Anti-thrombin antibodies

Anti-thrombin antibodies are autoantibodies directed against thrombin that may constitute a fraction of lupus anticoagulant and are seen an increased levels in systemic lupus erythematosus.

crystal structure of thrombin.
Autoantibody
Anti-Thrombin
Autoantigen
Isoform		coagulation-
factor II
Autoantigen geneF2
Affected organ(s)Cardiovascular
Affected
tissue(s)		serum
Affected cell(s)blood platelets
Also Affectedserum protein inhibitor
Associated
Disease(s)		Systemic lupus erythematosus

In mammals, there is normally occurring anti-thrombin activity (antithrombin III), which can be distinguished from autoimmune anti-thrombin. Anti-thrombin antibodies can react with both types of thrombin in the antithrombin-thrombin complex.[1] Antibodies (IgG) against thrombin can strongly inhibit its activity.[2] Inhibitory anti-thrombin antibodies can be divided into 2 groups, those that inhibit coagulation activity and those the inhibit coagulation and amidase activity.[3] Autoimmune anti-thrombin was also found to inhibit the binding of antithrombin III to thrombin.[4] Such activities are more often found with primary biliary cirrhosis.[4][5] Multiple studies have shown, however, that despite autoimmune anti-thrombin thrombin inhibitory activity, these antibodies correlate with thrombotic events, so that they may also perturb the regulation of coagulatory factors.

Other than antibodies to thrombin, antibodies to vascular heparin sulfate appear to interfere with antithrombin-thrombin interaction.[6]

References
  1. McDuffie FC, Peterson JM, Clark G, Mann KG (1981). "Antigenic changes produced by complex formation between thrombin and antithrombin-III". J. Immunol. 127 (1): 239–44. PMID 6787123.
  2. Scully MF, Ellis V, Kakkar VV, Savidge GF, Williams YF, Sterndale H (1982). "An acquired coagulation inhibitor to factor II". Br. J. Haematol. 50 (4): 655–64. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.1982.tb01966.x. PMID 7066212.
  3. Dawes J, James K, Micklem LR, Pepper DS, Prowse CV (1984). "Monoclonal antibodies directed against human alpha-thrombin and the thrombin-antithrombin III complex". Thromb. Res. 36 (5): 397–409. doi:10.1016/0049-3848(84)90296-2. PMID 6523447.
  4. Barthels M, Heimburger N (1985). "Acquired thrombin inhibitor in a patient with liver cirrhosis". Haemostasis. 15 (6): 395–401. doi:10.1159/000215179. PMID 4076847.
  5. Shojania AM, Meilleur G, Alvi AW (1987). "An autoantibody with potent antithrombin activity whose action could be inhibited by toluidine blue or methylene blue". Am. J. Hematol. 24 (2): 207–14. doi:10.1002/ajh.2830240212. PMID 3812468.
  6. Shibata S, Sasaki T, Harpel P, Fillit H (1994). "Autoantibodies to vascular heparan sulfate proteoglycan in systemic lupus erythematosus react with endothelial cells and inhibit the formation of thrombin-antithrombin III complexes". Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology. 70 (2): 114–23. doi:10.1006/clin.1994.1018. PMID 8299226.
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