	0
	Republican Left of Catalonia–Sovereigntists (ERC–Sobiranistes)	11	+1	2	13
	Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs)^1	4	+4	6	10
	Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)	9	+4	1	10
	United We Can (Unidas Podemos)	0	–16	6	6
	United We Can (Podemos–IU–Equo)^2	0	–12	5	5
	In Common We Can (ECP)	0	–4	1	1
	Together for Catalonia–Together (JxCat–Junts)^4	2	±0	2	4
	Sum Navarre (NA+)	3	±0	0	3
	Navarrese People's Union (UPN)	1	±0	0	1
	People's Party (PP)	1	–1	0	1
	Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs)	1	+1	0	0
	Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu)	1	+1	1	2
	Vox (Vox)	0	±0	1	1
	Commitment Coalition (Compromís)	0	±0	1	1
	Canarian Coalition–Canarian Nationalist Party (CCa–PNC)	0	–1	1	1
	Canarian Coalition–Canarian Nationalist Party (CCa–PNC)	0	±0	1	1
	Independent Herrenian Group (AHI)	0	–1	0	0
	Gomera Socialist Group (ASG)	1	±0	0	1
	New Canaries (NCa)	0	–1	0	0
	Aragonese Party (PAR)	0	–2	0	0
Total		208	±0	58	266
Sources[60][129][130]

Seats PSOE   53.01% PP   27.44% ERC–Sob.   4.89% Cs   3.76% EAJ/PNV   3.76% Unidas Podemos   2.26% JxCat–Junts   1.50% NA+   1.13% EH Bildu   0.75% Vox   0.38% Compromís   0.38% CCa–PNC   0.38% ASG   0.38%

Aftermath

Analysis

The election resulted in a victory for Pedro Sánchez's Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)—its first since the 2008 general election—which swept the country and won in most constituencies and regions. The right-wing bloc of PP–Cs–Vox was only able to garner 42.9% of the vote and 147 Congress seats (149 including the Navarra Suma alliance in Navarre) to the 165 seats and 43.0% vote share garnered by the two major left-wing parties, PSOE and Unidas Podemos. Even though the left-wing bloc was still 11 seats short of a majority, the three-way split on the centre-right ensured Sánchez's PSOE would be the only party that could realistically garner enough support from third parties to command a majority in the lower house.[131] The PSOE also obtained an absolute majority of seats in the Senate for the first time since 1989 as the PP vote collapsed.[132] Having initially been allocated 121 senators, it was awarded two additional senators from PP after the counting of CERA votes, the Census of Absent-Residents, namely one for Zamora and one for Segovia.[133]

Support for the People's Party (PP) plummeted and scored the worst result of its history as well as the worst support for any of the party's incarnations since the People's Alliance results in the 1977 and 1979 elections. The PP was only able to remain the most voted party in five constituencies: Ávila, Lugo, Melilla, Ourense and Salamanca; and it was not able to remain the largest party in any region, including Galicia, where it lost to the PSOE for the first time ever in any kind of election.[134][135] Overall, the party lost 3.6 million votes from 2016, with post-election analysis determining that 1.4 million had been lost to Albert Rivera's Citizens party, 1.6 million to far-right Vox, 400,000 to abstentions and a further 300,000 to PSOE.[136]

Scoring below previous expectations throughout the campaign, Vox's result signalled the first time since Blas Piñar's election as a deputy for the National Union coalition in 1979 that a far-right party had won seats in the Spanish Parliament after the country's return to democracy as well as the first time that a far-right party would be able to form a parliamentary group of its own in the Congress of Deputies.[131][137]

After losing more than a half of their seats, the PP sacked Javier Maroto as their campaign manager. Maroto had also failed to hold his seat from Álava in the election, losing it to EH Bildu and signalling the first time since 1979 that the party had not won a seat in the province.[138] Pablo Casado, the PP leader whose right-wing stance and controversial leadership had been labelled by commentators as a "suicide" in light of election results,[139] refused to resign and instead proposed a sudden U-turn of the party back into the centre under pressure from party regional leaders one month ahead of the regional and local elections[140][141] while also raising a hostile profile to both Cs and Vox, attacking them for dividing the vote to the right-of-centre.[142][143]

Government formation

Investiture Pedro Sánchez (PSOE)
Ballot →		23 July 2019	25 July 2019
Required majority →		176 out of 350	Simple
	Yes • PSOE (123) • PRC (1)	124 / 350	124 / 350
	No • PP (66) • Cs (57) • Vox (24) • ERC (14) (on 23 Jul) • JxCat (4) • CCa (2) • UPN (2) • UP–ECP–GeC (1) (on 23 Jul)	170 / 350	155 / 350
	Abstentions • UP–ECP–GeC (42) (41 on 23 Jul) • ERC (14) (on 25 Jul) • PNV (6) • EH Bildu (4) • Compromís (1)	52 / 350	67 / 350
	Absentees • JxCat (3) • ERC (1)	4 / 350	4 / 350
Sources[144][145]

Notes

1. Results for People's Party in the 2016 election, not including Navarre.
2. Results for Citizens–Party of the Citizenry in the 2016 election, not including Navarre.
3. At the time of the election, both Oriol Junqueras and Jordi Sànchez were in preventive detention in Soto del Real (Madrid).
4. Total figures include results for En Comú Podem and En Común.
5. Elvira García, former Podemos legislator.[63]
6. CDC was registered as an independent member within the alliance in order to allow its successor party, the PDeCAT, to be guaranteed CDC's public funding and electoral rights for the campaign.[69]
7. Results for Navarrese People's Union–People's Party (0.44%) and Citizens–Party of the Citizenry in Navarre (0.09%) in the 2016 election.
8. The Gomera Socialist Group only fielded candidates for the Senate election.
9. New Canaries contested the 2016 election alongside the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, securing 1 deputy and 1 senator.
10. This slogan had been initially conceived for the pre-campaign period, but was later used as a secondary slogan throughout the official electoral campaign.
11. Denotes a main invitee attending the event.
12. Denotes a main invitee not attending the event, sending a surrogate in their place.
13. Economic debate.
14. "Women's debate".
15. Vox's candidate Santiago Abascal had been initially invited, but was excluded after the Central Electoral Commission threatened to suspend the debate on its proposed format, claiming that Vox's presence would breach the proportionality principle under law.[117]

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81. "La votación de los Presupuestos evidencia la fractura de En Marea". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 13 February 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
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89. "'Haz que pase', el lema del PSOE para llamar a una "extraordinaria movilización" el 28-A". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 2 April 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
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93. "Los "carteles Ikea"". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 12 April 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
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97. "Los primeros mensajes de la campaña". Cadena SER (in Spanish). 12 April 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
98. "PNV, EH Bildu, Elkarrekin Podemos y PP inician su campaña en Vitoria, mientras el PSE-EE lo hará en Bilbao". 20 minutos (in Spanish). 10 April 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
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100. "Vox elige como lema de campaña "Por España"". Libertad Digital (in Spanish). 2 April 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
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102. "Fuerteventura.- Nueva Canarias arrancó su campaña electoral del 28-A en la medianoche del jueves con la tradicional pegada de carteles" (in Spanish). Noticias Canarias. 11 April 2019. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
103. "Navarra Suma recorrerá 61 localidades en una campaña electoral "positiva y cercana"". Diario de Navarra (in Spanish). 10 April 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
104. "Debate económico en El Objetivo con PP, PSOE, Unidos Podemos y Ciudadanos" (in Spanish). laSexta. 15 March 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
105. "'GH Dúo: El debate' lidera con un gran 18,1% y 'Cuarto milenio' logra récord de temporada (9,9%) en Cuatro" (in Spanish). FormulaTV. 18 March 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
106. "El debate de las políticas influyentes". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 8 April 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
107. "El 'Debate de verdad' de Risto Mejide se prolongará hasta media tarde". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 9 April 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
108. "'Todo es mentira' bate récord con su debate electoral y supera por primera vez a 'Zapeando'" (in Spanish). VerTele!. 11 April 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
109. "María Jesús Montero, Edurne Uriarte, Irene Montero e Inés Arrimadas inauguran la campaña electoral en laSexta Noche" (in Spanish). laSexta. 9 April 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
110. "'Sábado Deluxe' se corona como líder con un buen 15,4% y 'laSexta noche' despunta a un estupendo 9,4%" (in Spanish). FormulaTV. 15 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
111. "El debate a seis en RTVE enfrentará el martes a Álvarez de Toledo, María Jesús Montero, Irene Montero, Arrimadas, Rufián y Aitor Esteban" (in Spanish). RTVE. 14 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
112. "El 'Debate a 6' firma un buen 11,8% en La 1 y 'Secretos de Estado' anota su mínimo de temporada con un 9,3%" (in Spanish). FormulaTV. 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
113. "Debate a siete, este sábado en laSexta Noche: Sicilia, Egea, Cantó, Garzón, Rufián, Borràs y Esteban" (in Spanish). laSexta. 19 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
114. "'Sábado deluxe' baja a un buen 14,5% frente al Debate a 7 de 'laSexta noche' y su estupendo 9,3%" (in Spanish). FormulaTV. 17 April 2019. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
115. "Pedro Sánchez rectifica y ofrece ahora dos debates: uno el día 22 en TVE y otro el 23 en Atresmedia". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
116. "El primer gran debate electoral rompe audímetros con casi 9 millones de espectadores y un 43.8% en total" (in Spanish). VerTele!. 23 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
117. "La Junta Electoral paraliza el debate a cinco de Atresmedia por incluir a Vox". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
118. "Atresmedia readapta su debate del 23A a cuatro" (in Spanish). laSexta. 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
119. "El segundo gran debate barre más todavía con 9.4 millones y un 48.8% entre Antena 3 y laSexta" (in Spanish). VerTele!. 24 April 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
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121. "Sondeo urgente para El Español: Rivera ganó con claridad el debate pero sólo un 3% cambió su voto". El Español (in Spanish). 23 April 2019.
122. "#Debatómetro (23A): Iglesias 1º, Rivera 2º, Casado 3º, Sánchez 4º". Electomanía (in Spanish). 23 April 2019.
123. "Finalizados los debates, llega la recta final de la campaña". Electomanía (in Spanish). 23 April 2019.
124. "Sondeo urgente para El Español: Rivera volvió a ganar el segundo debate, seguido por Iglesias". El Español (in Spanish). 24 April 2019.
125. "Siete de cada diez indecisos decantaron su voto tras los debates electorales". La Razón (in Spanish). 25 April 2019.
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131. "El PSOE lidera España". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 29 April 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
132. "El PSOE se impone en el Senado con 121 escaños, alcanza la mayoría absoluta y aleja la aplicación de otro 155" (in Spanish). Europa Press. 29 April 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
133. "Los socialistas arrebatan 'in extremis' dos senadores al PP en Zamora y Segovia". El Norte de Castilla (in Spanish). 1 May 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
134. "Elecciones 2019: El PSOE, al borde de gobernar sin los separatistas ante la debacle del PP". El Mundo (in Spanish). 28 April 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
135. "Los socialistas gallegos sueñan con la Xunta tras imponerse por primera vez en las urnas a un PP desconcertado". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 3 May 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
136. "El PP perdió 1,6 millones de votos con Vox y 1,4 con Ciudadanos". El Mundo (in Spanish). 30 April 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
137. "Vox no triunfa en el Madrid acomodado y pincha en los barrios obreros". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 30 April 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
138. "Maroto, relegado como director de campaña tras el fracaso del PP en las urnas". Libertad Digital (in Spanish). 30 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
139. "Sánchez gana y la derecha se suicida". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 29 April 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
140. "Casado hunde al PP con el peor resultado de su historia y no dimite a un mes de las autonómicas y municipales". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 28 April 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
141. "Feijóo y Casado escenifican en Galicia el viraje al centro del PP: "Aquí cabemos todos"". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 4 May 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
142. "Casado se proclama representante único del centro derecha y carga contra Cs y Vox". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 30 April 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
143. "El 28A deriva en una batalla campal entre las tres derechas a menos de un mes de otras elecciones". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 3 May 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
144. "Sesión de investidura: Pedro Sánchez pierde la primera votación pero Podemos se abstiene para retomar la negociación". El Mundo (in Spanish). 23 July 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
145. "Sesión de investidura: El Congreso tumba la elección de Pedro Sánchez como presidente del Gobierno con 155 votos en contra y 67 abstenciones". El Mundo (in Spanish). 25 July 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2019.