Anthony Downs

Anthony Downs (/daʊnz/; born November 21, 1930) is an American economist specializing in public policy and public administration. He has been a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution in Washington, D.C., since 1977.[1]

For the American horse racing track, see Anthony Downs (race track).
Anthony Downs
Born (1930-11-21) November 21, 1930
Evanston, Illinois, U.S.
InstitutionBrookings Institution
FieldPublic economics
Political sciences
School or
tradition		Public Choice school
Alma materCarleton College (BA)
Stanford University (MA, PhD)
InfluencesJoseph Schumpeter
Kenneth J. Arrow

Before 1977, Downs served for 18 years a member and then Chairman of Real Estate Research Corporation, a nationwide consultancy advising private and public decision-makers on real estate investment, housing policies, and urban affairs. He also served as a Senior Analyst at the RAND Corporation and a professor at the University of Chicago.

Education

Downs received a B.A. in international relations and political theory from Carleton College in 1952,[2] and an M.A. and Ph.D. in economics from Stanford University in 1956.[3]

In An Economic Theory of Democracy (1957), an early work in rational choice theory, Downs posited the paradox of voting, which claimed that significant elements of political life could not be explained in terms of voter self-interest. Downs showed that in democracies the aggregate distribution of political opinion forms a bell-shaped curve, with most voters possessing moderate opinions; he argued that this fact forces political parties in democracies to adopt centrist positions.[4]

Career

Downs has served as a consultant to many of the nation's largest corporations and public institutions, including the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and the White House. President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed him to the National Commission on Urban Problems in 1967, and HUD Secretary Jack Kemp appointed him to the Advisory Commission on Regulatory Barriers to Affordable Housing in 1989. He is officer or trustee of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund.

He is the author or co-author of 24 books and over 500 articles. His most influential books are An Economic Theory of Democracy (1957) and Inside Bureaucracy (1967); widely translated, both are credited as major influences on the public choice school of political economy.

Later, Downs concerned himself with housing policy,[5] writing about rent control and affordable housing. The Revolution in Real Estate Finance (1985) predicted a long-term housing slowdown and decrease in housing prices. Downs has involved himself with transportation economics. In 1962, Downs published his Down's Law of Peak-Hour Traffic Congestion. This Law states that on urban commuter expressways, peak-hour traffic congestion rises to meet maximum capacity. Therefore, expanding the expressway network does not help against traffic jams. A complex set of forces lie behind this Law, which were analyzed by presentation of a model of commuter decision-making and its underlying set of assumptions.[6] By the same token, e.g. the 1965 Highway Capacity Manual stated that the capacity of a highway or motorway increases with decreasing traffic speed, till its maximum capacity is reached at about 50 km/h (30 mph).[7] (Cf. Braess's paradox.) His book Stuck in Traffic (1992), which detailed the economic disadvantages of traffic congestion and proposed road pricing as the only effective means of alleviating it, was denounced by traffic engineers for its insistence on the futility of congestion relief measures. However, enough of his gloomy predictions about congestion were proven right that he successfully published a second edition, Still Stuck in Traffic (2004).

Downs' recommendations are starting to see implementation, largely in the form of high-occupancy toll (HOT) lanes in the medians of crowded American freeways, and through congestion pricing, already implemented in several cities around the world: Singapore[8] (see Area Licensing Scheme and Electronic Road Pricing); London (see London congestion charge); Stockholm (see Stockholm congestion tax); Valletta, Malta;[9][10] and Milan, Italy.[11][12][13]

He was a Visiting Fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California in San Francisco, from June 2004 until March 2005.

Thought

The left–right continuum

In his seminal work An Economic Theory of Democracy (1957), Downs introduced a left–right axis to economic theory.[14] On the "left" he placed communist parties that want entirely state-planned economies, and on the "right" he placed conservative parties that demand an entirely deregulated economy.[15] He claimed that most voters have incomplete information when voting for political candidates in a democracy, and therefore will resort to economic issues of "how much government intervention in the economy there should be" and how parties will control this. Downs borrowed the curve from Harold Hotelling, who developed it to explain how grocery stores targeted customers. Downs' book has since become one of the most cited books in political science. His left–right axis model has been integrated into the median voter theory first articulated by Duncan Black.[16]

See also

References
  1. Wigfall, Patricia Moss; Kalantari, Behrooz, eds. (2001). Biographical Dictionary of Public Administration. Westport, CT: Greenwood. pp. 25–27. ISBN 978-0313302039.
  2. "Executive Profile: Anthony Downs". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
  3. "Anthony Downs – Senior Fellow, Metropolitan Policy Program". The Brookings Institution. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
  4. W. Hayward Rogers, Some Methodological Difficulties in Anthony Downs's An Economic Theory of Democracy, The American Political Science Review, Vol. 53, No. 2 (Jun., 1959), pp. 483-485.
  5. Anthony Downs, The Impact of Housing Policies on Family Life in the United States since World War II, Daedalus, Vol. 106, No. 2, The Family (Spring, 1977), pp. 163-180.
  6. http://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=694596
  7. Highway Capacity Manual 1965, figures 3.38–3.45
  8. "Road pricing: Singapore's experience" Archived 2008-04-10 at the Wayback Machine
  9. "Controlled Vehicular Access" Archived 2012-03-06 at the Wayback Machine, CVA Technology, 1 May 2007
  10. "Valletta traffic congestion considerably reduced"
  11. "Milan introduces traffic charge", BBC
  12. "Milan Introduces Congestion Charge To Cut Pollution", New York Sun
  13. "Congestion fee leaves Milan in a jam"
  14. Conceptualising the left-right continuum as an enduring dimension of political competition, European University Institute, 1996, p. 8.
  15. Downs, Anthony (1957). An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York. p. 116.
  16. Black, Duncan (1948). "On the Rationale of Group Decision-making". Journal of Political Economy. 56 (1): 23–34. doi:10.1086/256633. JSTOR 1825026.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.