Alternative Democratic Reform Party

The Alternative Democratic Reform Party (ADR; Luxembourgish: Alternativ Demokratesch Reformpartei, French: Parti réformiste d'alternative démocratique, German: Alternative Demokratische Reformpartei) is a national-conservative and populist[5] political party in Luxembourg.[1] It has four seats in the sixty-seat Chamber of Deputies, making it the fifth-largest party.

Alternative Democratic Reform Party

Alternativ Demokratesch Reformpartei
LeaderJean Schoos
Founded12 May 1987
Headquarters22, rue de l'eau
L-1449 Luxembourg
Youth wingAdrenalin
IdeologyConservatism
Right-wing populism
National conservatism[1]
Economic liberalism[1]
Soft Euroscepticism[2]
Political positionRight-wing[3] to far-right[4]
European affiliationAlliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe
ColoursRed, white, and blue
Chamber of Deputies
4 / 60
European Parliament
0 / 6
Local councils
6 / 600
Website
www.adr.lu

The party was founded in 1987, as a single-issue party from demanding equality of state pension provision between civil servants and all other citizens.[6] In the 1989 election, it won four seats, and established itself as a political force. It peaked at seven seats in 1999, due to mistrust of politicians failing to resolve the pensions gap,[7] before falling back to four today. Its significance on a national level makes it the most successful pensioners' party in western Europe.[8]

Political success has required the ADR to develop positions on all matters of public policy, developing an anti-establishment,[8] conservative platform. It has adopted economic liberalism, filling a gap vacated by the Democratic Party.[9] It is the largest party in Luxembourg to take a euro-realist/softly eurosceptic line,[10] and is a member of the anti-federalist Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe. The ADR wishes to implement Swiss-style direct democracy. There has been debate whether the party should be classified as populist, although most experts agree that the ADR is better characterised as a national-conservative party.[11][12][13][14]

History

Emergence
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The ADR has its roots in a demonstration in Luxembourg City on 28 March 1987, held to protest at the disparities between the 5/6ths final salary scheme enjoyed by civil servants and the basic state pension received by everyone else.[15] The large crowd, and the collection of 10,000 signatures for a petition demanding change, persuaded the organisers that there was widespread public support. The party was founded on 12 May 1987 as the 'Action Committee 5/6ths Pensions for Everyone' (Aktiounskomitee 5/6 Pensioun fir jiddfereen).[16]

In the 1989 election to the Chamber of Deputies, on 18 June 1989, the party achieved remarkable success by attracting votes from far beyond its core support base. Many Luxembourgers voted for the ADR as a protest vote, allowing the ADR to register 7.3% of the vote, win 4 of the 60 seats, and come fourth.[16] The spectacular triumph of the party in the election required the leadership to formulate a new party strategy. On 12 November 1989, the name was amended to 'Action Committee 5/6ths' (Aktiounskomitee 5/6), reflecting its increased attention to other concerns.[16] The party lost one of its deputies, Josy Simon, when he defected to the Democratic Party in spring 1991.[17]

On 22 November 1992, the name was changed again, to 'Action Committee for Democracy and Pensions Justice' (Aktiounskomitee fir Demokratie an Rentengerechtigkeet).[16] In December of the same year, the prominent deputy Fernand Rau defected from the Christian Social People's Party (CSV) after it broke its pledge to make him European Commissioner, increasing the ADR's representation back up to four.[18] At the 10 October 1993 local elections, the ADR won 7 seats in communal councils. At the 1994 general election, the ADR got 9.0% of the vote and 5 seats, putting the ADR over the threshold required to qualify as a caucus, but the ADR fell to fifth place, behind the resurgent Greens.[16]

Mainstream party

On 3 August 1998, a law was passed equalising pension provision between civil servants and other workers,[19] fulfilling the ADR's original raison d'être, but this did not prevent the ADR from strengthening its position further. In the 1999 legislative election, the party enjoyed increased success, winning 9.4% of the vote and 7 seats. The results put the ADR back into fourth place, but the Greens managed to hold on to their seat in the simultaneous European elections.[16] October 1999 saw ADR candidates elected in ten communes, with two winning in each of Luxembourg City and Esch-sur-Alzette.[16] The ADR lost two of its Chamber of Deputies seats at the 2004 general election, and its share of the vote fell to under 10%.[16]

One of ADR's hallmark positions is its euroscepticism, and it is the only eurosceptic party in the Chamber of Deputies.[20] It was the only parliamentary party that actively campaigned against the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, which was put to a referendum and narrowly passed with 56.5% of voters in favour.

On 2 April 2006 the name was changed once more, to its current name of 'Alternative Democratic Reform Party' (Alternativ Demokratesch Reformpartei).[16] Significantly, for the first time, the name makes no reference to pension reform, signalling the eagerness of the ADR to further solidify its position as a major party in national politics. However, on 1 May, Aly Jaerling left the party to sit as an independent in the Chamber of Deputies, complaining of the move away from campaigning for pensions.[21] As a result of Jaerling's departure, the party lost its status as a caucus and now only qualifies as a 'group', threatening its future security.[22]

On 29 May 2008, the ADR deputies and Jaerling were the only members not to vote for the Treaty of Lisbon. In the 2009 Chamber election, the ADR held on to four seats (of which, 2 in Sud), but with a reduced vote share of 8.1%: its worst legislative election result since its first election, in 1989, whilst its vote share fell - albeit by less - in the simultaneous European Parliament election, to 7.4%. Jaerling, running for his own Citizens' List, failed to win a seat in either. This had been in spite of strong pre-election polling, the difference likely to be attributable to the financial crisis pushing voters to more familiar parties.

On 8 June 2010, the ADR joined the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe, a Euro-Realist Europe-wide political party.[23] In the snap-election of 2013, the ADR once again fell in their share of the vote, from 8.14% to 6.64%. However, they did manage to regain one seat, having fallen to only two MPs after the defections of Jacques-Yves Henckes and Jean Colombera. The former sat out the 2009-2013 legislative period as an independent, the latter founded the Party for Full Democracy. Roy Reding regained the mandate in the Centre district, putting the party back at 3 mandates.

During the Constitutional Referendum Campaign of 2015, the ADR was the only party to explicitly campaign for the "3 x No" vote, thereby rejecting the opening of the right to vote for 16 year-olds and foreign residents, as well as rejecting the idea of limiting minister mandates to 10 years. This campaign was in stark contrast to the campaign of the largest party, the CSV, whose main message was to "be informed" when voting. With each question being rejected by between 70% and 80% of the electorate,[24] this event represented a big political win for the ADR in face of the incumbent Government.

3 years after the Referendum, on 2 March 2018, the ADR announced that it would be co-operating with the citizen's movement Wee 2050 - Nee 2015, which had been founded pre-referendum to campaign for the "3 x No". The cooperation agreement involved Wee 2050 having up to 8 places on the ADR's electoral lists for the legislative election of October 2018, and ensured that the movement could remain relatively independent by not requiring the Wee 2050 candidates to be members of the ADR per se.

Ideology

The party was founded as a single-issue party, to introduce equality between private and public sector pensions. The focus on pension reform allowed it to make it the core campaign issue of all five elections in the first ten years of its formation.[25] By 1998, the party had forced the government to accede almost all of its demands.[26] However, this success has not thwarted the ADR,[26] and it has diversified its programme to cover all aspects of public policy.

The party is a supporter of economic liberalism, having positioned itself to fill a void left by the Democratic Party.[9] The party is critical of public sector waste and the 'elitist' nature of public spending projects.[8] The ADR is socially conservative. It is opposed to euthanasia and assisted suicide.[27] The party places great importance on promoting the Luxembourgish language, and its electoral success in the 1999 election pushed the CSV-DP government to make knowledge of it a criterion for naturalisation.[28] It is opposed to multiple citizenship.[29]

The party is marked out from the other parties by being Eurosceptic,[30] sharing this position with only the far left,[31] and being the country's most sovereigntist party.[32] The leadership had supported the proposed European Constitution, endorsing it in the 2004 European election,[32] before changing its position in the spring of 2005 under pressure from party members.[33] In its criticism of the EU, the party puts emphasis on the democratic deficit and transparency.[31] However, in heavily pro-European Luxembourg, the ADR had always fared worse in European elections than on national elections, which were held on the same day.[34] This was the case only until 2014, when the party achieved a slightly better score than it had in the early 2013 national elections, managing to beat the LSAP in the majority of communes.

Political support

The ADR's primary political base are the CSV's 'traditional, rural and rightist' voters.[35] Although the ADR is seen to take votes from the right wing of the CSV,[36] more ADR voters declare themselves to be left-wing than either the CSV or DP.[37] Much of the party's support is in the north of the country,[38] where the ADR received its strongest support in the 1999 (16.7%), 2004 (14.7%) and 2009 Chamber elections (10.3%). In 2013 however it received its highest share of the vote in the Est constituency.

Due to the party's original purpose of pension equality, the party's electoral base is pensioners. However, disproportionately many people under the age of 24 also see the ADR in a positive light.[39] ADR is particularly popular on the Internet, despite the party leadership's lack of interest in the medium, due in part to its popularity amongst young people.[40] The party is most popular amongst people earning less than €30,000,[38] and has attracted support from the part of the CSV's core electorate that have been left out of recent economic growth.[41] As with the CSV and LSAP, the ADR is supported by people with less education.[42]

The party is backed by the third-largest general trade union in the country, the small Neutral Union of Luxembourg Workers (NGL), which has been the driving force behind the ADR.[43] The ADR has also been close to the Luxembourg Association of Retired and Invalid People (LRIV), which formerly backed the Communist Party.[43] The party has used local celebrities, such as Jean-Pierre Koepp in Nord, to boost its appeal.[44]

Election results
Election Votes % Seats +/– Position Government
1989 225,262 7.9
4 / 60
 0 4th Opposition
1994 244,045 9.0
5 / 60
 1 5th Opposition
1999 303,734 11.3
7 / 60
 2 4th Opposition
2004 278,792 10.0
5 / 60
 2 5th Opposition
2009 303,734 11.3
4 / 60
 1 5th Opposition
2013 217,683 6.6
3 / 60
 1 5th Opposition
2018 292,388 8.3
4 / 60
 1 5th Opposition

Leaders

Party presidents

Elected representatives

Since its formation, the ADR has had eleven deputies in the Chamber of Deputies. Its four current deputies are given in bold.

See also

Footnotes
  1. Nordsieck, Wolfram (2018). "Luxembourg". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  2. Dumont, Patrick; Fehlen, Fernand; Kies, Raphaël; Poirier, Philippe (2006). "Les élections législatives et européennes de 2004 au Grand-Duché de Luxembourg" (PDF) (in French). Chamber of Deputies: 220. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. "ADR vice-president resigns over Facebook comments". Luxembourg Times. 10 December 2019. The vice-president of Luxembourg's right-wing party ADR has resigned over comments she made on the foreign ministers' Facebook post on taking refugees from Niger.
  4. "10 things we learned from the 2018 election". Delano.lu. 15 October 2018. The far right ADR managed to make a gain of just 1.64% of the popular vote across the country.
  5. Zulianello, Mattia (2019). "Varieties of Populist Parties and Party Systems in Europe: From State-of-the-Art to the Application of a Novel Classification Scheme to 66 Parties in 33 Countries". Government and Opposition: 5.
  6. Hirsch, Mario (December 1995). "Luxembourg". European Journal of Political Research. 28 (3–4): 415–420. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6765.1995.tb00507.x.
  7. Dumont et al (2006), p. 71
  8. Hanley, Seán (2007). "Pensioners' parties in Eastern and Western Europe: An Overview and Some Theoretical Propositions" (PDF). Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. Dumont et al (2006), p. 67
  10. Steven, Martin (2016). "'Euro-Realism' in the 2014 European Parliament Elections: The European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) and the Democratic Deficit" (PDF). Representation. 52: 1–12. doi:10.1080/00344893.2016.1241821. S2CID 157909222.
  11. Niedermayer, Oskar; Stöss, Richard; Haas, Melanie (2006). Die Parteiensysteme Westeuropas. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. p. 329. ISBN 978-3531141114.
  12. van Kessel, Stijn Theodoor (2001). Supply and demand: identifying populist parties in Europe and explaining their electoral performance. Doctoral thesis (DPhil) (PDF). University of Sussex. pp. 67–68.
  13. Camus, Jean-Yves. "Extremism-researcher Camus: "The ADR is not right-wing populist" (Interview). Interviewed by Christoph Bumb & Pol Schock.
  14. Federspiel, Sophie (October 2016). "Rechts abbiegen oder stehen bleiben? Die politische Orientierung der ADR" (PDF). Forum (366).
  15. Hirsch, Mario (December 1996). "Luxembourg". European Journal of Political Research. 30 (3–4): 405–409. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6765.1996.tb00694.x.
  16. "Geschicht vun der Partei" (in German). Alternative Democratic Reform Party. 2006. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2006.
  17. Hirsch, Mario (December 1992). "Luxembourg". European Journal of Political Research. 22 (4): 469–470. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6765.1992.tb00334.x.
  18. Hirsch, Mario (December 1993). "Luxembourg". European Journal of Political Research. 24 (4): 491–494. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6765.1993.tb00402.x.
  19. "Mémorial A, 1998, No. 70" (PDF) (in French). Service central de législation. Retrieved 20 April 2008.
  20. Casey, Zoë (30 May 2008). "Luxembourg ratifies Lisbon treaty". European Voice. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
  21. "ADR: Jaerling prend la tangente" (in French). PaperJam.lu. 21 April 2006. Retrieved 23 August 2006.
  22. "Le hara-kiri d'Aly Jaerling" (in French). L'investigateur. 2006. Archived from the original on 6 May 2007. Retrieved 23 August 2006.
  23. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 19 February 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2018.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  24. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2018.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  25. Immergut et al (2007), p. 36
  26. Immergut et al (2007), p. 838
  27. Dumont et al (2006), p. 77
  28. Moyse, François; Brasseur, Pierre; Scuto, Denis (2004). "Luxembourg". In Bauböck, Rainer; Ersbøll, Eva; Groenendijk, Kees; Waldrauch, Harald (eds.). Acquisition and Loss of Nationality: Policies and Trends in 15 European States – Volume 2: Country Analysis. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. p. 380. ISBN 978-90-5356-921-4.
  29. Bauböck, Rainer; Ersboll, Eva (2006). Acquisition and Loss of Nationality: Policies and Trends in 15 European States. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. p. 237. ISBN 978-90-5356-920-7.
  30. Dumont et al (2006), p. 220
  31. Dumont et al (2006), p. 95
  32. Maier et al (2004), p. 144
  33. Dumont et al (2006), p. 92
  34. Maier et al (2004), p. 143
  35. Van Hecke et al (2004), p. 180
  36. Van Hecke et al (2004), p. 182
  37. Van Hecke et al (2004), p. 187
  38. Dumont et al (2006), p. 124
  39. Dumont et al (2006), p. 127–8
  40. Dumont et al (2006), p. 156
  41. Van Hecke et al (2004), p. 195
  42. Van Hecke et al (2004), p. 185
  43. Immergut et al (2007), p. 815
  44. Immergut et al (2007), p. 849

References
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