Alternative successions of the English and British crown

British history provides several opportunities for alternative claimants to the English and later British Crown to arise, and historical scholars have on occasion traced to present times the heirs of those alternative claims.

Throughout this article, the names of "would-have-been" monarchs are in italics.

Abdication of Richard II

Richard II abdicated in favour of Henry Bolingbroke on 29 September 1399. However, Henry was not next in the line to the throne; the heir presumptive was Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March,[1][2][3][4] who descended from Edward III's second surviving son, Lionel of Antwerp, whereas Henry's father, John of Gaunt, was Edward's third surviving son.

Map of Succession Edward III Edward Lionel Richard II Philippa Roger Edmund Anne Richard Edward IV

Had Edmund inherited instead, the alternative succession would have been short-lived, for it re-united with the historical crown when Edward IV was declared king in 1461.

1. Edward III of England
2. Edward, the Black Prince, first son of Edward III
3. Richard II of England, second son of Edward, the Black Prince
4. Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence, third son (second son to survive infancy) of Edward III
5. Philippa Plantagenet, 5th Countess of Ulster, only child of Lionel
6. Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March, first son of Philippa
7. Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, first son of Roger
8. Anne de Mortimer, first daughter, third line of Roger
9. Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York, only son of Anne
10. Edward IV of England, first son of Richard

Descendants of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence

This line's claim to the Crown is based upon the argument that Edward IV was not the son of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York, and thus had no legitimate claim to the Crown.[5] Therefore, when Richard was killed at the Battle of Wakefield, his claim passed first to his eldest legitimate son, Edmund, Earl of Rutland, who was executed shortly after the battle, and then to George, Duke of Clarence. Supporters of the Clarence claim also draw on the debated validity of Edward IV's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville, which allows them to argue that, even if Edward was legitimate, his children were not. Another point is that Henry VI passed a law in 1470 that should both he and his son Edward of Westminster die without further legitimate issue, the crown was to pass to Clarence, as Henry had placed an attainder upon Edward IV. When Henry died in 1471 (Prince Edward having died in battle shortly before), Clarence (who could claim descent from John of Gaunt, as could his wife Isabella Neville) became the legal heir to Henry VI and the House of Lancaster.[6]

Map of Succession Edward III Edward Lionel Richard II Philippa Roger Edmund Anne Richard Edward IV Edmund George Edward Margaret Henry Henry Catherine Henry George Francis Henry Ferdinando Theophilus George Theophilus Francis Elizabeth Francis George Paulyn Henry Edith Charles Paulyn Paulyn Edward Edith Ian Barbara Michael Simon

The current descendant of this line is Simon Abney-Hastings, 15th Earl of Loudoun. The line of succession is as follows:

1. George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence, third son (second "legitimate" son) of Richard, 3rd Duke of York
2. Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick, first son of George
3. Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury, daughter of George
4. Henry Pole, 1st Baron Montagu, first son of Margaret
5. Henry Pole, second son of Henry
6. Catherine Hastings, first daughter, third line of Henry, 1st Baron Montagu
7. Henry Hastings, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon, first son of Catherine
8. George Hastings, 4th Earl of Huntingdon, second son of Catherine
9. Francis Hastings, first son of George
10. Henry Hastings, 5th Earl of Huntingdon, only son of Francis
11. Ferdinando Hastings, 6th Earl of Huntingdon, first son of Henry
12. Theophilus Hastings, 7th Earl of Huntingdon, only son of Ferdinando
13. George Hastings, 8th Earl of Huntingdon, second son of Theophilus
14. Theophilus Hastings, 9th Earl of Huntingdon, third son of Theophilus
15. Francis Hastings, 10th Earl of Huntingdon, first son of Theophilus, 9th Earl
16. Elizabeth Rawdon, 16th Baroness Botreaux, only daughter, second line of Theophilus, 9th Earl
17. Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings, first son of Elizabeth
18. George Rawdon-Hastings, 2nd Marquess of Hastings, eldest legitimate son of Francis
19. Paulyn Rawdon-Hastings, 3rd Marquess of Hastings, first son of George
20. Henry Rawdon-Hastings, 4th Marquess of Hastings, second son of George
21. Edith Rawdon-Hastings, 10th Countess of Loudoun, first daughter, third line of George
22. Charles Rawdon-Hastings, 11th Earl of Loudoun, first son of Edith
23. Paulyn Francis Cuthbert Rawdon-Hastings, second son of Edith
24. Edith Maud Abney-Hastings, 12th Countess of Loudoun, first daughter, third line of Paulyn
25. Ian Huddleston Abney-Hastings, Lord Mauchline, only son of Edith
26. Barbara Abney-Hastings, 13th Countess of Loudoun, first daughter, second line of Edith
27. Michael Abney-Hastings, 14th Earl of Loudoun, eldest son of Barbara
28. Simon Abney-Hastings, 15th Earl of Loudoun, eldest son of Michael

Descendants of Mary Tudor, Queen of France

Henry VIII's Third Succession Act granted Henry the right to bequeath the Crown in his Will. His Will specified that, in default of heirs to his children, the throne was to pass to the children of the daughters of his younger sister Mary Tudor, Queen of France, bypassing the line of his elder sister Margaret Tudor, represented by the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots. Edward VI confirmed this by letters patent. The legitimate and legal heir of Elizabeth I was therefore Anne Stanley, Countess of Castlehaven (the marriage of Lady Catherine Grey having been annulled, and her children declared illegitimate, by Elizabeth I).[7]

Map of Succession Henry VII Henry VIII Mary Edward VI Mary I Elizabeth I Henry Frances Eleanor Jane Katherine Mary Margaret Edward Thomas Ferdinando Anne Frances George John Margaret John George Elizabeth Scroop George Anne Henry George Henry Elizabeth George George Victor George George Caroline

Her succession, under this theory, follows:

1. Henry VIII of England
2. Edward VI of England, only son of Henry
3. Mary I of England, eldest daughter of Henry
4. Elizabeth I of England, second daughter of Henry
5. Mary Tudor, Queen of France, second daughter, sixth line of Henry VII
6. Lady Eleanor Brandon, second daughter, third line of Mary
7. Lady Margaret Clifford, only daughter, third line of Eleanor
8. Ferdinando Stanley, 5th Earl of Derby, first son of Margaret
9. Anne Stanley, Countess of Castlehaven, first daughter, first line of Ferdinando
10. George Brydges, 6th Baron Chandos, first son of Anne
11. Margaret Brydges, first daughter, first line of George
12. George Brydges Skipwith, first son of Margaret
13. Elizabeth Brownlow, first daughter, second line of Margaret
14. George Brownlow Doughty, first son of Elizabeth
15. Henry Doughty, only child of George
16. Henry Doughty, only son of Henry
17. Elizabeth Doughty, only daughter of Henry Snr

Since Lady Anne Stanley's line is thought to have become extinct with the death of Elizabeth Doughty, the line then passes to the descendants of Lady Anne's sister, Lady Frances Stanley:

1. Lady Frances Stanley, second daughter, second line of Ferdinando
2. John Egerton, 2nd Earl of Bridgewater, first son of Frances
3. John Egerton, 3rd Earl of Bridgewater, first son of John
4. Scroop Egerton, 1st Duke of Bridgewater, third son of John, 3rd Earl
5. Lady Anne Egerton, first daughter, fifth line of Scroop
6. George Villiers, 4th Earl of Jersey, only child of Anne
7. George Child Villiers, 5th Earl of Jersey, first son of George, 4th Earl
8. George Child Villiers, 6th Earl of Jersey, first son of George, 5th Earl
9. Victor Child Villiers, 7th Earl of Jersey, only son of George, 6th Earl
10. George Child Villiers, 8th Earl of Jersey, first son of Victor
11. George Child Villiers, 9th Earl of Jersey, first son of George
12. Lady Caroline Child Villiers, only child of George's first marriage

Lady Caroline's heir-apparent is her son Timothy Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 7th Earl of Minto.

Although the 9th Earl of Jersey had sons from a third marriage, he had been divorced from his first wife, who was still alive when he married his third. Under a strict adherence to the succession laws and customs as they existed in 1603, it is argued that no laws passed by Parliament since 1603 are legitimate, as the heirs did not summon those Parliaments, nor did those laws receive the royal assent to become law. Under the law as it stood in 1603, the 9th Earl of Jersey's divorce was not valid, and therefore both his remarriage during his ex-wife's lifetime was null and void, and the children of his third marriage illegitimate. Consequently, the current holder of the Stanley claim to the throne of England is the only child of the 9th Earl's first marriage, Lady Caroline Ogilvy (née Child Villiers).[8] By a twist of fate her husband's family are themselves highly ranked in the (accepted) line of succession to the British throne, with Lady Caroline's nephew James Ogilvy being 54th in line as of 2020.

There is doubt of the legitimacy of Edward Seymour, Viscount Beauchamp. Certainly James I regarded the Seymour line as legitimate, and based his own succession on his right by primogeniture, ignoring the Will of Henry VIII. However, the Seymours were placed ahead of the Stanleys in James's line of succession. In 2012, Mary Freeman-Grenville, 12th Lady Kinloss was listed as the heir to the Mary Tudor claim rather than Frances Stanley's descendants.[9][10][11]

Her succession follows:

1. Henry VIII of England
2. Edward VI of England, only son of Henry
3. Mary I of England, eldest daughter of Henry
4. Elizabeth I of England, second daughter of Henry
5. Mary Tudor, Queen of France, third daughter, sixth line of Henry
6. Lady Frances Brandon, first daughter, second line of Mary
7. Lady Catherine Grey, second daughter, second line of Frances
8. Edward Seymour, Viscount Beauchamp, first son of Catherine
9. William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset, second son of Edward
10. Henry Seymour, Lord Beauchamp, third son of William
11. Lady Elizabeth Seymour, only daughter, second line of Henry
12. Charles Bruce, 3rd Earl of Ailesbury, second son of Elizabeth
13. Lady Mary Bruce, first daughter, third line on Charles
14. James Brydges, 3rd Duke of Chandos, only son of Mary
15. Lady Anne Elizabeth Brydges, only child of James
16. Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos, first son of Anne
17. Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos, only son of Richard
18. Mary Morgan-Grenville, 11th Lady Kinloss, first daughter of Richard
19. Luis Chandos Francis Temple Morgan-Grenville, second son of Mary
20. Mary Freeman-Grenville, 12th Lady Kinloss, first daughter of Luis
21. Teresa Freeman-Grenville, 13th Lady Kinloss, first daughter, second line of Mary

Lady Kinloss's heir-presumptive is her sister Hester Josephine Anne Freeman-Grenville, who is married to Peter Haworth and has three sons.

Continuation of the House of Stuart

The Jacobite and Hanoverian/Windsor successions James I Charles I Elizabeth Charles II James II Mary Henrietta Sophia James Mary II Anne William III Anne George I Charles Henry Carlo George II Charlotte Vittorio Frederick Carlo Vittorio George III Maria George IV William IV Edward Franz Ferdinand Victoria Maria Edward VII Rupprecht George V Albrecht Edward VIII George VI Franz Elizabeth II

The Catholic heirs of the deposed James II of England were passed over by the Act of Settlement 1701.

1. Charles I of England
2. James II of England, second son of Charles I
3. James Francis Edward Stuart, only son of James II; called "James III" by Jacobites.
4. Charles Edward Stuart, elder son of James Francis. He had no legitimate issue by his wife. He had an illegitimate daughter who has descendants, but they have no succession rights. Also known as "Charles III" by Jacobites or as "Bonnie Prince Charlie" more widely.
5. Henry Benedict Stuart, younger son of James Francis. He was a Cardinal of the Catholic Church and had no children. Called "Henry IX" by Jacobites.

At Henry's death the claim passed to his second cousin twice removed, Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia, and then to his brother Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia. Charles Emmanuel and Victor Emmanuel were great-great-great-grandsons of King Charles I.[12]

1. Charles I of England
2. Henrietta Anne Stuart, youngest daughter, final line of Charles
3. Anne Marie d'Orléans, second daughter, third line of Henrietta Anne
4. Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia, second son of Anne Marie
5. Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia, second son of Charles Emmanuel
6. Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia, eldest son of Victor Amadeus
7. Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia, second son of Victor Amadeus
8. Maria Beatrice of Savoy, eldest daughter, second line of Victor Emmanuel
9. Francis V, Duke of Modena, elder son of Maria Beatrice
10. Archduke Ferdinand Karl Viktor of Austria-Este, younger son of Maria Beatrice
11. Maria Theresa of Austria-Este, only child of Ferdinand
12. Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria, eldest son of Maria Theresia
13. Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria, second son of Rupprecht
14. Franz, Duke of Bavaria, elder son of Albrecht

When Franz dies, his claim on the English and Scottish crowns[13] will pass to his younger brother Max. And after Max's death, this possible claim most likely will be inherited by the Prince of Liechtenstein through the Hereditary Princess.

A final claim comes from Peter Pininski[14] who claims descent from the legitimised descendants of Charles Edward Stuart alias "the Young Pretender", through the Rohan or Roehenstadt family. However, his claim is disputed by scholars who point out that the Rohans were a large family and it is easy to confuse its many members.[15] "Marie Victoire Adelaide" may be confused with another member of the family called Marie Victoire, who is not descended from the Stuarts.[16]

1. Charles I of England.
2. James II of England, third son of Charles I.
3. James Francis Edward Stuart, only son of James II, "the Old Pretender".
4. Charles Edward Stuart, eldest son of James Francis, "the Young Pretender".
5. Charlotte Stuart, Duchess of Albany, only surviving daughter with his mistress Clementina Walkinshaw. Legitimised in 1784.
6. Charles Edward Stuart, Count Roehenstart, illegitimate son of Charlotte, raised in secret but later claimed legitimacy and the throne as an adult.[17]
7. Marie Victoire Adelaide, illegitimate daughter of Charlotte, raised in secrecy.
8. Antime, son of Marie Victoire and Paul Anthony Louis Bertrand de Nikorowicz.[18]
9. Charles, son of Antime.
10. Julia-Thérèse, sister of Charles and married Baron Pininski.
11. Stanislas Pininski, elder son of Julia-Thérèse.
12. Leon Pininski, second son of Julia-Thérèse.
13. Ladislas Pininski, elder nephew of Stanilas and Leon.
14. Stanislas Pininski, nephew of Ladislas.
15. Peter Pininski, son of Stanislas (extant).

References

1. Lehman, H. E. (2005). Lives of England's Monarchs: The Story of Our American English Heritage. AuthorHouse. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-4184-9692-0. was roger mortimer.
2. "Edward IV, king of England". The Penny Cyclopedia. Vol. IX: Dionysius–Erne. 1837. p. 294.
3. Willis, Browne (1755). The History and Antiquities of the Town, Hundred, and Deanry of Buckingham: Containing a Description of the Towns, Villages, Hamlets, Monasteries, Churches ... etc. p. 328.
4. Sargeant, Carol (December 2011). Love, Honour and Royal Blood: Book Three: Rose Red, Royal Blue Lancaster. Dog Ear Publishing. p. 229. ISBN 978-1-4575-0763-2.
5. "Britain's Real Monarch". Channel4. 2004.
6. Rowse, A. L. (1966). Bosworth Field and the Wars of the Roses. Macmillan. p. 166.
7. Reitwiesner, William Addams. "Descendants of Anne, Countess of Castlehaven". wargs.com. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
8. Reitwiesner, William Addams. "The Henrician succession to the Throne of England". wargs.com. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
9. "Obituary: Lady Kinloss". The Daily Telegraph. London, UK. 30 October 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
10. "Lady Kinloss was Tudor claimant to the throne". Vancouver Sun. 2012.
11. "Lady Kinloss". The Herald. Glasgow. 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
12. Aronson, Theo (1979). Kings Over the Water. London: Cassell. p. 229.
13. The Jacobite claim is to the thrones held and claimed by James II and VII; as king of England, Scotland, France (claimed by English monarchs since the Hundred Years' War), and Ireland. The Acts of Union that created Great Britain and the United Kingdom are considered invalid by those who believe that the monarchs who gave the Acts the Royal Assent were not the legitimate occupants of the throne. Cf. The Legitimist Kalendar for the Year of Our Lord 1895 (London: Henry, 1895), p.22.
14. Pininski, Peter (April 2002). The Stuarts' Last Secret. Tuckwell Press Ltd. ISBN 1-86232-199-X.
15. Lyon, Ann (2003). "Book review: The Stuarts' Last Secret" (PDF). The Baronage. Retrieved 17 December 2007.
16. "The marriages of the granddaughter of Bonnie Prince Charlie". Genealogists' Magazine: Journal of the Society of Genealogists. 31 (2): 45–49. June 2013.
17. Skeet, Francis John Angus (1932). The life and letters of H. R. H. Charlotte Stuart: duchess of Albany, only child of Charles III, king of Great Britain, Scotland, France and Ireland. p. 160.
18. "Historian's royal link claim". BBC News. 13 April 2002. Retrieved 27 January 2009.